Formulation and evaluation of a polyherbal face washMonika Targhotra
GEL- A gel is a solid jelly like material that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough.
Acne is the common disorder occurring due to the changes in the hormones such as androgens , corticosteroids.
Face and neck are more prone to the acne.
Acne can be prevented by removing the oil from the face.
To keep the skin free from acne, it should have antioxidants , smoothing and moisturizing property
Total phenolic, flavonoids and tannin content of various extracts from Pyrus ...pharmaindexing
1) The study determined the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content in chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Pyrus communis fruit.
2) The results showed that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts contained significantly higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins compared to the aqueous and chloroform extracts.
3) Specifically, the ethyl acetate extract had the highest concentration of total phenolics, while the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts had similar high levels of total flavonoids.
This document discusses microwave assisted extraction (MAE), including the principles, parameters, and factors to consider when using the MAE method. MAE involves heating a solid sample-solvent mixture with microwave energy to partition compounds of interest from the sample into the solvent. Key factors that affect the MAE process include choice of solvent, microwave application time and power, properties of the matrix being extracted, and temperature. Proper optimization of these parameters can provide efficient and rapid extraction using MAE.
The document discusses the functions of skin, trans epidermal water loss, and cutaneous microflora. The key functions of skin include acting as a permeability barrier, barrier to microorganisms and chemicals, providing mechanical protection, having immunological functions, regulating temperature, protecting from UV radiation, and enabling autonomic and sensory functions. Trans epidermal water loss is influenced by environmental factors, sweat gland activity, and metabolism. It is important for evaluating skin's barrier functioning. Cutaneous microflora includes transient and resident microorganisms that normally inhabit healthy skin and prevent pathogenic colonization through bacterial interference. Factors like dryness, pH, temperature, nutrients, and inhibitory substances influence microfloral growth.
Phytopharmaceuticals: Occurrence, isolation and characteristic features (chemical nature, uses in pharmacy, medicinal and health benefits) of Quercetin
Phyto pharmaceutical - TOCOPHEROLS AND TOCOTRIENOLS (Vitamin E )SudhindraKini
Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a naturally occurring antioxidant. Biochemical functions of vitamin E. applications of vitamin E. symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. Global scenario of production and consumption of natural vitamin E and mixed tocopherols
Formulation and evaluation of a polyherbal face washMonika Targhotra
GEL- A gel is a solid jelly like material that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough.
Acne is the common disorder occurring due to the changes in the hormones such as androgens , corticosteroids.
Face and neck are more prone to the acne.
Acne can be prevented by removing the oil from the face.
To keep the skin free from acne, it should have antioxidants , smoothing and moisturizing property
Total phenolic, flavonoids and tannin content of various extracts from Pyrus ...pharmaindexing
1) The study determined the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content in chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Pyrus communis fruit.
2) The results showed that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts contained significantly higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins compared to the aqueous and chloroform extracts.
3) Specifically, the ethyl acetate extract had the highest concentration of total phenolics, while the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts had similar high levels of total flavonoids.
This document discusses microwave assisted extraction (MAE), including the principles, parameters, and factors to consider when using the MAE method. MAE involves heating a solid sample-solvent mixture with microwave energy to partition compounds of interest from the sample into the solvent. Key factors that affect the MAE process include choice of solvent, microwave application time and power, properties of the matrix being extracted, and temperature. Proper optimization of these parameters can provide efficient and rapid extraction using MAE.
The document discusses the functions of skin, trans epidermal water loss, and cutaneous microflora. The key functions of skin include acting as a permeability barrier, barrier to microorganisms and chemicals, providing mechanical protection, having immunological functions, regulating temperature, protecting from UV radiation, and enabling autonomic and sensory functions. Trans epidermal water loss is influenced by environmental factors, sweat gland activity, and metabolism. It is important for evaluating skin's barrier functioning. Cutaneous microflora includes transient and resident microorganisms that normally inhabit healthy skin and prevent pathogenic colonization through bacterial interference. Factors like dryness, pH, temperature, nutrients, and inhibitory substances influence microfloral growth.
