The effects of ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth of maize seedlings have been studied under controlled conditions. Maize (Zea mays) seeds were planted and exposed to ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B radiation for 0-10 hours. The results showed a decrease in the concentration of chlorophyll a and b for both ultraviolet A and B as time of exposure increases. There is also a decrease in the height, diameter of stem, and number of leaves in the seedlings exposed to UV-A and UV-B with the increase in the time of exposure. The decrease in chlorophyll a and b concentrations was more pronounced in plants exposed to UV-B. The study indicates that UV radiation pose a serious threat to plants and this might lead to significant loss of production or reduced quality of products in agricultural sectors.
Article Citation:
Marius Hedimbi, Natalia Naikaku and Shyam Singh.
Effects of stimulated Ultraviolet Radiation on the growth of Maize Seedlings.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 098-103.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0020.pdf
Ozone depletion and UV radiations leading to increased ionizing radiations an...Rachana Bagudam
The Earth’s atmosphere is divided into several layers. The lowest region, the troposphere, extends from the Earth’s surface up to about 10 kilometres (km) in altitude. Virtually all human activities occur in the troposphere. Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain on the planet, is only about 9 km high. The next layer, the stratosphere, continues from 10 km to about 50 km. Most commercial airline traffic occurs in the lower part of the stratosphere. For nearly a billion years, ozone molecules in the atmosphere have protected life on Earth from the effects of ultraviolet rays. It is a form of oxygen (O2). We all know that, oxygen we need to live and breathe. Normal oxygen consists of two oxygen atoms. Ozone, however, consists of three oxygen atoms and has the chemical formula O3.
Sustainable Development - Radioactive PollutionAzmi Matali
This slide is about sustainable development of radioactive pollution
This slide is requirement for subject MEC600 - Engineer in Society for individual assignment.
This slide is made by:
Azmi Bin A.Matali
Student no: 2015110295
Lecturer: YUPITER HARANGAN PRASADA MANURUNG (PROF. MADYA. DR. ING.)
Ozone depletion and UV radiations leading to increased ionizing radiations an...Rachana Bagudam
The Earth’s atmosphere is divided into several layers. The lowest region, the troposphere, extends from the Earth’s surface up to about 10 kilometres (km) in altitude. Virtually all human activities occur in the troposphere. Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain on the planet, is only about 9 km high. The next layer, the stratosphere, continues from 10 km to about 50 km. Most commercial airline traffic occurs in the lower part of the stratosphere. For nearly a billion years, ozone molecules in the atmosphere have protected life on Earth from the effects of ultraviolet rays. It is a form of oxygen (O2). We all know that, oxygen we need to live and breathe. Normal oxygen consists of two oxygen atoms. Ozone, however, consists of three oxygen atoms and has the chemical formula O3.
Sustainable Development - Radioactive PollutionAzmi Matali
This slide is about sustainable development of radioactive pollution
This slide is requirement for subject MEC600 - Engineer in Society for individual assignment.
This slide is made by:
Azmi Bin A.Matali
Student no: 2015110295
Lecturer: YUPITER HARANGAN PRASADA MANURUNG (PROF. MADYA. DR. ING.)
This presentation contains information about Radioactive pollution and its effects, sources etc.
It also contains where radiation is useful for human beings.
Some cases of radioactive blasts.
prevention of radiation and conclusion.
Radioactivity refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation.
Radiations are the waves of energy that travels and spread all around in our environment. These radiations are useful as well harmful for us. Examples include visible light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared and ultraviolet lights, X-rays, and gamma-rays, etc.
The differences between these various types of radiation consist in some physical properties such as energy, frequency, and wavelength.
Radiation pollution refers to the increase in the natural radiation levels in our surroundings due to human activities. It is said that in today’s world about 20% of radiation we are exposed to is due to human activities. The human activities that may release radiation involve activities with radioactive materials such as
1. mining,
2. handling and processing of radioactive materials,
3. handling and storage of radioactive waste,
4. use of radioactive reactions to generate energy (nuclear power plants),
5. use of radiation in medicine (e.g. X-Rays) and research.
Chernobyl disaster and Radioactive waste Dheeraj Gava
This presentation includes the basic information about radioactive waste and its types. it also includes the a brief information on Chernobyl disaster.
Effect of enhanced solar UVB (280-320nm) radiation on secondary pigment synth...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The investigation was carried out to find out whether enhanced UVB radiation increases the synthesis of secondary metabolites in some plants grown under tropical region. Like tropical plant temperate plant also grown successfully in the tropical region. Tropical plants are thought to have an inherent resistance to abiotic stress. The abiotic stress that enhances the ability of the plant by increasing the content of the secondary bioactive components. While the plants exposed to enhanced UVB radiation in the field condition, the synthesis of secondary pigments like flavonoids and anthocyanin level varied among species. In radish and beet- root the synthesis of flavonoid and anthocyanin the content was increased, whereas, in the onion and carrot, the level of synthesis of secondary pigment was less. But compared to ambient plants the UVB the irradiated the plant has more secondary pigment. So it proves that the UVB radiation increases the synthesis of secondary pigment content by activating the defence mechanism and to protect plants against UVB damage.
