This document introduces key concepts of 1-D kinematics including:
1) Distance refers to the total path traveled while displacement refers to the change in position from initial to final point.
2) Kinematics describes motion without considering causes, and 1-D kinematics refers to motion in a straight line.
3) Graphs can distinguish between distance and displacement, with displacement being the straight line segment between initial and final points.
4) Key concepts such as average speed, average velocity, acceleration, and free fall are introduced along with relevant equations and demonstrations.
Forces can be pushes or pulls and are measured in Newtons. A net force is the combination of all forces acting on an object. An unbalanced net force will cause a change in an object's motion, while a balanced net force will not. Friction and air resistance are types of forces that oppose motion. Gravity is an attractive force between objects that depends on their masses and distance between them. Newton's second law relates force, mass, and acceleration.
The document defines and explains key kinematics concepts including speed, velocity, acceleration, uniform acceleration, and linear motion. Speed is distance over time while velocity includes direction and is a vector. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, calculated as the change in velocity over time. Acceleration is uniform if the rate of change is constant, while non-uniform acceleration means the rate varies over time. Velocity decreases in deceleration.
This document discusses key concepts around motion and forces including:
1) It defines speed, velocity, and the difference between the two.
2) It explains that unbalanced forces cause changes in an object's velocity or acceleration, while balanced forces do not cause changes.
3) It describes different types of friction including static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction and factors that affect friction.
Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom and are generally negatively charged. Protons are positively charged and combine with electrons and neutrons to form atoms. Neutrons have no charge and determine the isotope of an element. Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons, which are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. When an element gains protons, it acquires a positive charge, while gaining electrons gives a negative charge. Charging by contact occurs when a charged object transfers some of its charge to a neutral object they touch. Induction charging can also occur without direct contact when a charged object polarizes a nearby neutral object.
Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician born in 1642 who made seminal contributions to the fields of natural philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and optics. He is most famous for formulating the three laws of motion, including:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The document defines and explains key concepts related to motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It provides equations and examples to calculate speed, velocity, and acceleration. Speed is the distance traveled per unit of time. Velocity includes both speed and direction of motion. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. The document uses graphs and calculations to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses key concepts related to motion including speed, velocity, acceleration, and frames of reference. It defines speed as distance traveled over time, velocity as including both speed and direction making it a vector quantity, and acceleration as how velocity changes over time either in magnitude or direction. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating speed, velocity, and acceleration using formulas.
1) Galileo Galilei proved in the late 1500s that all objects fall at the same rate due to gravity, regardless of their mass, contradicting Aristotle's belief that heavier objects fall faster.
2) Isaac Newton later explained that gravity is a force that exists between all objects due to their mass, and the strength of the gravitational force depends on the masses and distance between the objects.
3) The rate of acceleration due to gravity on Earth is 9.8 m/s2 for all objects, though air resistance can affect their actual falling speed depending on size and shape.
Forces can be pushes or pulls and are measured in Newtons. A net force is the combination of all forces acting on an object. An unbalanced net force will cause a change in an object's motion, while a balanced net force will not. Friction and air resistance are types of forces that oppose motion. Gravity is an attractive force between objects that depends on their masses and distance between them. Newton's second law relates force, mass, and acceleration.
The document defines and explains key kinematics concepts including speed, velocity, acceleration, uniform acceleration, and linear motion. Speed is distance over time while velocity includes direction and is a vector. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, calculated as the change in velocity over time. Acceleration is uniform if the rate of change is constant, while non-uniform acceleration means the rate varies over time. Velocity decreases in deceleration.
This document discusses key concepts around motion and forces including:
1) It defines speed, velocity, and the difference between the two.
2) It explains that unbalanced forces cause changes in an object's velocity or acceleration, while balanced forces do not cause changes.
3) It describes different types of friction including static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction and factors that affect friction.
Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom and are generally negatively charged. Protons are positively charged and combine with electrons and neutrons to form atoms. Neutrons have no charge and determine the isotope of an element. Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons, which are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. When an element gains protons, it acquires a positive charge, while gaining electrons gives a negative charge. Charging by contact occurs when a charged object transfers some of its charge to a neutral object they touch. Induction charging can also occur without direct contact when a charged object polarizes a nearby neutral object.
Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician born in 1642 who made seminal contributions to the fields of natural philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and optics. He is most famous for formulating the three laws of motion, including:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The document defines and explains key concepts related to motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It provides equations and examples to calculate speed, velocity, and acceleration. Speed is the distance traveled per unit of time. Velocity includes both speed and direction of motion. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. The document uses graphs and calculations to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses key concepts related to motion including speed, velocity, acceleration, and frames of reference. It defines speed as distance traveled over time, velocity as including both speed and direction making it a vector quantity, and acceleration as how velocity changes over time either in magnitude or direction. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating speed, velocity, and acceleration using formulas.
1) Galileo Galilei proved in the late 1500s that all objects fall at the same rate due to gravity, regardless of their mass, contradicting Aristotle's belief that heavier objects fall faster.
