it is an advance level presentation, of o level.includes topics such as velocity,acceleration,and detail briefings , hope so students may gain benefit.
The document discusses key concepts related to motion including:
1) Motion is defined as a change in position relative to a reference point. Speed is the distance traveled over time, while velocity also includes direction of motion.
2) Speed and velocity can be calculated using the equation distance/time. Resultant velocity combines multiple velocities based on whether they are in the same or opposite directions.
3) Graphs can show motion, with steeper lines on a distance-time graph indicating faster speed and horizontal lines showing constant speed. A speed-time graph can also indicate if an object is slowing, speeding up, or stationary.
This document discusses motion in one direction and speed. It defines motion as the change in an object's position over time relative to another object. Motion in a straight line in one direction is the simplest type of motion, such as a train moving forward or backward. Speed is defined as the distance covered by an object in a unit of time. It describes how to calculate speed using the formula: Speed = Distance / Time. Examples are given of using this formula to calculate speed given distance and time.
The document discusses different types of motion including linear, circular, and vibratory motion. It also defines scalar and vector quantities, and provides examples of distance, speed, velocity, and acceleration. Key details include:
- Linear motion involves straight-line movement, circular motion involves movement around a fixed point, and vibratory motion involves movement back and forth around a fixed point.
- Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction, while scalar quantities only have magnitude.
- Distance is a scalar quantity measuring total length traveled, while displacement is a vector quantity measuring the shortest distance between initial and final points.
- Speed measures distance over time but not direction, while velocity includes both speed and direction of movement.
- Acc
This document discusses key kinematic concepts including displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, and uniformly accelerated motion. It defines these terms and discusses how to calculate them using equations of motion. Graphical representations of motion like distance-time graphs and velocity-time graphs are also covered. The effects of air resistance and gravity are summarized.
Friction is known as the resistance to motion of one object moving relative to another. According to scientists it is the result of the electromagnetic attraction between charged particles in two touching surfaces.
The document discusses speed-time graphs and motion. It contains questions about interpreting various speed-time graphs to determine properties like acceleration, retardation, maximum speed, etc. It also contains questions about drawing speed-time graphs based on data and calculating speed and distance from position-time graphs. The questions cover concepts like uniform acceleration, constant speed, uniform retardation, and interpreting the slopes and areas under graphs.
The document discusses position vs. time and velocity vs. time graphs for objects with constant velocity motion. It explains that a position vs. time graph of constant velocity motion shows a straight line with a constant slope, representing constant velocity. A velocity vs. time graph of constant velocity motion is a horizontal line, showing that the velocity does not change over time. The document provides examples of these types of graphs.
The document discusses key concepts related to motion including:
1) Motion is defined as a change in position relative to a reference point. Speed is the distance traveled over time, while velocity also includes direction of motion.
2) Speed and velocity can be calculated using the equation distance/time. Resultant velocity combines multiple velocities based on whether they are in the same or opposite directions.
3) Graphs can show motion, with steeper lines on a distance-time graph indicating faster speed and horizontal lines showing constant speed. A speed-time graph can also indicate if an object is slowing, speeding up, or stationary.
This document discusses motion in one direction and speed. It defines motion as the change in an object's position over time relative to another object. Motion in a straight line in one direction is the simplest type of motion, such as a train moving forward or backward. Speed is defined as the distance covered by an object in a unit of time. It describes how to calculate speed using the formula: Speed = Distance / Time. Examples are given of using this formula to calculate speed given distance and time.
The document discusses different types of motion including linear, circular, and vibratory motion. It also defines scalar and vector quantities, and provides examples of distance, speed, velocity, and acceleration. Key details include:
- Linear motion involves straight-line movement, circular motion involves movement around a fixed point, and vibratory motion involves movement back and forth around a fixed point.
- Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction, while scalar quantities only have magnitude.
- Distance is a scalar quantity measuring total length traveled, while displacement is a vector quantity measuring the shortest distance between initial and final points.
- Speed measures distance over time but not direction, while velocity includes both speed and direction of movement.
- Acc
This document discusses key kinematic concepts including displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, and uniformly accelerated motion. It defines these terms and discusses how to calculate them using equations of motion. Graphical representations of motion like distance-time graphs and velocity-time graphs are also covered. The effects of air resistance and gravity are summarized.
Friction is known as the resistance to motion of one object moving relative to another. According to scientists it is the result of the electromagnetic attraction between charged particles in two touching surfaces.
The document discusses speed-time graphs and motion. It contains questions about interpreting various speed-time graphs to determine properties like acceleration, retardation, maximum speed, etc. It also contains questions about drawing speed-time graphs based on data and calculating speed and distance from position-time graphs. The questions cover concepts like uniform acceleration, constant speed, uniform retardation, and interpreting the slopes and areas under graphs.
The document discusses position vs. time and velocity vs. time graphs for objects with constant velocity motion. It explains that a position vs. time graph of constant velocity motion shows a straight line with a constant slope, representing constant velocity. A velocity vs. time graph of constant velocity motion is a horizontal line, showing that the velocity does not change over time. The document provides examples of these types of graphs.