Ultraviolet (UV) light has strong genotoxic effect to induce mutations for developing high genetic variability in yields, early maturity and other characters in crops. The study investigated the mutagenic effects of UV radiation on growth, yield, agronomic and mutation tolerance of six maize cultivars. Maize seeds were exposed to UV radiation, and planted in 7 kg soils in the polythene bags, while unexposed served as control. The effect of UV radiation on the first order interaction between weeks after planting (WAP) and treatments was only significant (p<0.05) height="true"><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.01) with leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves with r = 0.95, 0.96, 0.89 respectively. Only the periods of exposure of the UV radiation was positive and strongly correlated with leaf width (r = 0.79). The association between the stover weight and periods of exposure was positive and insignificant, while the correlation between total numbers of grains and grain weight per stand was positive and strong (r = 0.99). Therefore, quality protein maize cultivars should be improved by introgression of favourable genes of drought tolerance, grain yield and related characters through induced mutation of UV radiation.
This presentation contains information about Radioactive pollution and its effects, sources etc.
It also contains where radiation is useful for human beings.
Some cases of radioactive blasts.
prevention of radiation and conclusion.
Radioactivity refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation.
Radiations are the waves of energy that travels and spread all around in our environment. These radiations are useful as well harmful for us. Examples include visible light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared and ultraviolet lights, X-rays, and gamma-rays, etc.
The differences between these various types of radiation consist in some physical properties such as energy, frequency, and wavelength.
Radiation pollution refers to the increase in the natural radiation levels in our surroundings due to human activities. It is said that in today’s world about 20% of radiation we are exposed to is due to human activities. The human activities that may release radiation involve activities with radioactive materials such as
1. mining,
2. handling and processing of radioactive materials,
3. handling and storage of radioactive waste,
4. use of radioactive reactions to generate energy (nuclear power plants),
5. use of radiation in medicine (e.g. X-Rays) and research.
Chernobyl disaster and Radioactive waste Dheeraj Gava
This presentation includes the basic information about radioactive waste and its types. it also includes the a brief information on Chernobyl disaster.
Effect of enhanced solar UVB (280-320nm) radiation on secondary pigment synth...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The investigation was carried out to find out whether enhanced UVB radiation increases the synthesis of secondary metabolites in some plants grown under tropical region. Like tropical plant temperate plant also grown successfully in the tropical region. Tropical plants are thought to have an inherent resistance to abiotic stress. The abiotic stress that enhances the ability of the plant by increasing the content of the secondary bioactive components. While the plants exposed to enhanced UVB radiation in the field condition, the synthesis of secondary pigments like flavonoids and anthocyanin level varied among species. In radish and beet- root the synthesis of flavonoid and anthocyanin the content was increased, whereas, in the onion and carrot, the level of synthesis of secondary pigment was less. But compared to ambient plants the UVB the irradiated the plant has more secondary pigment. So it proves that the UVB radiation increases the synthesis of secondary pigment content by activating the defence mechanism and to protect plants against UVB damage.
Ultraviolet (UV) light has strong genotoxic effect to induce mutations for developing high genetic variability in yields, early maturity and other characters in crops. The study investigated the mutagenic effects of UV radiation on growth, yield, agronomic and mutation tolerance of six maize cultivars. Maize seeds were exposed to UV radiation, and planted in 7 kg soils in the polythene bags, while unexposed served as control. The effect of UV radiation on the first order interaction between weeks after planting (WAP) and treatments was only significant (p<0.05) height="true"><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.01) with leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves with r = 0.95, 0.96, 0.89 respectively. Only the periods of exposure of the UV radiation was positive and strongly correlated with leaf width (r = 0.79). The association between the stover weight and periods of exposure was positive and insignificant, while the correlation between total numbers of grains and grain weight per stand was positive and strong (r = 0.99). Therefore, quality protein maize cultivars should be improved by introgression of favourable genes of drought tolerance, grain yield and related characters through induced mutation of UV radiation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Antifungal activity of Silver/ Silicon dioxide Nanocomposites21PCH001JEFINF
Botrytis cinerea , a fungus which affects the faba bean plant can be actively controlled by silver/silicon dioxide Nanocomposites. This is described in detail in this presentation .
Potential of silicon fertilization in the resistance of chestnut plants toink...IJEAB
The European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is a specie with great economic importance in Europe that have been present for thousands of years. In Portugal, the chestnut helps to maintain a positive trade balance, by contributing to the gross national product (GDP). One of the biggest threats for the chestnut is the ink disease caused by Phytophthoracinnamomi, this disease is problematic to chestnut crop with a damaging impact. Silicon (Si) is classified as a beneficial nutrient, having the ability to make plants more resistant to attacks by pathogens. Studies on the effect of silicon on chestnut are practically non-existent, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of silicon in the resistance of chestnut plants to P. cinnamomi. The plants were treated by 0 mM, 5 mM, 7.5mM and 10 mM SiK® with the analyzed mad at 0, 15 and 30 days after inoculation by P. cinnamomi. These findings showed that the Si-treated plants had higher survival rate resulted from the presence of phytoliths in root tissues, that acted as a mechanical barrier reducing the development of pathogenic structures and they arealso associated with the improvement on antioxidant activity through the increase of CAT and SOD, higher values of total phenols compounds and less oxidative damage. The presence of Si in PDA medium reduced the growth of P. cinnamomi all over the time, presenting high PI. This work shows that the Si fertilization in chestnut plants contributes to increase the resistance against P. cinnamomi infection.