2) Isaac Newton later explained that gravity is a force that exists between all objects due to their mass, and the strength of the gravitational force depends on the masses and distance between the objects.
3) The rate of acceleration due to gravity on Earth is 9.8 m/s2 for all objects, though air resistance can affect their actual falling speed depending on size and shape.
The document introduces the concept of linear momentum, which is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Linear momentum depends on both the mass and speed of an object. The linear momentum of a system remains conserved as long as there are no external forces acting, according to the law of conservation of linear momentum. Collisions between objects also conserve linear momentum, with the total momentum before a collision equaling the total momentum after.
Forces can make objects move, change speed or direction, or deform shape. A force is measured in Newtons and can be exerted through contact or non-contact. Contact forces include tension, strain, and impact forces. Non-contact forces include magnetic, electrostatic, and gravitational forces. Magnetic forces involve attraction or repulsion between poles, while gravitational forces act between all masses and decrease with distance.
Forces are pushes or pulls that have both size and direction. Newton's Laws of Motion describe how forces cause motion or changes in motion - an object at rest stays at rest unless a force acts on it, force equals mass times acceleration, and for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The document reviews key concepts about forces, motion, speed, velocity, acceleration, and Newton's Laws through definitions, formulas, examples, and video clips to help explain these important physics concepts.
The document discusses key concepts of motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It defines distance as the total length covered by a moving object, while displacement includes both the length and direction of motion. Speed refers to how fast an object moves over a period of time, while velocity includes both speed and direction. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity over time. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating speed, velocity, and acceleration using the appropriate formulas. Different types of motion graphs are also introduced.
Momentum is a characteristic of moving objects related to its mass and velocity. It is calculated by multiplying mass and velocity, with units of kg*m/s. An object's momentum is in the direction of its velocity, and greater momentum means it is harder to stop the object. Both greater mass and velocity result in higher momentum. The total momentum in a system is conserved during interactions and collisions according to the law of conservation of momentum.
A chemical change is a change where one or more new types of matter form as the original materials react and combine in new ways. Some signs that a chemical change has occurred include a change in color, gases being given off, or a change in temperature without external heating or cooling. Common examples of chemical changes provided are burning, rusting, wood ash being left after burning, and fruits or metals oxidizing and changing color when exposed to air.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, meaning how quickly an object's speed or direction changes over time. It can be positive if an object speeds up, or negative if it slows down or changes direction. Acceleration is calculated by taking the change in velocity and dividing by the time elapsed, using the formula a=(Vf - Vi)/t, where a is acceleration, Vf is final velocity, Vi is initial velocity, and t is time.
Newton's three laws of motion are summarized as follows:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force (law of inertia).
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object (F=ma).
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This document discusses momentum and its relationship to mass and velocity. It defines momentum as being directly proportional to mass and velocity, and that it is a measure of an object's resistance to stopping. Greater momentum can be achieved by increasing mass or velocity. Impulse is defined as being equal to force multiplied by time, and that it is equal to the change in momentum of an object. The principle of conservation of momentum is explained, which is that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant if no external forces act on it.
Waves can transfer energy from one place to another. There are two main types of waves - mechanical waves, which require a medium and can only travel through matter, and electromagnetic waves, which can travel through vacuums. The key characteristics of waves include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, crest, and trough. Mechanical waves can be transverse, with oscillations perpendicular to the direction of travel, or longitudinal, with oscillations parallel to travel. Sound waves are an example of longitudinal mechanical waves.
Light is electromagnetic radiation that can behave as both a particle (photon) and a wave. It travels at 300 million meters per second in a vacuum. When light interacts with matter, it can be transmitted, reflected, scattered, absorbed, or refracted. The color of light depends on its wavelength, with shorter wavelengths like blue having higher frequencies and energies than longer wavelengths like red.
Sound is a mechanical wave that requires a medium to travel. It is produced when an object vibrates, exerting a force on the surrounding air or medium. The loudness of a sound is measured in decibels, with louder sounds having higher amplitudes. Sound travels fastest through materials with high density, as the closer molecules can transfer energy more quickly through collisions. The human ear can detect sounds from 20-20,000 Hz but some animals can hear ultrasonic or infrasonic waves outside this range.
Here are the key points about electric fields based on the document:
- An electric field (E) represents the influence of an electric charge. It has magnitude and direction at each point in space.
- The direction of electric field lines indicates the direction of the electric force on a positive test charge placed at that point.
- The density of electric field lines indicates the strength of the electric field - more closely spaced lines means a stronger field.
- Electric field lines outside a conductor must be perpendicular to the conductor's surface because charges within a conductor redistribute such that the net electric field inside a conductor is always zero due to electrostatic equilibrium.
Visualizing Motion Using Tape Charts and Motion Graphs.pptxmarsquijano
This document discusses using tape charts and motion graphs to analyze motion. It describes a scenario where a suspect in a hit and run case denies involvement, claiming they were driving slowly at a constant speed. However, oil spots from the suspect's car are found and can be used to create a tape chart representing the motion of the car. Tape charts are produced by a ticker-tape timer and show the time and distance of motion through a series of dots, allowing analysis of whether the motion was constant, accelerating, or decelerating.