This document provides an introduction to 1-dimensional kinematics, including distance, displacement, average speed, average velocity, acceleration, and position-time and velocity-time graphs. It defines key terms like distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and discusses the relationships between these quantities. Examples and practice problems are provided to illustrate concepts like the difference between distance and displacement, calculating average speed and velocity, determining acceleration from graphs, and using kinematic equations.
This lesson plan outlines activities to demonstrate Newton's Three Laws of Motion and the Law of Gravitation. The activities include brainstorming everyday examples of each law, using visual aids to show relationships in Newton's Second Law, experiments showing constant force increases speed, and calculating the gravitational forces of the sun and moon to determine their effects on ocean tides. Students are asked to write a science fiction story applying the reverse of Newton's laws or discuss how the world would differ. The lesson aims to help students understand and visualize Newton's fundamental laws of motion and gravity.
This document discusses key concepts of displacement, velocity, and their relationships. It defines displacement as the change in position of an object, and distinguishes between displacement and distance traveled. Velocity is defined as the rate of change of an object's position and is calculated as total displacement over the time interval. The document contrasts velocity, which includes both magnitude and direction of motion, with speed, which only refers to magnitude. It provides equations for calculating displacement, average velocity, and using graphs of position over time to determine velocity.
This document covers key concepts in physics including:
- The difference between speed and velocity, with speed being a scalar quantity and velocity having both magnitude and direction
- Mass is a scalar quantity, while weight is a vector that points toward the center of the Earth
- Examples of scalar and vector quantities in physics including distance, speed, mass, and force
- Common units used to measure physical quantities like meters for distance and seconds for time
- Prefixes used in the International System of Units (SI) like milli, centi, and kilo
- An example problem calculating the speed of a car that traveled 10,000 meters in 6 minutes
This upload is actually experimental, so sorry for the lost animations. This is my first post on SlideShare. Future presentations will take into account the loss of animation.
Also, I saw that the titles of all my slides got covered by something, so I'll never use this theme again. The titles of the slides are:
Slide 1: Vectors and Scalars
Slide 2: In this lecture, you will learn
Slide 3: What are vectors?
Slide 4: What are scalars?
Slide 5: A joke
Slide 6: A joke
Slide 7: What was that for?
Slide 8: What was that for?
Slide 9: Vectors
Slide 10: Geometric Representation
Slide 11: Vector Addition
Slide 12: Scalar Multiplication
Slide 13: The Zero Vector
Slide 14: The Negative of a Vector
Slide 15: Vector Subtraction
Slide 16: More Properties of Vector Algebra
Slide 17: Magnitude of a Vector
Slide 18: Vectors in a Coordinate System
Slide 19: Unit Vectors
Slide 20: Algebraic Representation of Vectors
Slide 21: Algebraic Addition of Vectors
Slide 22: Algebraic Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
Slide 23: Example 1
Slide 24: Example 2
Slide 25: A few words of caution
Slide 26: Problems
A force is any push or pull that can cause an object to change its motion. Forces have both magnitude and direction. There are two types of forces: contact forces, which require objects to touch, like friction or tension; and non-contact forces, which act over a distance, like gravity or magnetism. A force is measured in Newtons, and the acceleration due to gravity on Earth is 9.81 m/s2. Forces can cause objects to accelerate, decelerate, or maintain a constant velocity depending on whether the net force is nonzero.
Describes displacement, velocity, acceleration as vectors and distance and speed as scalars, Show all needed equations and their use.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
The document introduces a lesson on forces that act on objects and how balanced and unbalanced forces affect an object's motion. It asks questions about what causes motion and different motion in objects. It also discusses how forces can make objects move, change speed or direction. The lesson considers a ball and explores activities involving balanced and unbalanced forces on examples like a pen and book. It explains that balanced forces result in no net force while unbalanced forces cause a change in motion.
Motion depends on reference points - an object is moving if its position changes relative to a stationary reference object. Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken, and can be used to calculate the speed of objects that do not travel at a constant rate. Acceleration is the rate at which an object's velocity changes - it describes how the speed of an object is increasing or decreasing over time.
The document discusses friction, describing it as a force between two surfaces in contact that opposes their motion. It notes friction always acts in the opposite direction of motion and slows moving objects down. The amount of friction depends on the roughness of the surfaces - rougher surfaces produce more friction. Friction can be useful to prevent slipping but also causes wear; lubricants are used to reduce friction between moving parts. The document distinguishes between static and kinetic friction, noting static friction is usually higher and discusses how friction can be reduced in various ways.
The document defines and explains key concepts related to motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It provides equations and examples to calculate speed, velocity, and acceleration. Speed is the distance traveled per unit of time. Velocity includes both speed and direction of motion. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. The document uses graphs and calculations to illustrate these concepts.