Effects of β-cyclodextrin on in vitro rooting and bulbing of lilium (Lilium l...Premier Publishers
The auxins liability often limits expected effects on in vitro culture of plant tissues. In this regard, β-cyclodextrine was used as protective substance to auxins in order to improve rooting and in vitro bulbing of lily (Lilium longiflorum L.). This oligosaccharide was added at a concentration of 10, 20 and 30 mg/l to the rooting medium containing mineral and vitamin additives of Murashige and Skoog (MS), 1.5 mg/l of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 30 g/l of sucrose and 6 g/l of agar. After 30 days of culture, in order to enhance in vitro bulbe formation, a liquid medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopuine (BAP) was added to form a double phase (solid / liquid) media. The results obtained showed that β-cyclodextrin improves the rooting of lily in vitro shoots. Indeed, the average number of roots increases from 5.64 to 7.20 roots per vitro-plant in the medium supplemented with β-cyclodextrin and root length increased from 1.72 to 2.2 cm compared to control.
Effects of 60Co gamma radiation doses on seed germination of Jatropha curcas ...Innspub Net
By: Baudouin K. Nyembo, Alexandre N. Mbaya, Calvin C. Ilunga, Jean-Louis N. Muambi, Luc L. Tshilenge
Key Words: Jatropha curcas, Gamma irradiation, Seed germination, LD50.
Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 13(5), 46-52, November 2018.
This study aimed to assess the effects of different gamma radiation doses from Cobalt -60 isotopic source on seed germination and early growth parameters of Jatropha curcas L. Healthy and dry seeds were subjected to three doses of gamma rays (100, 200 and 300 Gy). The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design, with three replicates. The significantly maximum germination percentage (89.85 %), seedling survival (92.3 %), seedling collar diameter (0.892 cm), plant height (17.30 cm), number of leaves (7) were observed at 30 days after germination. The results revealed that seed germination percentages and seedling shoot length decreased with increasing dose of gamma-rays. Higher gamma-ray dose (300 Gy) in particular had a pronounced effect on these germination parameters than others, probably because high-dose inhibited cell division due to free radicals and DNA system damage. The LD50 for seeds germination rates was obtained at 254 Gy. These results implied that germination traits of Jatropha curcas seeds were sensitive to increase in gamma-ray.
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
A detail karyomorphological study was undertaken in Allium wallichii Kunth. and Allium hookeri Thw. The study included determination of somatic chromosome number, total chromosome length, volume, arm ratio and centromeric position. The karyotypic study of Allium wallichii Kunth. and Allium hookeri Thw. showed that, both of them have somatic chromosome number 2n=16 and 2n=22 respectively. Chromosome classification was done on the basis of the position of the centromere. In case of A. wallichii, the total chromosome length was found to be 150.94 μm while the relative chromosome length varied in between 4.22 μm - 8.19 μm. The arm ratio was varied from 1.00 - 3.06 .In A. wallichii, out of 16 somatic chromosomes, 9 were of metacentric, 6 were of sub-metacentric and 1 was of sub-telocentric type. For A.hookeri, the total chromosome length was found to be 164.05 μm and the relative chromosome length was varied in between 2.59 μm- 6.95 μm; arm ratio also varied from 1.00 - 4.36. Out of 22 somatic chromosomes, 2 chromosomes were of metacentric, 13 were of sub-metacentric and 7 were of sub-telocentric type. No satellite chromosomes were found in any one of the two species. The karyotype formulae deduced for the two species of Allium may be represented as: A. wallichii Kunth.: m9 +sm6 +st1 +t0 = 2n = 16 and A. hookeri Thw.: m2 +sm13 +st7 +t0 = 2n = 22.
Article Citation:
Harinita Toijam, Borah SP, Bhaben Tanti and Borthakur SK.
Karyomorphological studies in two species of Allium L.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 213-221.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0060.pdf
Comparison of some physiological parameters in leaves and stems of wild and c...researchplantsciences
The purpose of this study was to determine total pigment contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), phenolic compounds and carbohydrate contents in leaves and stem of wild and cultivated almonds growing in the Adıyaman Province. Levels of chlorophyll a in leaves and stems of wild almond were found to be higher than cultivated almond. Chlorophyll b was determined to be at approximate levels for both almonds. While carotenoid levels in leaves of wild almond were higher than cultivated one, it was higher in stems of cultivated almond as well. Total phenolics in leaves and stems of wild almond were higher compared to cultivated almond. Total carbohydrate contents were higher in leaves and stems of cultivated almond in comparison with the wild almond.
Article Citation:
Aysel Sivaci
Comparison of some physiological parameters in leaves and stems of wild and cultivated almonds growing in Adiyaman Province/Turkey
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 222-226.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0063.pdf
Bioadsorption is a form of environmental clean-up which involves the use of plant biomass. In the present study, the seedling of Guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] were treated with various concentrations of match and plate making industrial effluents (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%). Both the effluents cause stress to the plant. The effluents caused a drastic reduction in morphometric, pigment and other biochemical characters. But same effluents after seaweed treatment have bought about considerable increase in morphometric and biochemical characteristics of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Seaweed dry powder used in this study is found to be nullifying the toxicity of the effluents. From this investigation, it is clear that the naturally occurring green macro algae possess an excellent adsorption capacity.