This document discusses the conservation of mechanical energy and different types of potential and kinetic energy. It provides examples of how to calculate changes in speed using the principle of conservation of energy for situations involving gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, and kinetic energy such as a rollercoaster, pendulum, and hot dog cart passing over two hills. The key steps shown are identifying the relevant energies, setting the initial and final energies equal to each other, and solving the resulting equation to find the unknown speed or height.
Speed refers to how fast an object moves over a period of time, while velocity also considers the direction of motion. When describing storms, forecasters provide both the speed and direction it is moving, as well as the circular speed of the winds. The circular wind speed determines the storm's strength. Instantaneous speed refers to an object's speed at a single moment, while average speed considers the total distance and time over multiple moments. Motion is considered constant if the instantaneous speed remains the same over time.
Unit I: Force, Motion and Energy
Module 3 – Heat and Temperature
· Heat vs. Temperature
· Effects on Matter (Phase Change)
· Heat Capacity
· Temperature Conversion
Energy is a property of objects that can be transferred or converted into different forms. There are two main types of energy: potential energy, which is the stored energy of position, and kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion. Mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy and represents the energy from an object's motion and position. Energy can be transformed from one form to another, such as mechanical energy transforming to other forms like thermal, radiant, or electrical energy, which then become useful sources of energy for applications.
Work is defined as a force causing an object to move in the direction of the force. No work is done if there is no movement. More work is required to do a task quickly than slowly. Power is the rate at which work is done and is calculated by dividing the amount of work by the time taken. Work is being done on objects when a force moves them in the direction of the force.
This document provides an overview of two-dimensional motion and vectors. It introduces scalars and vectors, and discusses how to add vectors graphically or using trigonometric functions. Projectile motion is also summarized, noting that the vertical and horizontal components of a projectile's motion are independent, and can be analyzed separately using kinematic equations. Examples are provided for adding vectors, resolving vectors into components, and solving projectile motion problems.
This document discusses key concepts in one-dimensional motion physics including displacement, distance, velocity, speed, and average velocity. It provides examples and problems to illustrate the differences between scalar and vector quantities as well as distance and displacement. Graphs are used to represent motion data and calculate instantaneous and average velocities from slopes of the position-time graphs at different time intervals. Students are prompted to practice examples, self-assess their understanding, and complete a lab assignment.
The document introduces the concept of linear momentum, which is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Linear momentum depends on both the mass and speed of an object. The linear momentum of a system remains conserved as long as there are no external forces acting, according to the law of conservation of linear momentum. Collisions between objects also conserve linear momentum, with the total momentum before a collision equaling the total momentum after.
Forces can make objects move, change speed or direction, or deform shape. A force is measured in Newtons and can be exerted through contact or non-contact. Contact forces include tension, strain, and impact forces. Non-contact forces include magnetic, electrostatic, and gravitational forces. Magnetic forces involve attraction or repulsion between poles, while gravitational forces act between all masses and decrease with distance.
Forces are pushes or pulls that have both size and direction. Newton's Laws of Motion describe how forces cause motion or changes in motion - an object at rest stays at rest unless a force acts on it, force equals mass times acceleration, and for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The document reviews key concepts about forces, motion, speed, velocity, acceleration, and Newton's Laws through definitions, formulas, examples, and video clips to help explain these important physics concepts.
The document discusses key concepts of motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It defines distance as the total length covered by a moving object, while displacement includes both the length and direction of motion. Speed refers to how fast an object moves over a period of time, while velocity includes both speed and direction. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity over time. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating speed, velocity, and acceleration using the appropriate formulas. Different types of motion graphs are also introduced.
Momentum is a characteristic of moving objects related to its mass and velocity. It is calculated by multiplying mass and velocity, with units of kg*m/s. An object's momentum is in the direction of its velocity, and greater momentum means it is harder to stop the object. Both greater mass and velocity result in higher momentum. The total momentum in a system is conserved during interactions and collisions according to the law of conservation of momentum.
A chemical change is a change where one or more new types of matter form as the original materials react and combine in new ways. Some signs that a chemical change has occurred include a change in color, gases being given off, or a change in temperature without external heating or cooling. Common examples of chemical changes provided are burning, rusting, wood ash being left after burning, and fruits or metals oxidizing and changing color when exposed to air.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, meaning how quickly an object's speed or direction changes over time. It can be positive if an object speeds up, or negative if it slows down or changes direction. Acceleration is calculated by taking the change in velocity and dividing by the time elapsed, using the formula a=(Vf - Vi)/t, where a is acceleration, Vf is final velocity, Vi is initial velocity, and t is time.
Newton's three laws of motion are summarized as follows:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force (law of inertia).
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object (F=ma).