Lesson 3 finding x and y intercepts sharedMarek Dzianott
The document discusses finding the x-intercepts and y-intercepts of graphs and equations. It defines intercepts as the points where the line crosses the x-axis or y-axis. It then provides examples of finding the intercepts by setting y=0 to find the x-intercept or setting x=0 to find the y-intercept and solving the resulting equation. The document demonstrates this process for multiple equations and graphs. It also introduces the "cover up method" of solving multi-variable equations by covering terms with the same variable to isolate that variable.
This presentation covers scalar quantity, vector quantity, addition of vectors & multiplication of vector. I hope this PPT will be helpful for Instructors as well as students.
This is a summary of the topic "Physical quantities, units and measurement" in the GCE O levels subject: Physics. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure Physics will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
Intro to Physical Science (Grade 8: Class B ONLY)amberdealminerva
This document provides an overview of science and the scientific method. It defines science as a systematic way of learning about the natural world, with three main branches: life science, earth science, and physical science. Physical science is further divided into chemistry and physics, focusing on the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. The scientific method is then described as a logical process used by scientists involving observation, developing a hypothesis, experimentation, analysis of data, and forming a conclusion. Well-tested conclusions may become scientific theories that explain natural processes.
1) Kinematics in two dimensions involves calculating displacement, velocity, and acceleration based on an object's initial position, velocity, acceleration, and time. Projectile motion can be analyzed by separating the horizontal and vertical motions.
2) For projectile motion, the horizontal velocity remains constant while the vertical velocity is affected by gravity. Objects thrown at an angle will hit the ground at the same time due to their downward acceleration.
3) The maximum range of a projectile is achieved at a launch angle of 45 degrees. Range can be calculated using the initial velocity, launch angle, and gravitational acceleration.
The document discusses inertia and how it relates to motion. It defines inertia as the property of an object that resists changes to its motion. It explains that according to Newton's first law, an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Real-world examples are provided to illustrate inertia, such as why seatbelts are important in vehicles.
This document discusses speed, velocity, distance, and displacement. It defines these terms and distinguishes between them. Speed is a scalar quantity referring to the total distance traveled over time, while velocity is a vector quantity that includes direction of motion. Distance is the total length of travel regardless of direction, while displacement refers to the distance moved in a particular direction. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts, including a discussion of constant speed but changing velocity when moving in a circle. Graphs of distance over time are also used to represent speed.
This document summarizes lecture 2 of Physics 111 on motion along a straight line. It introduces key concepts like position, displacement, average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. It derives the kinematic equations that relate these quantities for motion with constant acceleration. Examples are given to illustrate the relationships between position, velocity and acceleration graphs. Key topics covered include one-dimensional motion, velocity, acceleration, and the kinematic equations for constant acceleration.
This document contains notes from Physics Lecture 2 on motion along a straight line given by Dale Gary from the NJIT Physics Department. The key topics covered include position, displacement, average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration, and the derivation of the kinematic equations for motion with constant acceleration. Motion, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships are defined. Graphs are used to illustrate these concepts and how to determine velocity from position-time graphs and acceleration from velocity-time graphs.
This document provides an introduction to 1-dimensional kinematics, including distance, displacement, average speed, average velocity, acceleration, and position-time and velocity-time graphs. It defines key terms like distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and discusses the relationships between these quantities. Examples and practice problems are provided to illustrate concepts like the difference between distance and displacement, calculating average speed and velocity, determining acceleration from graphs, and using kinematic equations.
This lesson plan outlines activities to demonstrate Newton's Three Laws of Motion and the Law of Gravitation. The activities include brainstorming everyday examples of each law, using visual aids to show relationships in Newton's Second Law, experiments showing constant force increases speed, and calculating the gravitational forces of the sun and moon to determine their effects on ocean tides. Students are asked to write a science fiction story applying the reverse of Newton's laws or discuss how the world would differ. The lesson aims to help students understand and visualize Newton's fundamental laws of motion and gravity.
This document discusses key concepts of displacement, velocity, and their relationships. It defines displacement as the change in position of an object, and distinguishes between displacement and distance traveled. Velocity is defined as the rate of change of an object's position and is calculated as total displacement over the time interval. The document contrasts velocity, which includes both magnitude and direction of motion, with speed, which only refers to magnitude. It provides equations for calculating displacement, average velocity, and using graphs of position over time to determine velocity.
This document covers key concepts in physics including:
- The difference between speed and velocity, with speed being a scalar quantity and velocity having both magnitude and direction
- Mass is a scalar quantity, while weight is a vector that points toward the center of the Earth
- Examples of scalar and vector quantities in physics including distance, speed, mass, and force
- Common units used to measure physical quantities like meters for distance and seconds for time
- Prefixes used in the International System of Units (SI) like milli, centi, and kilo
- An example problem calculating the speed of a car that traveled 10,000 meters in 6 minutes
This upload is actually experimental, so sorry for the lost animations. This is my first post on SlideShare. Future presentations will take into account the loss of animation.
Also, I saw that the titles of all my slides got covered by something, so I'll never use this theme again. The titles of the slides are:
Slide 1: Vectors and Scalars
Slide 2: In this lecture, you will learn
Slide 3: What are vectors?