Article Citation:
Selvaraj K, Sevugaperumal R and Ramasubramanian V.
Bioadsorbent: To clean industrial effluents by seaweeds.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(1): 167-176.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0045.pdf
The vascular organization of the node in 12 genera has been investigated. The leaves are unifoliate in Atalantia, Citrus and Paramignya, 3-5 foliate in Aegle, Luvunga, Toddalia and Glycosmis, decompounds in Ruta and imparipinnately compound in other taxa. These are alternate or opposite and exstipulate. The foliar nodes are trilacunar, three-trace in the majority of the plants. It is unilacunar in Atalantia racemosa, Citrus jambhiri, C. maxima and Glycosmis pentaphylla. The results are discussed with respect to the evolutionary conception of node.
Article Citation:
Snehal P. Salunke, Sarala C. Tadavi and Vijay V. Bhadane
Nodal anatomical study of certain members of the Rutaceae.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(1): 177-181.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0053.pdf
The identity and occurrence of primula reidii duthie var. reidii from Shivali...researchplantsciences
Primula reidii var reidii is reported and identified its presence from Shivalik Hill Ranges of Himachal Pradesh. Earlier records pertaining to occurrence & distribution of the species, detailed description and other ecological parameters including its photograph, have been discussed and detailed.
Article Citation:
Subramani SP and Kapoor KS.
The identity and occurrence of Primula reidii Duthie var. reidii
from Shivalik hill ranges, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 104-108.
Full Text:
http:/www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0022.pdf
Basketry is the traditional occupation of Koragas, one of the most primitive tribes, living along the Kerala-Karnataka border. They make use of a number of plants to weave baskets of different name, size and shape. At present both baskets and their creators are facing the threat of extinction owing to changing socio-economic trends. The paper lists out 29 species of plants used by the Koraga for weaving baskets, which may pave the way for conservation of both plants and the traditional craft.
Article Citation:
Subrahmanya Prasad K and Raveendran K.
Plants used for basketry in Kasaragod District, Kerala.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 153-159.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0038.pdf
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum cola...researchplantsciences
Phytochemicals are a wide variety of compounds produced by plants manipulated widely in the pharmacognostic drug development and treatment of the major ailments. The present study focuses on screening and comparative analysis of secondary metabolites, fluorescence and physiochemical analysis of two major medicinal plants; Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Leaf samples from these medicinal plants were subjected to sequential cold percolation method using Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and Methanol. Bioactive compounds like Cardioglycosides, Flavonoid, Quinones, Terpenoids, Alkaloids and Steroids are present in high concentration in Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Extractive value was high in Methanol extract when compared to other solvent extracts.
Article Citation:
Florida M and Sekar T.
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 109-115.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0033.pdf
Intraspecific variation in Solanum xanthocarpum schard. and wendl.revealed by...researchplantsciences
Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis was performed in seven accessions of Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl. of Assam to evaluate the applicability of this analysis for assessing the intraspecific variation. The value of similarity indices ranged from 0.375 to 0.125. The similarity result indicates the presence of high level of genetic diversity among the accessions of Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl. UPGMA cluster analysis revealed clear grouping among the populations. The primers showed abilities in detecting genetic diversity across wild accessions of Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl. Thus, ISSR-PCR technology can be used to study genetic variation and genetic relationships in the genus Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl.
Article Citation:
Ajoy Kumar Das, Sailendra Prasad Borah.
Intraspecific variation in Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl. revealed by ISSR marker.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 146-152.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0035.pdf
Camellia sinensis is the economically most important Camellia species. The genus Camellia belongs to the family Theaceae. This genus accommodates as many 82 species (Sealy, 1958) and over 200 species (Zhijian et al., 1988). The tea plant was originally included in the genus Thea by Linnaeus (1752) hence, Thea sinensis L., the original name of the tea plant has now become camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze. As the age of tea bushes from pruning advances, size and weight of harvestable shoots decline due to the reduction in the vascular supply to growing buds. An extreme case of growth retardation is evident in the higher proportion of banji shoots at the plucking table. Also, the upper and knots where many new stems have originated, despite the maintenance of foliage and losses efficiency, lower leaves drop off, leading to uneconomic harvesting (Wilson, 1999). Under continued plucking without pruning or skiffing, the plucking table becomes inconveniently high and growing apices gradually lose vigour. Pruning at this stage becomes necessary by which these irregularities could be remedied. It is an important practice in tea cultivation which involves removal of certain amount of growth of the bush.
From the view of the observed interaction between clones, seedling cultivars pruning height and tipping measures, it is evident that a required specific pruning height and tipping measure is necessary for maximum crop production. However, in South India below 30cm, 45cm, 55cm, 60cm, 65cm and above 65cm pruning heights can be advantageously adopted for the sinensis and assamica cultivars, respectively under four to five years pruning cycles. Analysing the yield at different heights of pruning, suggests that at 55cm it is hard pruning, at 60cm it is medium pruning and at 65cm it is light pruning. Integrated harvesting methods were followed by the trails. Light pruning trail yield is low and banji percentage is high, hard pruning trail yield as well as banji percentage is low, in medium pruning trail banji percentage is low and yield is high.