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This document discusses momentum and its relationship to mass and velocity. It defines momentum as being directly proportional to mass and velocity, and that it is a measure of an object's resistance to stopping. Greater momentum can be achieved by increasing mass or velocity. Impulse is defined as being equal to force multiplied by time, and that it is equal to the change in momentum of an object. The principle of conservation of momentum is explained, which is that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant if no external forces act on it.
Waves can transfer energy from one place to another. There are two main types of waves - mechanical waves, which require a medium and can only travel through matter, and electromagnetic waves, which can travel through vacuums. The key characteristics of waves include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, crest, and trough. Mechanical waves can be transverse, with oscillations perpendicular to the direction of travel, or longitudinal, with oscillations parallel to travel. Sound waves are an example of longitudinal mechanical waves.
Light is electromagnetic radiation that can behave as both a particle (photon) and a wave. It travels at 300 million meters per second in a vacuum. When light interacts with matter, it can be transmitted, reflected, scattered, absorbed, or refracted. The color of light depends on its wavelength, with shorter wavelengths like blue having higher frequencies and energies than longer wavelengths like red.
Sound is a mechanical wave that requires a medium to travel. It is produced when an object vibrates, exerting a force on the surrounding air or medium. The loudness of a sound is measured in decibels, with louder sounds having higher amplitudes. Sound travels fastest through materials with high density, as the closer molecules can transfer energy more quickly through collisions. The human ear can detect sounds from 20-20,000 Hz but some animals can hear ultrasonic or infrasonic waves outside this range.
Here are the key points about electric fields based on the document:
- An electric field (E) represents the influence of an electric charge. It has magnitude and direction at each point in space.
- The direction of electric field lines indicates the direction of the electric force on a positive test charge placed at that point.
- The density of electric field lines indicates the strength of the electric field - more closely spaced lines means a stronger field.
- Electric field lines outside a conductor must be perpendicular to the conductor's surface because charges within a conductor redistribute such that the net electric field inside a conductor is always zero due to electrostatic equilibrium.
Visualizing Motion Using Tape Charts and Motion Graphs.pptxmarsquijano
This document discusses using tape charts and motion graphs to analyze motion. It describes a scenario where a suspect in a hit and run case denies involvement, claiming they were driving slowly at a constant speed. However, oil spots from the suspect's car are found and can be used to create a tape chart representing the motion of the car. Tape charts are produced by a ticker-tape timer and show the time and distance of motion through a series of dots, allowing analysis of whether the motion was constant, accelerating, or decelerating.
This document discusses the conservation of mechanical energy and different types of potential and kinetic energy. It provides examples of how to calculate changes in speed using the principle of conservation of energy for situations involving gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, and kinetic energy such as a rollercoaster, pendulum, and hot dog cart passing over two hills. The key steps shown are identifying the relevant energies, setting the initial and final energies equal to each other, and solving the resulting equation to find the unknown speed or height.
Speed refers to how fast an object moves over a period of time, while velocity also considers the direction of motion. When describing storms, forecasters provide both the speed and direction it is moving, as well as the circular speed of the winds. The circular wind speed determines the storm's strength. Instantaneous speed refers to an object's speed at a single moment, while average speed considers the total distance and time over multiple moments. Motion is considered constant if the instantaneous speed remains the same over time.
Unit I: Force, Motion and Energy
Module 3 – Heat and Temperature
· Heat vs. Temperature
· Effects on Matter (Phase Change)
· Heat Capacity
· Temperature Conversion
Energy is a property of objects that can be transferred or converted into different forms. There are two main types of energy: potential energy, which is the stored energy of position, and kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion. Mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy and represents the energy from an object's motion and position. Energy can be transformed from one form to another, such as mechanical energy transforming to other forms like thermal, radiant, or electrical energy, which then become useful sources of energy for applications.
Work is defined as a force causing an object to move in the direction of the force. No work is done if there is no movement. More work is required to do a task quickly than slowly. Power is the rate at which work is done and is calculated by dividing the amount of work by the time taken. Work is being done on objects when a force moves them in the direction of the force.
This document provides an overview of two-dimensional motion and vectors. It introduces scalars and vectors, and discusses how to add vectors graphically or using trigonometric functions. Projectile motion is also summarized, noting that the vertical and horizontal components of a projectile's motion are independent, and can be analyzed separately using kinematic equations. Examples are provided for adding vectors, resolving vectors into components, and solving projectile motion problems.
This document discusses key concepts in one-dimensional motion physics including displacement, distance, velocity, speed, and average velocity. It provides examples and problems to illustrate the differences between scalar and vector quantities as well as distance and displacement. Graphs are used to represent motion data and calculate instantaneous and average velocities from slopes of the position-time graphs at different time intervals. Students are prompted to practice examples, self-assess their understanding, and complete a lab assignment.
The document discusses acceleration and related concepts:
- Acceleration is the change in velocity per unit of time and is a vector quantity. It results from an applied force and is proportional to the force's magnitude.
- Velocity is speed in a given direction, while speed is the distance traveled per time and does not consider direction.
- Average acceleration is calculated as the change in velocity divided by the time interval. Instantaneous acceleration is the slope of the velocity-time graph at an instant.