Slide 4: What are scalars?
Slide 5: A joke
Slide 6: A joke
Slide 7: What was that for?
Slide 8: What was that for?
Slide 9: Vectors
Slide 10: Geometric Representation
Slide 11: Vector Addition
Slide 12: Scalar Multiplication
Slide 13: The Zero Vector
Slide 14: The Negative of a Vector
Slide 15: Vector Subtraction
Slide 16: More Properties of Vector Algebra
Slide 17: Magnitude of a Vector
Slide 18: Vectors in a Coordinate System
Slide 19: Unit Vectors
Slide 20: Algebraic Representation of Vectors
Slide 21: Algebraic Addition of Vectors
Slide 22: Algebraic Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
Slide 23: Example 1
Slide 24: Example 2
Slide 25: A few words of caution
Slide 26: Problems
A force is any push or pull that can cause an object to change its motion. Forces have both magnitude and direction. There are two types of forces: contact forces, which require objects to touch, like friction or tension; and non-contact forces, which act over a distance, like gravity or magnetism. A force is measured in Newtons, and the acceleration due to gravity on Earth is 9.81 m/s2. Forces can cause objects to accelerate, decelerate, or maintain a constant velocity depending on whether the net force is nonzero.
Describes displacement, velocity, acceleration as vectors and distance and speed as scalars, Show all needed equations and their use.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
The document introduces a lesson on forces that act on objects and how balanced and unbalanced forces affect an object's motion. It asks questions about what causes motion and different motion in objects. It also discusses how forces can make objects move, change speed or direction. The lesson considers a ball and explores activities involving balanced and unbalanced forces on examples like a pen and book. It explains that balanced forces result in no net force while unbalanced forces cause a change in motion.
Motion depends on reference points - an object is moving if its position changes relative to a stationary reference object. Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken, and can be used to calculate the speed of objects that do not travel at a constant rate. Acceleration is the rate at which an object's velocity changes - it describes how the speed of an object is increasing or decreasing over time.
The document discusses friction, describing it as a force between two surfaces in contact that opposes their motion. It notes friction always acts in the opposite direction of motion and slows moving objects down. The amount of friction depends on the roughness of the surfaces - rougher surfaces produce more friction. Friction can be useful to prevent slipping but also causes wear; lubricants are used to reduce friction between moving parts. The document distinguishes between static and kinetic friction, noting static friction is usually higher and discusses how friction can be reduced in various ways.
The document defines and explains key concepts related to motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It provides equations and examples to calculate speed, velocity, and acceleration. Speed is the distance traveled per unit of time. Velocity includes both speed and direction of motion. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. The document uses graphs and calculations to illustrate these concepts.
Lesson 3 finding x and y intercepts sharedMarek Dzianott
The document discusses finding the x-intercepts and y-intercepts of graphs and equations. It defines intercepts as the points where the line crosses the x-axis or y-axis. It then provides examples of finding the intercepts by setting y=0 to find the x-intercept or setting x=0 to find the y-intercept and solving the resulting equation. The document demonstrates this process for multiple equations and graphs. It also introduces the "cover up method" of solving multi-variable equations by covering terms with the same variable to isolate that variable.
This presentation covers scalar quantity, vector quantity, addition of vectors & multiplication of vector. I hope this PPT will be helpful for Instructors as well as students.
This is a summary of the topic "Physical quantities, units and measurement" in the GCE O levels subject: Physics. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure Physics will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
Intro to Physical Science (Grade 8: Class B ONLY)amberdealminerva
This document provides an overview of science and the scientific method. It defines science as a systematic way of learning about the natural world, with three main branches: life science, earth science, and physical science. Physical science is further divided into chemistry and physics, focusing on the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. The scientific method is then described as a logical process used by scientists involving observation, developing a hypothesis, experimentation, analysis of data, and forming a conclusion. Well-tested conclusions may become scientific theories that explain natural processes.
1) Kinematics in two dimensions involves calculating displacement, velocity, and acceleration based on an object's initial position, velocity, acceleration, and time. Projectile motion can be analyzed by separating the horizontal and vertical motions.
2) For projectile motion, the horizontal velocity remains constant while the vertical velocity is affected by gravity. Objects thrown at an angle will hit the ground at the same time due to their downward acceleration.
3) The maximum range of a projectile is achieved at a launch angle of 45 degrees. Range can be calculated using the initial velocity, launch angle, and gravitational acceleration.
The document discusses inertia and how it relates to motion. It defines inertia as the property of an object that resists changes to its motion. It explains that according to Newton's first law, an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Real-world examples are provided to illustrate inertia, such as why seatbelts are important in vehicles.
This document discusses speed, velocity, distance, and displacement. It defines these terms and distinguishes between them. Speed is a scalar quantity referring to the total distance traveled over time, while velocity is a vector quantity that includes direction of motion. Distance is the total length of travel regardless of direction, while displacement refers to the distance moved in a particular direction. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts, including a discussion of constant speed but changing velocity when moving in a circle. Graphs of distance over time are also used to represent speed.