Phytopharmaceuticals: Occurrence, isolation and characteristic features (chemical nature, uses in pharmacy, medicinal and health benefits) of Quercetin
Phyto pharmaceutical - TOCOPHEROLS AND TOCOTRIENOLS (Vitamin E )SudhindraKini
Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a naturally occurring antioxidant. Biochemical functions of vitamin E. applications of vitamin E. symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. Global scenario of production and consumption of natural vitamin E and mixed tocopherols
Sun Protection (Classification of Sunscreen and SPF)Rahul Kushwaha
This document discusses sun protection and sunscreen classification and SPF. It begins by explaining the harmful effects of UV radiation from the sun. It then describes the different types of UV rays and their wavelengths. UVB causes sunburns and skin damage while UVA causes aging and cancer. Sunscreens can be physical, using ingredients like zinc oxide to reflect UV rays, or chemical, using ingredients like PABA that absorb UV rays. Higher SPF provides greater UVB protection. The document recommends reapplying sunscreen every 1-4 hours depending on the SPF and exposure time to maintain protection.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the preparation and evaluation of moisturizing cream. It defines moisturizing cream and discusses its key components like emollients, humectants and occlusives. It explains the mechanism of action of moisturizers and ideal characteristics. The document outlines the formulation and preparation process and evaluation methods for moisturizing cream, including measurements of pH, spreadability, viscosity, thermal stability and particle size. It concludes that choosing the right moisturizer requires trial and error and that tailored products will be needed to meet specific skin needs.
CROSSOVER STUDY DESIGN, DESIGN OF PHARMACOKINETIC STUDIES, FACTORS INFLUENCING BIOAVAILABILITY STUDIES, STUDY DESIGN, PARALLEL DESIGN, CROSS-OVER STUDIES, LATIN SQUARE DESIN, TWO-PERIOD CROSSOVER STUDY DESIGN, BALANCED INCOMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN (BIBD), REPLICATE CROSSOVER STUDY DESIGN , DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARALLEL AND CROSSOVER STUDY DESIGN.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
what is extraction. what are the conventional methods what are their drawbacks. what are the advanced techniques used to overcome those drawbacks. major focus on Microwave assisted extraction. its factors advantages types and applications
1. Measurement of Bioavailability:
Direct and indirect methods may be used to assess drug bioavailability. The in-vivo bioavailability of a drug product is demonstrated by the rate and extent of drug absorption, as determined by comparison of measured parameters, e.g., concentration of the active drug ingredient in the blood, cumulative urinary excretion rates, or pharmacological effects.
For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
The design of the bioavailability study depends on the objectives of the study, the ability to analyze the drug (and metabolites) in biological fluids, the pharmacodynamics of the drug substance, the route of drug administration, and the nature of the drug product.
Pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic parameters as well as clinical observations and in-vitro studies may be used to determine drug bioavailability from a drug product.
1.1. Pharmacokinetic methods:
These are very widely used and based upon the assumption that the pharmacokinetic profile reflects the therapeutic effectiveness of a drug. Thus these are indirect methods. The two major pharmacokinetic methods are:
The major pharmacokinetic methods are:
Plasma / blood level time profile.
o Time for peak plasma (blood) concentration (t max)
o Peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax)
o Area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve (AUC)
Urinary excretion studies.
o Cumulative amount of drug excreted in the urine (Du)
o Rate of drug excretion in the urine (dDu/dt)
o Time for maximum urinary excretion (t)
C. Other biological fluids
1.2. Pharmacodynamic methods:
IT involves direct measurement of drug effect on a (patho) physiological process as a function of time. Disadvantages of it may be high variability, difficult to measure, limited choices, less reliable, more subjective, drug response influenced by several physiological & environmental factors.
They involve determination of bioavailability from:
Acute pharmacological response.
Therapeutic response.
1.3. In-vitro dissolution studies
Closed compartment apparatus
Open compartment apparatus
Dialysis systems.