- Examples demonstrate calculating average speed and acceleration from initial and final velocities and time intervals. Direction and signs of displacement, velocity, and acceleration must be considered carefully.
The document describes the movement of travelling waves through a medium. It defines key concepts such as pulses, displacement, and speed. It provides an analogy of a wave moving through a crowd at a sports game. The key equation given relates the displacement of a point on the medium to the distance and time: D(x,t) = D(x-vt). It then works through an example problem applying this equation to find the displacement of a marked point on a rope at a given time, as well as determining when the maximum displacement occurs for a different point. Finally, it discusses how the speed of a wave depends on the tension and linear mass density of the medium.
This document provides an overview of 1D kinematics concepts including position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and the relationships between these quantities as expressed in graphs and equations. Key points covered include:
- Definitions of scalars like displacement and vectors like velocity and acceleration.
- How to calculate average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration from position-time graphs.
- Kinematic equations that relate the initial and final position, velocity, and acceleration of an object undergoing constant acceleration.
- Galilei's contributions to establishing the mathematical descriptions of motion studied in kinematics.
The document provides learning objectives and concepts related to kinematics including displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and equations of motion. The key points are:
1. It defines important kinematics terms like displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration and describes how to represent motion using words, diagrams, graphs and equations.
2. Graphs of distance-time and velocity-time are introduced and it is explained that their slopes provide speed and acceleration respectively.
3. Equations of motion that apply to objects with constant acceleration in a straight line are given along with examples of how to use them to solve problems.
4. Free fall and projectile motion are described and representations using velocity-time graphs are shown
The document summarizes concepts related to motion in one dimension, including:
1) Key concepts such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, and the kinematic equations are introduced and defined.
2) Freely falling objects experience a constant acceleration due to gravity, and the kinematic equations can model their motion.
3) Galileo helped establish that all objects in free fall experience the same acceleration due to gravity, regardless of mass or initial velocity.
Grade 11, U1A-L1, Introduction to Kinematicsgruszecki1
This document introduces a unit on motion and forces that will be split into two parts: 1A on motion and 1B on forces. Key terms in kinematics and dynamics like displacement, velocity, and acceleration are defined. Examples and practice problems are provided to help understand these concepts. Students are given reference pages in the textbook and practice questions to work through including problems calculating average speed and velocity.
The document provides an overview of an honors physics class. It discusses topics like vectors, scalars, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and problem-solving techniques. Key concepts are explained through examples, such as calculating displacement and velocity from graphs of position over time. Homework solutions are provided at the end.
This document provides an overview of Newtonian mechanics and one-dimensional kinematics. It defines key terms like position, velocity, acceleration, displacement, distance, speed, average speed, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, constant acceleration, and the kinematic equations. It includes examples of how to use the kinematic equations to solve problems involving constant acceleration. There are also sample problems assessing understanding of concepts like displacement vs distance, velocity, acceleration, and interpreting graphs of kinematic variables.
1. The document discusses various concepts related to one-dimensional motion including position, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.
2. It defines key terms like displacement as the change in position of an object, velocity as a vector quantity that includes both speed and direction, and acceleration as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
3. Examples and equations are provided to calculate quantities like average speed, average velocity, and instantaneous velocity from distance-time graphs or data tables.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and formulas for kinematics in one dimension, including definitions of distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and other related terms. It lists important formulas such as the equations for velocity, acceleration, displacement, and final velocity. Diagrams illustrate the differences between constant velocity and constant acceleration motion. The document concludes with tips for solving kinematics problems, including an example of calculating the time for a book to fall from a shelf.
This document provides an overview of key physics concepts related to kinematics including:
- Vectors and scalars
- Displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships
- Mass vs weight
- Motion graphs including position, velocity, and acceleration graphs
- Kinematics equations for constant acceleration including relationships between displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time
- Sample kinematics problems and explanations of concepts like uniform acceleration are provided.
motion velocity accelaration and displacementjamesadam2001
This document provides an overview of one-dimensional motion concepts including:
- Distance traveled, displacement, average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration.
- Formulas for constant acceleration including relationships between displacement, time, initial velocity, and acceleration.
- Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like the difference between distance and displacement, and calculating average speed from total distance and time.
- Displacement is the change in position of an object over time and is a vector quantity. It indicates both the distance and direction moved.
- Speed is the distance traveled per unit time and is a scalar quantity. It does not indicate direction.
- Velocity is speed with direction and is therefore a vector quantity. It indicates both how fast an object is moving as well as the direction of motion.
- Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time. It measures how velocity is changing and can therefore be positive, negative, or zero. Acceleration is a vector quantity.
This document provides an overview of physics concepts related to motion and vectors, including:
1) Definitions of key terms like velocity, acceleration, displacement, distance, scalars and vectors. Equations for calculating average and instantaneous velocity and acceleration are presented.
2) Discussion of frames of reference, different types of motion problems (free fall, projectile motion, etc.), and how to apply kinematic equations for constant acceleration.