This document summarizes lecture 2 of Physics 111 on motion along a straight line. It introduces key concepts like position, displacement, average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. It derives the kinematic equations that relate these quantities for motion with constant acceleration. Examples are given to illustrate the relationships between position, velocity and acceleration graphs. Key topics covered include one-dimensional motion, velocity, acceleration, and the kinematic equations for constant acceleration.
This document contains notes from Physics Lecture 2 on motion along a straight line given by Dale Gary from the NJIT Physics Department. The key topics covered include position, displacement, average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration, and the derivation of the kinematic equations for motion with constant acceleration. Motion, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships are defined. Graphs are used to illustrate these concepts and how to determine velocity from position-time graphs and acceleration from velocity-time graphs.
1) The document discusses motion in one dimension, including speed, velocity, acceleration, and formulas for constant acceleration.
2) It defines key terms like speed, velocity, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, acceleration, and average versus instantaneous acceleration.
3) Examples are provided of situations with constant acceleration, including gravitational acceleration near Earth's surface of 9.8 m/s2.
Motion refers to the change in position of an object over time. Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with motion. There are different types of motion such as linear, circular, and oscillatory. Key concepts in the study of motion include scalars, vectors, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. Equations of motion relate these quantities, such as the relationship between velocity and acceleration given by the equation v = u + at, where v is the final velocity, u is the initial velocity, a is the acceleration, and t is the time. Graphs can also represent motion, such as velocity-time graphs that show changes in velocity and can indicate if motion is uniform or accelerated. Circular motion involves
The document provides an overview of various topics in physics, including:
1) Examples of physics problems at different scales, from simple to complex.
2) The main branches of physics such as mechanics, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics.
3) Mathematical concepts important for physics like scalars, vectors, geometry, trigonometry, and algebraic equations.
Vectors and scalars are physical quantities that can be measured. Scalars only have magnitude and no direction, such as distance or speed. Vectors have both magnitude and direction, like displacement or velocity. Velocity is a vector quantity that describes both how fast and in which direction an object is moving. Displacement is also a vector that measures the distance an object has moved from its starting point, including direction. There are two main methods for adding vectors - the triangle method uses the Pythagorean theorem, while the parallelogram method draws the vectors as sides of a parallelogram to find the diagonal resultant vector.
This document provides an overview of physics concepts related to motion and vectors, including:
1) Definitions of key terms like velocity, acceleration, displacement, distance, scalars and vectors. Equations for calculating average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration are presented.
2) Discussion of frames of reference, different types of motion problems (free fall, projectile motion, etc.), and how to apply kinematic equations for constant acceleration.
3) Explanations of vector concepts like addition of vectors graphically and using trigonometry, projectile motion, and perpendicular independence of horizontal and vertical components of motion.
GEN PHYSICS 1 WEEK 2 KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION.pptxAshmontefalco4
This document provides an overview of kinematics in one dimension, including graphical representations of motion, motion along a straight line, and motion with constant acceleration. It discusses topics like displacement, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating variables like position, velocity and acceleration from graphs or equations of motion. Kinematic formulas are also introduced for problems involving constant acceleration.
This document discusses key terms and equations related to rectilinear motion. Rectilinear motion refers to motion along a straight line. Kinematics deals with the motion of bodies without considering forces. Important concepts discussed include displacement, average and instantaneous velocity, acceleration, distance traveled, and equations of motion. Graphical representations of motion using velocity-time graphs are also presented for different scenarios including uniform velocity, variable velocity from rest to a final velocity, and variable velocity between two points.
1) An object's position is defined by a reference point and direction. An object is in motion if it changes position relative to the reference point.
2) Distance is the length between two points, while displacement includes both length and direction moved from the starting point.
3) Speed is distance traveled over time. Average speed is total distance divided by total time. Instantaneous speed is the speed at a particular point in time.
4) Velocity includes both speed and direction of motion. Acceleration is any change in speed or direction over time.
Chapter 2 introduces the concepts of kinematics including reference frames, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and motion with constant acceleration. Equations are derived that relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time for objects undergoing constant acceleration. Near the Earth's surface, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.80 m/s2, so these equations can be applied to analyze falling or projected objects using this value of acceleration.
This document discusses key concepts related to motion including reference frames, distance and displacement, speed and velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, and equations of motion. It defines scalar and vector quantities, explains the difference between distance and displacement, defines average speed and velocity. It also describes motion graphs including distance-time and velocity-time graphs, and how to derive the equations of motion using graphical methods. Finally, it discusses uniform circular motion and how velocity changes direction while speed remains constant.
This document summarizes key concepts about acceleration, velocity, and motion graphs. It defines acceleration as the rate of change of velocity and describes how to calculate average acceleration using motion diagrams. Positive and negative acceleration are explained using examples. Velocity-time graphs are introduced and it is noted that slope represents acceleration and area under the curve indicates displacement. Equations for motion with constant acceleration are derived, including relationships between position, velocity, acceleration, and time. Finally, free fall under the influence of gravity is discussed, noting Galileo's findings, the definition of gravitational acceleration g, and how velocity and position change over time in free fall situations.