Article Citation:
Balamurugan T and Nandagopalan V.
Formation, growth and productivity of the tea bush.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 116-123.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0034.pdf
The Medicinally important Convolvulacean members used by the Kattunaikkan Tri...researchplantsciences
A floristic and ethnobotanical studies on the kattunaikan tribe of Wayand district was carried out. The study documented the use of 11 plant species of the family Convolvulaceae by the Kattunaika tribe. The different parts like leaves, stem, fruits, flowers and sometimes the whole plant are used to cure various diseases.
Article Citation:
Joseph MA and Antony VT.
The Medicinally important Convolvulacean members used by the
Kattunaikkan Tribe of Wayand District.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 093-097.
Full Text:
http:/www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0025.pdf
Effect of Sucrose and Benzyl Adenine in the promotion of cut flower vase life...researchplantsciences
Red ginger (Alpinia purpurata Vieill.) is an ornamental perennial herb reaching 2 to 5 m in height and each tiller ending in a showy inflorescence. The main attraction is the brightly coloured red bracts of the inflorescence which has a long vase life. The present experiment was carried out to exploit the long vase life property of these plants to the maximum and thereby add their value in cut flower industry. The effect of various combinations of Sucrose + BA + 8-HQS was studied and appropriate concentrations were standardized.
Article Citation:
Thomas VP, Prabhu Kumar KM, Sabu M, Prasanth AV and Mohanan KV.
Effect of Sucrose and Benzyl Adenine in the promotion of cut flower vase life in
Alpinia purpurata Vieill., a charming ornamental ginger.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 089-092.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0030.pdf
Copper is an essential metal for normal plant growth and development, although it is also potentially toxic. Copper participates in numerous physiological processes and is an essential cofactor for many metalloproteins, however, problems arise when excess copper is present in cells. Excess copper inhibits plant growth and impairs important cellular processes (i.e., photosynthetic electron transport).The mechanisms involved in the acquisition of this essential micronutrient have not been clearly defined although a number of genes have recently been identified which encode potential copper transporters. The present investigation is an attempt to understand of the copper toxicity and tolerance in rice cultivars, and to compare the ten rice cultivars of Karimganj district of Assam. Copper caused growth reduction in rice and among the screened cultivars Amu Sali seems to be a copper sensitive cultivar.
Article Citation:
Upadhyaya H, Bhattacharjee MK, Deboshree Roy, Soumitra Shome.
Toxic effect of copper on ten rice cultivars.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 038-044.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0011.pdf
Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.researchplantsciences
Gymnema sylvestre R. (Br).(Asclepiadaceae) is a common medicinal plant available in Tamil Nadu is a woody, climbing plant that grows in the tropical forest of central and Southern India. It also happens to be a first-rate warrior against diabetes. The plant is called Gud-mar (Gud-Jaggery, mar-kills) in India and well known for masking sweet taste. It is reported to be effective against many chronic diseases is screened for its phytochemical content, microbial activity and anti-inflammatory activity. Extracts (Alcoholic, aqueous, acetone and hexane) from the plant is prepared and analyzed. Qualitative phytochemical tests are done to detect the presence of Carbohydrate, Alkaloid, Tannins, Phenols, Saponins, Fixed oils, Gums and Mucilage. Quantitative methods like phytochemical analysis, gravimetric estimation, RBC membrane stabilization and TLC profiles are used to determine the active principle Gymnemic acid, anti-inflammatory activity and antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the leaf extracts studied contain the bio active compounds phenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and Gymnemic acid. Water extract of normal var. had positive reaction for carbohydrate (Molisch reagent) hairy var. leaves had negative reaction. The presence of active phytochemical substances with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities may provide substantial basis for the use of this plant in ethno medicine.
Article Citation:
Gnana Sangeetha D and Jegadeesan M.
Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 077-082.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0027.pdf
The study has been designed with the objective to examine the methanol extracts of eight medicinal plants belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Fresh matured leaves were collected; shade dried and aqueous-extracted to screen the active chemical constituents. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirm the presence of various phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids and phenolic compounds in their aqueous leaf extracts. Quantitative analysis was carried out using TLC scanning method, a combination of Petroleum ether, Methanol and Benzene in the ratio of 8:1:1.5 respectively was employed as the mobile phase. The TLC chromatograms constituted different coloured phytochemical compounds with different Rf values. It can be conveniently used to evaluate the quality of different area samples. Present paper deals with the significance of these phytochemicals with respect to the role of these plants in traditional medicinal system.
Article Citation:
John De Britto A, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Mary Sujin R.