3) Explanations of vector concepts like addition of vectors graphically and using trigonometry, projectile motion, and perpendicular independence of horizontal and vertical components of motion.
This document provides an overview of calculus-based kinematics. It defines the key terms of displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Displacement refers to how far an object has moved from a fixed point, velocity is the rate of change of displacement over time, and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time. The document provides examples of using calculus derivatives and integrals to derive kinematic equations for problems involving displacement, velocity, and acceleration functions.
1) The document discusses motion in one dimension, including speed, velocity, acceleration, and formulas for constant acceleration.
2) It defines key terms like speed, velocity, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, acceleration, and average versus instantaneous acceleration.
3) Examples are provided of situations with constant acceleration, including gravitational acceleration near Earth's surface of 9.8 m/s2.
Physics is the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy. The four fundamental forces in physics are the gravitational, weak nuclear, electromagnetic, and strong nuclear forces. Units and measurements are essential in physics, with the SI system being the international standard. Kinematic equations relate the displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time of motion, and can be used to analyze one-dimensional motion scenarios.
1. The document discusses scalar and vectorial magnitudes, and defines them as magnitudes that either have only a value (scalar) or have both a value and direction (vector). It provides examples of scalar magnitudes like length and temperature, and vector magnitudes like force and velocity.
2. A frame of reference is used to describe motion and trajectories. Trajectories can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional depending on how many coordinates are needed to specify a point.
3. Position indicates where an object is located. Distance is the actual length an object travels, while displacement is the shortest distance between initial and final positions. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electric charge and electric fields.
1) It describes how rubbing materials like fur and rubber can induce static electricity by transferring electrons, leaving one material positively charged and the other negatively charged. Opposite charges attract while like charges repel.
2) Atoms have positive charge in their nucleus and negative charge in their electron cloud. Conductors allow charge to flow freely while insulators do not.
3) Coulomb's law states the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
4) The electric field represents the force exerted on a test charge per unit
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electric charge and electric fields.
1) It describes how static electricity arises from the transfer of electrons between objects, leaving one object with an excess of electrons (negative charge) and the other with a deficit of electrons (positive charge). Opposite charges attract while like charges repel based on Coulomb's law.
2) Coulomb's law states that the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
3) The electric field is defined as the force per unit charge and can be calculated from Coulomb's law. Field lines are used to represent electric fields graph
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 15 on thermodynamics. It introduces the first law of thermodynamics which states that the change in internal energy of a closed system equals the energy added minus work done. It then discusses different thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric and isometric. The second law of thermodynamics is introduced which states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold object to a hot object. Heat engines are then described which use a temperature difference to convert heat into work. The Carnot engine provides an ideal model to examine heat engine efficiency.
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Okay, let's break this down step-by-step:
1) Resolve the initial velocity vector into its horizontal (Vx) and vertical (Vy) components using trigonometry:
Vx = Vo cosθ
Vy = Vo sinθ
2) The horizontal component Vx remains constant.
3) The vertical component Vy is accelerated by gravity. We can use the kinematic equations:
y = Yo + Vyot + 1/2at2
Vyo = initial vertical velocity
a = acceleration due to gravity (g)
4) To get the total displacement, we use Pythagorean theorem:
x2 + y2 = r2
Where r
Okay, here are the steps to solve this problem using component addition of vectors:
1) The first displacement is 120 m due north, so its x-component is 0 and its y-component is 120.
2) The second displacement is 72 m due west, so its x-component is -72 and its y-component is 0.
3) Add the x-components: 0 + -72 = -72
4) Add the y-components: 120 + 0 = 120
5) Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude of the resultant: R = √(-72)2 + 1202 = 132 m
6) The resultant displacement is due west (because the x-component
This document provides an introduction to 1-dimensional kinematics, including distance, displacement, average speed, average velocity, acceleration, and position-time and velocity-time graphs. It defines key terms like distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and discusses the relationships between these quantities. Examples and practice problems are provided to illustrate concepts like the difference between distance and displacement, calculating average speed and velocity, determining acceleration from graphs, and using kinematic equations.
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
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1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FME
Motion in one direction
1. First Day on Notes ya!
Introduction to 1-D Motion
Distance versus Displacement
2. Kinematics
Kinematics is the branch of mechanics
that describes the motion of objects
without necessarily discussing what
causes the motion.
1-Dimensional Kinematics (or 1-
Dimensional motion) refers to motion
in a straight line.
3. Distance
The total length of the path traveled
by an object is called distance.
“How far have you walked?” is a
typical distance question.
The SI unit of distance is the meter
(m).
4. Displacement ( ∆x )
The change in the position of a particle is called
displacement.
∆ is a Greek letter used to represent the words
“change in”. ∆x therefore means “change in x”. It is
always calculated by final value minus initial value.
“How far are you from home?” is a typical
displacement question.
The SI unit for displacement is the meter.
Calculation of displacement:
∆x = x f − xi
5. Distance vs Displacement
B 100 m
displacement
50 m
distance
A
A picture can help you distinguish between
distance and displacement.