Vectors and scalars can be distinguished as either having magnitude and direction (vectors) or just magnitude (scalars). Examples of vectors include displacement, velocity, and force, while examples of scalars include length, time, and speed. Vectors can be added graphically by placing the tail of one arrow at the head of another, with the line between the free tail and head giving the resultant vector. Vectors can also be resolved into perpendicular components along chosen axes or subtracted by adding the opposite vector.
This document introduces key concepts of 1-D kinematics including:
1) Distance refers to the total path traveled while displacement refers to the change in position from initial to final point.
2) Kinematics describes motion without considering causes, and 1-D kinematics refers to motion in a straight line.
3) Graphs can distinguish between distance and displacement, with displacement being the straight line segment between initial and final points.
4) Key concepts such as average speed, average velocity, acceleration, and free fall are introduced along with relevant equations and demonstrations.
This chapter discusses kinematics of linear motion, including:
1) It defines kinematics as the study of motion without considering forces, and describes linear and projectile motion.
2) It introduces key concepts such as displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration and their relationships. Equations for these quantities under constant and uniformly accelerated motion are provided.
3) It describes motion under constant acceleration due to gravity, known as freely falling bodies, and provides the relevant equations.
Scalars have magnitude only, while vectors have both magnitude and direction. Examples of scalars include mass, volume, and energy, while examples of vectors include force, velocity, and acceleration. Vectors can be represented using arrows, with the length representing magnitude and direction representing the direction. Vectors can be added and subtracted by considering both magnitude and direction. Vectors can also be resolved into horizontal and vertical components using trigonometric functions like sine and cosine. Resolving vectors allows calculation of things like the total force or frictional force on an object.
This document discusses motion, position, velocity, and acceleration. It defines these terms and explains how they relate to each other. Specifically:
- Position refers to where an object is located. Velocity refers to how fast and in what direction an object is moving. Acceleration refers to whether an object's speed or direction is changing.
- Motion, position, velocity, and acceleration can all be described as vectors that have a magnitude and direction within a coordinate system.
- Equations are provided that define the relationships between these quantities, such as the equations of motion that describe how velocity and position change over time under constant acceleration like gravity.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
2. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Motion along a straight line
Motion
Position and displacement
Average velocity and average speed
Instantaneous velocity and speed
Acceleration
Constant acceleration: A special case
Free fall acceleration
3. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Motion
Everything moves! Motion
is one of the main topics
in Physics I
In the spirit of taking
things apart for study,
then putting them back
together, we will first
consider only motion
along a straight line.
Simplification: Consider a
moving object as a
particle, i.e. it moves like a
particle—a “point object”
LAX
Newark
4. How do you vote?
Turn on the clicker by
pressing the bottom
“On/Off” button.
A blue “Power” light
will appear at the top
of the remote.
5. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
How do you know your vote was received?
Check your “Vote Status” Light:
Green light = your vote was sent
AND received.
Red flashing light = you need to
vote again.
Not sure you saw the light? Just
vote again.
Want to change your vote? You can
vote again as long as the timer is still
going.
7. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
One Dimensional Position x
Motion can be defined as the change of position over
time.
How can we represent position along a straight line?
Position definition:
Defines a starting point: origin (x = 0), x relative to origin
Direction: positive (right or up), negative (left or down)
It depends on time: t = 0 (start clock), x(t=0) does not have to
be zero.
Position has units of [Length]: meters.
x = + 2.5 m
x = - 3 m
8. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Vector and Scalar
A vector quantity is characterized by having both a
magnitude and a direction.
Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Force …
Denoted in boldface type or with an arrow over the top
.
A scalar quantity has magnitude, but no direction.
Distance, Mass, Temperature, Time …
For motion along a straight line, the direction is
represented simply by + and – signs.
+ sign: Right or Up.
− sign: Left or Down.
1-D motion can be thought of as a
component of 2-D and 3-D motions.
, , ...v a F
, , ...v a F
9. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Quantities in Motion
Any motion involves three concepts
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
These concepts can be used to study objects
in motion.
10. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Displacement
Displacement is a change of position in time.
Displacement:
f stands for final and i stands for initial.
It is a vector quantity.
It has both magnitude and direction: + or − sign
It has units of [length]: meters.
)()( iiff txtxx −=∆
x1 (t1) = + 2.5 m
x2 (t2) = - 2.0 m
Δx = -2.0 m - 2.5 m = -4.5 m
x1 (t1) = - 3.0 m
x2 (t2) = + 1.0 m
Δx = +1.0 m + 3.0 m = +4.0 m
11. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Distance and Position-time graph
Displacement in space
From A to B: Δx = xB – xA = 52 m – 30 m = 22 m
From A to C: Δx = xc – xA = 38 m – 30 m = 8 m
Distance is the length of a path followed by a particle
from A to B: d = |xB – xA| = |52 m – 30 m| = 22 m
from A to C: d = |xB – xA|+ |xC – xB|= 22 m + |38 m – 52 m| = 36 m
Displacement is not Distance.
12. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Velocity
Velocity is the rate of change of position.
Velocity is a vector quantity.
Velocity has both magnitude and direction.
Velocity has a unit of [length/time]: meter/second.
We will be concerned with three quantities, defined as:
Average velocity
Average speed
Instantaneous
velocity
avg
total distance
s
t
=
∆
0
lim
t
x dx
v
t dt∆ →
∆
= =
∆
t
xx
t
x
v
if
avg
∆
−
=
∆
∆
=
displacement
distance
displacement
13. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Average Velocity
Average velocity
is the slope of the line segment
between end points on a graph.
Dimensions: length/time (L/T)
[m/s].
SI unit: m/s.
It is a vector (i.e. is signed), and
displacement direction sets its
sign.
t
xx
t
x
v
if
avg
∆
−
=
∆
∆
=
14. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Average Speed
Average speed
Dimension: length/time, [m/s].
Scalar: No direction involved.
Not necessarily close to Vavg:
Savg = (6m + 6m)/(3s+3s) = 2 m/s
Vavg = (0 m)/(3s+3s) = 0 m/s
avg
total distance
s
t
=
∆
15. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Graphical Interpretation of Velocity
Velocity can be determined
from a position-time graph
Average velocity equals the
slope of the line joining the
initial and final positions. It is
a vector quantity.
An object moving with a
constant velocity will have a
graph that is a straight line.
16. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Instantaneous Velocity
Instantaneous means “at some given instant”. The
instantaneous velocity indicates what is happening at
every point of time.
Limiting process:
Chords approach the tangent as Δt => 0
Slope measure rate of change of position
Instantaneous velocity:
It is a vector quantity.
Dimension: length/time (L/T), [m/s].
It is the slope of the tangent line to x(t).
Instantaneous velocity v(t) is a function of time.
0
lim
t
x dx
v
t dt∆ →
∆
= =
∆
17. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Uniform velocity is the special case of constant velocity
In this case, instantaneous velocities are always the
same, all the instantaneous velocities will also equal
the average velocity
Begin with then
Uniform Velocity
t
xx
t
x
v
if
x
∆
−
=
∆
∆
= tvxx xif ∆+=
x
x(t)
t0
xi
xf
v
v(t)
t0
tf
vx
ti
Note: we are plotting
velocity vs. time
18. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Average Acceleration
Changing velocity (non-uniform) means an
acceleration is present.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Acceleration is a vector quantity.
Acceleration has both magnitude and direction.
Acceleration has a dimensions of length/time2
: [m/s2
].
Definition:
Average acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration
if
if
avg
tt
vv
t
v
a
−
−
=
∆
∆
=
2
2
0
lim dt
vd
dt
dx
dt
d
dt
dv
t
v
a
t
===
∆
∆
=
→∆
19. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Average Acceleration
Average acceleration
Velocity as a function of time
It is tempting to call a negative acceleration a “deceleration,” but
note:
When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are the same (either
positive or negative), then the speed is increasing
When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are in the opposite
directions, the speed is decreasing
Average acceleration is the slope of the line connecting the initial
and final velocities on a velocity-time graph
if
if
avg
tt
vv
t
v
a
−
−
=
∆
∆
=
tavtv avgif ∆+=)(
Note: we are plotting
velocity vs. time
20. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Instantaneous and Uniform Acceleration
The limit of the average acceleration as the time
interval goes to zero
When the instantaneous accelerations are always the
same, the acceleration will be uniform. The
instantaneous acceleration will be equal to the average
acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration is the
slope of the tangent to the curve
of the velocity-time graph
2
2
0
lim dt
vd
dt
dx
dt
d
dt
dv
t
v
a
t
===
∆
∆
=
→∆
21. Velocity and acceleration are in the same
direction
Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows
maintain the same length)
Velocity is increasing (red arrows are
getting longer)
Positive velocity and positive acceleration
Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Relationship between Acceleration and
Velocity (First Stage)
atvtv if +=)(
22. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
atvtv if +=)(
Uniform velocity (shown by red
arrows maintaining the same size)
Acceleration equals zero
Relationship between Acceleration and
Velocity (Second Stage)
23. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
atvtv if +=)(
Acceleration and velocity are in
opposite directions
Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows
maintain the same length)
Velocity is decreasing (red arrows
are getting shorter)
Velocity is positive and acceleration
is negative
Relationship between Acceleration and
Velocity (Third Stage)
24. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Kinematic Variables: x, v, a
Position is a function of time:
Velocity is the rate of change of position.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Position Velocity Acceleration
Graphical relationship between x, v, and a
This same plot can apply to an elevator that is initially
stationary, then moves upward, and then stops. Plot v
and a as a function of time.