Phytochemical analysis of eight medicinal plants of Lamiaceae.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0001.pdf
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu - A pote...researchplantsciences
The dry deciduous forests of Maruthamalai, part of Western Ghats, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu hold rich number of 201 species belonging to 153 genera of 51 families. The families Poaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Euphorbiaceae have contributed high number of species 19, 18, 13, 12 respectively to the community. In the floristic list, a high number of 165 species (82.5%) is recognized as economically important also. Based on the importance value index secured, it is determined that the species like Acacia tora, Albizzia amara, A. lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena odorata, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Euphorbia antiquorum, Fluggea leucopyrus, Pterolobium indicum and Zizyphus oenoplia are considered to be ecologically important and established well in the low hills of Maruthamalai (450m above m.s.l.). In higher altitudes at 750m above msl, the species like Albizzia amara, Azadirachta indica, Chloroxylon swietenia, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Holoptelea integrifolia have secured higher importance value index and established well in the habitats. At 950m above m.s.l., the vegetation has been occupied predominantly by the species like Acacia torta, Albizzia amara, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Syzigium cumini as they derived higher importance value index. Among the 165 medicinal plants, 37 species (22%) where present in all the three plots located at different altitudes. Despite the variation in species composition and ecological importance at all levels of altitudes throughout the Maruthamalai hills, the habitat conditions are favourable for the growth of plants of higher secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Hence wastelands available in Maruthamalai hills may be suggested for the cultivation of native medicinal and other economically important plants.
Article Citation:
Paulsamy S.
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu –
A potential ecosystem for medicinal plants.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 012-026.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0005.pdf
Ipomoea capitellata var. multilobata (Convolvulaceae) – A new variety from Ja...researchplantsciences
Ipomoea capitellata choisy var. multilobata Bhellum var. nov. collected from Jammu and Kashmir, India is described and illustrated.
Article Citation:
Bhellum BL.
Ipomoea capitellata var. multilobata (Convolvulaceae) – A new variety from Jammu and Kashmir State, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 060-062.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0017.pdf
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic l...researchplantsciences
A provenance trial of Entada pursaetha containing five provenances from Eastern ghats were used for this study. Individual seed characteristics varied among provenances and highest was recorded in Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills. Cent percent emergence was recorded with high seedling vigour in the seeds of Talakona. Inter-correlation studies revealed a strong positive correlation between emergence and seed length, maximum seed width, and seed weight, while minimum seed width showed weak correlation. Araku valley and Kolli hills exhibited close proximity, while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the highest. There was no influence of environment on the seed characters.Maximum and minimum seed width exhibited higher values of heritability.
Article Citation:
Sai Vishnu Priya K, Srinivasa Rao JV
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic liana- Entada pursaetha DC.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 032-037.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0006.pdf
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic l...
Effects of stimulated Ultraviolet Radiation on the growth of Maize Seedlings
1. Effects of stimulated Ultraviolet Radiation on the
growth of Maize Seedlings
Keywords:
UV radiation, Zea mays, Chlorophyll concentration, Growth Parameters.
ABSTRACT:
The effects of ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth of maize
seedlings have been studied under controlled conditions. Maize (Zea mays) seeds
were planted and exposed to ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B radiation for 0-10 hours.
The results showed a decrease in the concentration of chlorophyll a and b for both
ultraviolet A and B as time of exposure increases. There is also a decrease in the
height, diameter of stem, and number of leaves in the seedlings exposed to UV-A and
UV-B with the increase in the time of exposure. The decrease in chlorophyll a and b
concentrations was more pronounced in plants exposed to UV-B. The study indicates
that UV radiation pose a serious threat to plants and this might lead to significant loss
of production or reduced quality of products in agricultural sectors.
098-103 | JRPS | 2012 | Vol 1 | No 2
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution, and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
www.plantsciences.info
Journal of Research in
Plant Sciences
An International Scientific
Research Journal
Authors:
Marius Hedimbi1
,
Natalia Naikaku1
and
Shyam Singh2
.
Institution:
1. Department of Biological
Sciences, University of
Namibia, P/Bag 13301,
Windhoek, Namibia.
2. Department of Physics,
University of Namibia,
P/Bag 13301, Windhoek,
Namibia.
Corresponding author:
Marius Hedimbi.
Email:
mhedimbi@unam.na/
mhedimbi@yahoo.com.
Phone No:
(+264) (61) 206 3425.
Fax :
(+264) (61) 206 3791.
Web Address:
http://plantsciences.info/
documents/PS0020.pdf.
Dates:
Received: 27 Jan 2012 Accepted: 08 Feb 2012 Published: 16 Jun 2012
Article Citation:
Marius Hedimbi, Natalia Naikaku and Shyam Singh.
Effects of stimulated Ultraviolet Radiation on the growth of Maize Seedlings.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 098-103
Original Research
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences
JournalofResearchinPlantSciences An International Scientific Research Journal
2. INTRODUCTION
Ozone depletion has caused an increase in the
amount of ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B radiation
reaching the earth’s surface. UV-A has a Wavelength
with a range of 320-440 nm and UV-B has a wavelength
with a range of of 280-320nm. Since it has a shorter
wavelength, UV-B is the most damaging ultraviolet
radiation. The negative effects of UV-A and UV-B on
the growth of maize seedlings have been reported by
Singh et al., (1998), Singh (2000), and Van Kent and
Singh (2008). Numerous investigations have
demonstrated that the effect of UVB radiation
enhancement on plants includes reduction in grain yield,
alteration in species competition, susceptibility to
diseases and changes in plant structure and pigmentation
(Gao et al., 2004). UV-B radiation causes mutations in
plants by promoting the formation of cyclobutane
pyrimidine dimmers between adjacent pyrimidine bases
(Britt 1996).