6. Questions
Does the odometer in your car measure distance or
displacement?
Can you think of a circumstance in which it
measures both distance and displacement?
7. Practice Problem: Two tennis players approach the net to
congratulate one another after a game. a) Find the distance and
displacement of player A. b) Repeat for player B.
A B
5m 2m
8. Practice Problem: If ∆x is the displacement
of a particle, and d is the distance the particle
traveled during that displacement, which of
the following is always a true statement?
d = |∆x|
d < |∆x|
d > |∆x|
d > |∆x|
d < |∆x|
9. Practice Problem
A particle moves from x = 1.0 meter to x = -1.0 meter.
What is the distance d traveled by the particle?
What is the displacement of the particle?
10. Practice Problem: You are driving a car on a circular track of
diameter 40 meters. After you have driven around 2 ½ times,
how far have you driven, and what is your displacement?
11. Average Speed
Average speed describes how fast a
particle is moving. The equation is:
d
save =
∆t
where:
Average speed is
save = average speed always a positive
d = distance number.
∆t = elapsed time
The SI unit of speed is the m/s
12. Average Velocity
Average velocity describes how fast the
displacement is changing. The equation is:
∆x
vave = Average velocity
∆t
where: is + or –
vave = average velocity depending on
∆x = displacement direction.
∆t = elapsed time
The SI unit of velocity is the m/s.
13. Qualitative Demonstrations
1) Demonstrate the motion of a particle that
has an average speed and an average
velocity that are both zero.
2) Demonstrate the motion of a particle that
has an average speed and an average
velocity that are both nonzero.
3) Demonstrate the motion of a particle that
has an average speed that is nonzero and
an average velocity that is zero.
4) Demonstrate the motion of a particle that
has an average velocity that is nonzero
and an average speed that is zero.
14. Quantitative Demonstration
You are a particle located at the origin. Demonstrate
how you can move from x = 0 to x = 10.0 and back with
an average speed of 0.5 m/s.
What the particle’s average velocity for the above
demonstration?
15. Cart Track Lab
Purpose: To take appropriate
measurements, tabulate data, and calculate
average velocity. Use your lab notebook.
Instructions: Using the cart track, cart,
pulley, hanging mass, and stopwatch,
determine the average speed and average
velocity of the cart as it travels from one
end of the track to the other.
See the board for details on how to use
your lab notebook to keep a neat and
accurate record of your lab.
16. Practice Problem: How long will it take the sound of the starting
gun to reach the ears of the sprinters if the starter is stationed at
the finish line for a 100 m race? Assume that sound has a speed
of about 340 m/s.
17. Practice Problem: You drive in a straight line at 10 m/s for 1.0
km, and then you drive in a straight line at 20 m/s for another
1.0 km. What is your average velocity?
28. Instantaneous Velocity
The velocity at a single instant in time.
If the velocity is uniform, or constant,
the instantaneous velocity is the same as
the average velocity.
If the velocity is not constant, than the
instantaneous velocity is not the same as
the average velocity, and we must
carefully distinguish between the two.
29. Instantaneous Velocity
x vins = ∆x/∆t
B ∆x
∆t
t
Draw a tangent line to the
curve at B. The slope of this
line gives the instantaneous
velocity at that specific time.
31. 1
Acceleration (a)
Any change in velocity over a period
of time is called acceleration.
The sign (+ or -) of acceleration
indicates its direction.
Acceleration can be…
speeding up
slowing down
turning
32. Questions
If acceleration is zero, what does this
mean about the motion of an object?
Is it possible for a racecar circling a
track to have zero acceleration?
33. 3
Uniform (Constant) Acceleration
In Physics B, we will generally assume
that acceleration is constant.
With this assumption we are free to use
this equation:
∆v
a=
∆t
The SI unit of acceleration is the m/s2.
34. Acceleration in 1-D Motion
has a sign!
If the sign of the velocity and the
sign of the acceleration is the same,
the object speeds up.
If the sign of the velocity and the
sign of the acceleration are different,
the object slows down.
35. Qualitative Demonstrations
1) Demonstrate the motion of a particle that
has zero initial velocity and positive
acceleration.
2) Demonstrate the motion of a particle that
has zero initial velocity and negative
acceleration.
3) Demonstrate the motion of a particle that
has positive initial velocity and negative
acceleration.
4) Demonstrate the motion of a particle that
has negative initial velocity and positive
acceleration.
36. Practice Problem: A 747 airliner reaches its takeoff speed of
180 mph in 30 seconds. What is its average acceleration?
37. Practice Problem: A horse is running with an initial velocity of
11 m/s, and begins to accelerate at –1.81 m/s2. How long does it
take the horse to stop?
38. Graphical Problem
v (m/s)
0.50
t (s)
Demonstrate the motion of this particle. Is it
accelerating?
39. Graphical Problem
v
t
Demonstrate the motion of this particle. Is it
accelerating?
40. Graphical Problem
v B
a = ∆v/∆t
A ∆v
∆t
t
What physical feature of the graph gives the acceleration?