)(txx =
dt
dv
t
v
a
t
=
∆
∆
=
→∆
lim
00
lim
t
x dx
v
t dt∆ →
∆
= =
∆
dt
d
dt
d
25. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Special Case: Motion with Uniform
Acceleration (our typical case)
Acceleration is a constant
Kinematic Equations (which
we will derive in a moment)
atvv += 0
2
2
1
0 attvx +=∆
xavv ∆+= 2
2
0
2
tvvtvx )(
2
1
0 +==∆
26. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Derivation of the Equation (1)
Given initial conditions:
a(t) = constant = a, v(t = 0) = v0, x(t = 0) = x0
Start with definition of average acceleration:
We immediately get the first equation
Shows velocity as a function of acceleration and time
Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked to find the
displacement
atvv += 0
a
t
vv
t
vv
tt
vv
t
v
aavg =
−
=
−
−
=
−
−
=
∆
∆
= 00
0
0
0
27. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Given initial conditions:
a(t) = constant = a, v(t = 0) = v0, x(t = 0) = x0
Start with definition of average velocity:
Since velocity changes at a constant rate, we have
Gives displacement as a function of velocity and time
Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked for the
acceleration
Derivation of the Equation (2)
tvvtvx avg )(
2
1
0 +==∆
t
x
t
xx
vavg
∆
=
−
= 0
28. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Given initial conditions:
a(t) = constant = a, v(t = 0) = v0, x(t = 0) = x0
Start with the two just-derived equations:
We have
Gives displacement as a function of all three quantities: time,
initial velocity and acceleration
Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked to find the final
velocity
Derivation of the Equation (3)
tatvvtvvx )(
2
1
)(
2
1
000 ++=+=∆
atvv += 0 tvvtvx avg )(
2
1
0 +==∆
2
0 0
1
2
x x x v t at∆ = − = +
29. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Given initial conditions:
a(t) = constant = a, v(t = 0) = v0, x(t = 0) = x0
Rearrange the definition of average acceleration
, to find the time
Use it to eliminate t in the second equation:
, rearrange to get
Gives velocity as a function of acceleration and
displacement
Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked for the time
Derivation of the Equation (4)
)(22 0
2
0
2
0
2
xxavxavv −+=∆+=
a
t
vv
t
v
aavg =
−
=
∆
∆
= 0
a
vv
t 0−
=
a
vv
vvvv
a
tvvx
2
))((
2
1
)(
2
1
2
0
2
000
−
=−+=+=∆
30. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Problem-Solving Hints
Read the problem
Draw a diagram
Choose a coordinate system, label initial and final points,
indicate a positive direction for velocities and accelerations
Label all quantities, be sure all the units are consistent
Convert if necessary
Choose the appropriate kinematic equation
Solve for the unknowns
You may have to solve two equations for two unknowns
Check your results
xavv ∆+= 2
2
0
2
atvv += 0
2
2
1
0 attvx +=∆
31. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Example
An airplane has a lift-off speed of 30 m/s
after a take-off run of 300 m, what
minimum constant acceleration?
What is the corresponding take-off time?
xavv ∆+= 2
2
0
2
atvv += 0
2
2
1
0 attvx +=∆ xavv ∆+= 2
2
0
2
atvv += 0
2
2
1
0 attvx +=∆
32. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Free Fall Acceleration
Earth gravity provides a constant
acceleration. Most important case of
constant acceleration.
Free-fall acceleration is independent
of mass.
Magnitude: |a| = g = 9.8 m/s2
Direction: always downward, so ag is
negative if we define “up” as positive,
a = −g = −9.8 m/s2
Try to pick origin so that xi = 0
y
33. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
A stone is thrown from the top of a building with an
initial velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward, at an initial
height of 50.0 m above the ground. The stone just
misses the edge of the roof on the its way down.
Determine
(a) the time needed for the stone to reach its
maximum height.
(b) the maximum height.
(c) the time needed for the stone to return to the
height from which it was thrown and the velocity of
the stone at that instant.
(d) the time needed for the stone to reach the ground
(e) the velocity and position of the stone at t = 5.00s
Free Fall for Rookie
34. Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Summary
This is the simplest type of motion
It lays the groundwork for more complex motion
Kinematic variables in one dimension
Position x(t) m L
Velocity v(t) m/s L/T
Acceleration a(t) m/s2
L/T2
All depend on time
All are vectors: magnitude and direction vector:
Equations for motion with constant acceleration: missing quantities
x – x0
v
t
a
v0
atvv += 0
2
2
1
00 attvxx +=−
)(2 0
2
0
2
xxavv −+=
2
2
1
0 atvtxx −=−
tvvxx )( 02
1
0 +=−
Editor's Notes
Now, let’s turn on it by pressing the bottom “on/off” button. A blue “power” light will appear at the top of the remote.
When you make a vote, please check your “Vote Status” light. Green light = your vote was sent AND received. Red flashing light = you need to vote again. If you are Not sure you saw the light? Just vote again. If you Want to change your vote? You can vote again as long as the timer is still going.
The best way to gain confidence in the use of these equations is to work a number of problems. The following procedure is recommended for solving problems involving acceleration motion.
The best way to gain confidence in the use of these equations is to work a number of problems. The following procedure is recommended for solving problems involving acceleration motion.