Maize is one of the most important staple foods
in the world. Therefore the study of maize seedlings to
stimulated UV-A and UV-B light under laboratory
conditions is very important for assessment of the
responses of maize plants to this stress factors in the
field. This may be used to get an overview of what
happens when maize plants are growing in UV regions
under field conditions, and help in finding measures to
protect crops from increasing levels of UV-B and UV-A
radiations.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the
effects of UV radiation on the growth of maize seedlings.
The study evaluated the effects of UV-A and UV-B
radiation on the concentration of chlorophyll a and b in
maize leaves and whether the time of exposure to UV
light has a negative effect on the growth of maize
seedling.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Growing maize
Fifteen pots were filled with sandy soil. The
depth of the seeds in the soil was kept at 1 cm and the
pots were left to stand under normal light during the day
and under a dark mode during night time by switching
the lights off. Each pot contained three seeds. The pots
were watered with 100ml of water every 3rd
day for two
weeks. The seedlings were divided into two groups. The
first group was used for the determination of chlorophyll
concentration, and the second group was used for health
parameter measurements. Each group was further
subdivided into three groups. One group was exposed to
normal light, another group was exposed to UV-A
(Philips, F40T, 12/B1, Actinic) and another group was
exposed to UV-B (Philips, TL. 40W/12RS, J2) lamb
lights. The exposure was done for 0-10 hours. Each
experiment was done using three replicates.
Extraction of chlorophyll a and b
Eight grams of fresh maize leaves were crushed
using mortar and pestle and mixed with eight milliliters
of 80% acetone. The mixture was left to stand for 20
minutes in the dark and the mixture was then filtered.
The solid particles were discarded and the residue
containing chlorophyll a and b was then transferred to
cuvettes and absorbance was measured with a
spectrophotometer. 80% acetone was used to serve as a
control, which was used to reset the spectrophotometer to
zero before reading the absorbance of the samples
(treatments). Absorbance of chlorophyll a was measured
at wavelength of 645nm and that of chlorophyll b was
measured at a wavelength of 663nm. The number of
chlorophyll was calculated using a modified formula that
was reported by Dere et al., (1998): Chlorophyll a (mg/g
leaf)=[(12.7×A663)-(2.6×A645)] and Chlorophyll b (mg/g
leaf)=[(22.9×A645)–(4.68×A663)].
Measurements of the health parameters
Parameters such as, the width of leaves, height of
the seedling, diameter of stem and dry mass of the plant
Hedimbi et al., 2012
099 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 098-103
3. were measured. The width and height were measured
using a ruler while the diameter was measured using a
vernier calliper. The dry mass was determined by putting
fresh seedlings in an oven at 90ºC for 48 hours or until
all the water has evaporated from the seedlings. All
measurements were done using three replicates.
Data Analysis:
A t-test was carried out to test the significance in
differences between means. The tests were done at
confidence interval of 95% and means were considered
to be significantly different when p<0.05.
RESULTS
Chlorophyll concentrations
There was a decrease in the number of
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in both in UVA and
UVB as the time of exposure increased (Figure 1). The
level of chlorophyll b was higher (p<0.05) than
Chlorophyll a after exposure to UV radiation.
Furthermore, the level of both chlorophyll a and b were
significantly lower (p<0.05) in seedlings exposed to
UV-B than those exposed to UV-A. There was a
significant decrease in the level of chlorophyll b
(p<0.05) as the time of exposure to both types of UV
radiation increased while there was no significant
difference (p>0.05) in the level of chlorophyll a as the
time of exposure to both types of UV radiation increased
(Figure 1).
Direct effect of UV radiation on the growth of maize
seedlings.
The results showed that the width of leaves,
diameter of the stem and height of the seedling decrease
as the time of exposure both to UV-A and UV-B
increases compared to the control that was not exposed,
whose parameters were higher (Table 1). The decrease in
health parameters appears to be more pronounced with
increased exposure to UV-B and less pronounced with
increased exposure to UV-A (Table 1). There was a
decrease in dry mass of maize seedlings with increase in
exposure to both UV-A and UV-B radiations (Figure 2).
There was no difference (p>0.05) in the dry mass of
plants exposed to UV-A and UV-B at 0, 6 and 8 hours of
exposure to UV radiation (Figure 2).
DISCUSSION
The chlorophyll concentration has been
decreasing as the time of exposure to UV-A and UV-B
radiation has been increasing. It has also been found that
there was more chlorophyll in the leaves exposed to
UV-A than the leaves exposed to UV-B (p<0.05).
Chlorophyll is the green pigment that is found in the
Hedimbi et al., 2012
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 098-103 100
Figure 2: Percentage (%) dry mass of maize
seedlings after exposure to UV-A and UV-B
radiation for 0-10 hours. Means ± Standard errors of
three replicates are presented.
Figure 1. Concentration of chlorophyll a and b in
maize seedling leaves after exposure to UV-A and
UV-B for 0-10 hours. Means ± Standard errors of
three replicates are presented.
4. leaves of plants which absorbs sunlight from the
environment and uses its energy to synthesis
carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. A
decrease in chlorophyll content in plants is therefore
likely to lead the plant to become more susceptible to
diseases and poisoning by inorganic pollutants such as
arsenic. Britto et al., (2011) reported that uptake of
arsenic by plants plays an important role in transfer of
this toxic element into the food chain. Additionally
inorganic arsenic species are phytotoxic and the elevated
concentration of arsenic in the soil causes a significant
reduction in crop yield (Meharg, 2004, Britto et al.,
2011).