44. Position vs Time Graphs
Particles moving with no
acceleration (constant velocity)
have graphs of position vs time
with one slope. The velocity is not
changing since the slope is
constant.
Position vs time graphs for
particles moving with constant
acceleration look parabolic. The
instantaneous slope is changing. In
this graph it is increasing, and the
particle is speeding up.
45. Uniformly Accelerating
Objects
You see the car move
faster and faster. This
is a form of
acceleration.
The position vs time
graph for the
accelerating car
reflects the bigger and
bigger ∆x values.
The velocity vs time
graph reflects the
increasing velocity.
46. Describe the motion
This object is moving in the
positive direction and
accelerating in the positive
direction (speeding up).
This object is moving in the
negative direction and
accelerating in the negative
direction (speeding up).
This object is moving in the
negative direction and
accelerating in the positive
direction (slowing down).
47. Draw Graphs for
Stationary Particles
x v a
t t t
Position Velocity Acceleration
vs vs vs
time time time
48. Draw Graphs for
Constant Non-zero Velocity
x v a
t t t
Position Velocity Acceleration
vs vs vs
time time time
49. Draw Graphs for Constant
Non-zero Acceleration
x v a
t t t
Position Velocity Acceleration
vs vs vs
time time time
51. Practice Problem: What must a particular Olympic sprinter’s
acceleration be if he is able to attain his maximum speed in ½ of a
second?
52. Practice Problem: A plane is flying in a northwest direction
when it lands, touching the end of the runway with a speed of
130 m/s. If the runway is 1.0 km long, what must the
acceleration of the plane be if it is to stop while leaving ¼ of the
runway remaining as a safety margin?
53. Practice Problem: On a ride called the Detonator at Worlds of
Fun in Kansas City, passengers accelerate straight downward
from 0 to 20 m/s in 1.0 second.
b) What is the average acceleration of the passengers on this
ride?
h) How fast would they be going if they accelerated for an
additional second at this rate?
54. Practice Problem -- continued
c) Sketch approximate x-vs-t, v-vs-t and a-vs-t graphs for this
ride.
55. Practice Problem: Air bags are designed to deploy in 10 ms.
Estimate the acceleration of the front surface of the bag as it
expands. Express your answer in terms of the acceleration of
gravity g.
56. Practice Problem: You are driving through town at 12.0 m/s
when suddenly a ball rolls out in front of you. You apply the
brakes and decelerate at 3.5 m/s2.
b) How far do you travel before stopping?
When you have traveled only half the stopping distance, what is your
speed?
57. Practice Problem -- continued
How long does it take you to stop?
Draw x vs t, v vs t, and a vs t graphs for this.
59. Free Fall
Free fall is a term we use to indicate that an
object is falling under the influence of gravity,
with gravity being the only force on the object.
Gravity accelerates the object toward the earth
the entire time it rises, and the entire time it
falls.
The acceleration due to gravity near the surface
of the earth has a magnitude of 9.8 m/s2. The
direction of this acceleration is DOWN.
Air resistance is ignored.
60. Practice Problem: You drop a ball from rest off a 120 m high
cliff. Assuming air resistance is negligible,
b) how long is the ball in the air?
f) what is the ball’s speed and velocity when it strikes the ground at the
base of the cliff?
k) sketch approximate x-vs-t, v-vs-t, a-vs-t graphs for this situation.
61. Practice Problem: You throw a ball straight upward into the air
with a velocity of 20.0 m/s, and you catch the ball some time later.
b) How long is the ball in the air?
i) How high does the ball go?
62. Practice Problem -- continued
b) What is the ball’s velocity when you catch it?
j) Sketch approximate x-vs-t, v-vs-t, a-vs-t graphs for this situation.
63. Symmetry in Free Fall
When something is thrown straight upward under
the influence of gravity, and then returns to the
thrower, this is very symmetric.
The object spends half its time traveling up; half
traveling down.
Velocity when it returns to the ground is the
opposite of the velocity it was thrown upward with.
Acceleration is 9.8 m/s2 and directed DOWN the
entire time the object is in the air!
Let’s see some demos!
66. Pinewood Derby
x(m) 0 2.3 9.2 20.7 36.8 57.5
t(s) 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
On your graph paper, do the following.
• Draw a position vs time graph for the car.
• Draw tangent lines at three different points on the
curve to determine the instantaneous velocity at all three
points.
• On a separate graph, draw a velocity vs time graph using
the instantaneous velocities you obtained in the step
above.
•From your velocity vs time graph, determine the
acceleration of the car.
67. 2-8 Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion
This is a graph of x vs. t
for an object moving with
constant velocity. The
velocity is the slope of the
x-t curve.
68. 2-8 Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion
On the left we have a graph of velocity vs. time
for an object with varying velocity; on the right
we have the resulting x vs. t curve. The
instantaneous velocity is tangent to the curve at
each point.
69. 2-8 Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion
The displacement, x,
is the area beneath
the v vs. t curve.