The reduction in health status of plant due to
ultraviolet radiation may cause increased uptake of heavy
metals by the plant (Upadhyaya et al., 2011). Heavy
metal ions, such as copper, play essential roles in many
physiological processes of plants. In trace amounts,
several of these ions are required for metabolism,
growth, and development (Upadhyaya et al., 2011).
However, problems arise when cells are confronted with
an excess of these vital ions or with non-nutritional ions
that lead to cellular damage (Tewari et al., 2006, Zhang
et al., 2008, Panda, 2008, Britto et al., 2011). Heavy
metal toxicity comprises inactivation of biomolecules by
either blocking essential functional groups or by
displacement of essential metal ions (Upadhyaya et al.
2011). In addition, auto-oxidation of redox-active heavy
metals and production of Reactive Oxygen Species
(ROS) by the Fenton reaction causes cellular injury
(Cobbett, 2003, Choudhury and Panda, 2005, Azevedo
and Azevedo, 2006, Upadhyaya et al., 2011).
In the parameters that were measured, the same
trend of a decrease in the parameters measured for both
UV-A and UV-B as the time of exposure increases were
found. The number of leaves of the seedlings where
found to be decreasing as the time of exposure increased
and it was also found that there were more leaves in the
seedlings that were exposed to UV-A than the ones that
were exposed to UV-B radiation. These finding could be
supported by the damage of the chlorophyll caused by
the UV-B. If most of the chlorophyll has been damaged,
there will be reduced absorption of the light for the
seedling to carry out photosynthesis. Therefore the
exposed plant will not grow as unexposed plant, leading
to decrease of the number of leaves in the exposed
seedlings. A reduction in leaves is likely to lead to high
production of stress proteins in plants in response to
increased exposure to UV radiation. Proteins which are
regulated by stress conditions (stress proteins) have been
observed in response to high and low temperatures,
salinity, droughts, and several other stress factors (Pareek
et al., 1997; De Britto et al., 2011).
Singh et al., (1998) did a fluorescence study of
maize irradiated by UV-A. The effects of UV-A on the
growth of maize (Zea mays) plants were investigated by
growing them under two different controlled conditions.
It was found that the growth of the plant was reduced
under UV-A treatment at an early age. A clear-cut
reduction in the growth of the plants was also observed
Hedimbi et al., 2012
101 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 098-103
Table 1. Effects of UV-A and UV-B on the growth of maize seedlings.
Means ± Standard errors of three replicates are presented.
Width of leaves (cm) Stem diameter (cm) Height of the plant (cm)
Exposure time (h) UV-A UV-B UV-A UV-B UV-A UV-B
0 (control) 1.7±0.1 1.7±0.1 0.4±0.1 0.4±0.1 41 ±1.8 41 ±1.8
2 1.3±0.0 1.2±0.0 0.3±0.0 0.2±0.1 35.5±4.1 27.7±5.8
4 1.3±0.1 1.1±0.0 0.3±0.2 0.2±0.1 30.8±4.7 26.3±3.2
6 1.2±0.1 0.4±0.4 0.2±0.0 0.2±0.0 25.7±4.9 20.7±2.2
8 1.1±0.2 0.4±0.4 0.2±0.1 0.2±0.0 23.2±3.4 18.7±1.9
10 0.7±0.2 0.0±0.0 0.1±0.0 0.1±0.0 19.3±0.6 12 ±0.6
5. Hedimbi et al., 2012
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 098-103 102
by Singh et al., (1998). Gao et al., (2004) carried out a
field experiment to study the effects of supplementary
Ultraviolet- B Irradiance on Maize Yield and qualities.
The field studies on UV-B radiation effect on plants have
been recommended to use the UV and
Photo-synthetically Active Radiation (PAR) irradiance
provided by natural light. The study by Gao et al., (2004)
reported the growth and yield responses of maize crop
exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation and the UV-B
effects on the seed qualities under field conditions.
Enhanced UV-B radiation caused a significant reduction
in the dry matter accumulation and the maize yield in
turn was affected. With an increased radiation, the
flavonoid accumulation in maize leaves increased and
the content of chlorophyll a and b of maize leaves were
reduced. The levels of proteins, sugar and starch of
maize seed decreased with enhanced UV-B radiation,
whereas the level of lysine increased with enhanced
UV-B radiation (Gao et al., 2004).
CONCLUSIONS
The study found that both UV-A and UV-B
radiations have a negative effect on chlorophyll content
and health parameter of maize seedlings. Such a decline
in health parameters of maize plants can lead to high
reduction in crop production, reduced grain yield and
increased susceptibility to diseases. With increase in
climate change, the devastating effect of ultraviolet
radiation on crops is likely to become more pronounced.
It is therefore important that farmers develop early
adaptation measures to mitigate crop losses due to
various factors of climate change. Development of maize
strains which are more tolerant to UV radiation damage
needs to be undertaken. The role of central governments
in launching awareness campaigns to educate farmers on
measures to be undertaken to protect their crops also
needs to be accelerated.
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