1.4. Clinical observations
Well-controlled clinical trials
Preparation and formulation of sunscreenDheeraj Saini
The document discusses the formulation and preparation of sunscreen. It begins by defining sunscreens as cosmetic preparations that protect skin from ultraviolet radiation from the sun. It describes the different types of UV rays and their effects. An ideal sunscreen would provide broad spectrum protection, be non-irritating, economical, hypoallergenic, and non-comedogenic. Sunscreens can be physical or chemical, using ingredients like zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and various organic compounds. The document outlines the process for formulating different types of sunscreens like lotions, creams, and gels using appropriate sunscreen agents, bases, emulsifiers, and other additives. It concludes with storage recommendations and references.
This video mainly focused on "Election of Medicinal Plants" which is the part of B. Pharmacy 4th year syllabus PRACTICE SCHOOL, from JNTUH, Hyderabad. The Practice school is an educational innovation seeking to link industry/hospital/ pharmacy experience with university instruction. Here in election of medicinal plants materials topic from quality control and standardisation of herbals subjects The students have to visit medicinal plant gardens and collect some medicinal plants those are useful to various disorders and submit the report in detail about the plants they come across during their study period.
Portion covered :
1. Election of medicinal plants
2. Techniques and methods for selecting medicinal plants.
3. Ethnobotany
4. The ethnopharmaceutical approach
5. Medicinal plants in the basic health care from ethnoguided approach.
Humectants are substances that help keep tissues moist. They are often molecules with hydrophilic groups like hydroxyl groups that allow them to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. In embalming, humectants are added to solutions to help restore a more natural appearance to dehydrated or emaciated bodies by drawing water into tissues through osmosis. Humectants are an important embalming chemical that modifies the action of embalming fluid to soften tissues and act as an internal filler. Their use helps prevent further dehydration of the skin and tissues.
This document provides information on sunscreen ingredients and formulation. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and how different wavelengths of UV radiation interact with skin components. It describes the sun protection factor (SPF) rating system and covers common active ingredients used in sunscreens like organic UV filters (octinoxate, avobenzone), physical blockers (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide), and how they provide protection across the UVA and UVB ranges. The document also addresses formulations, skin types, and myths regarding sunscreen use.
Building blocks of different product formulations of cosmeticsAlexa Jacob
This document provides information on building blocks for different product formulations of cosmetics. It discusses the definition, ingredients, general formulas, manufacture and evaluation of moisturizing cream, vanishing cream, cold cream, shampoo, toothpaste, soap and syndet bar. Specific formulas and preparation procedures are provided for moisturizing cream, vanishing cream and cold cream. Key ingredients for different cosmetic products are also outlined, including oils, fats, waxes, emulsifying agents and preservatives. Methods of evaluating different properties of creams such as pH, viscosity, spreadability and stability studies are also summarized.
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that are classified based on their chemical structure. They are abundant in many plant families and occur as both free compounds and glycosides. Key classes include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids have a variety of biological effects and are found in several plants that are used medicinally such as orange peel, garcinia, soybean, liquorice, cranberry, and buckwheat.
Classification of Sunscreens and SPF and Role of herbs in cosmetics:Priya Patil
1. Turmeric and aloe vera are commonly used herbs in cosmetic products due to their skin benefits. Turmeric contains curcumin which is a powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compound. Aloe vera gel soothes skin and promotes wound healing.
2. Sunscreens work by absorbing or reflecting UV rays to protect skin from sun damage. They are classified into different SPF levels depending on the percentage of UV rays blocked. Higher SPF blocks more rays but all allow some transmission.
3. Factors like skin type and sensitivity determine the appropriate SPF level for individuals. Very sensitive skin types require higher SPF sunscreens while less sensitive skin can use lower SPF. Her
1) Phytosomes are novel drug delivery systems that consist of phytoconstituents from herb extracts bound to phospholipids. This improves the absorption and bioavailability of the phytoconstituents.
2) They are prepared using solvent evaporation or rotary evaporation methods where herbal extracts are reacted with phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine.
3) Phytosomes have several advantages over simple herbal extracts including enhanced bioavailability, stability, and targeting of active components to tissues. They can be formulated for oral or topical delivery in capsules or other dosage forms.
Introduction to Stability Testing of Drugs and Cosmetics. Includes the 3 types of stability test methods (Real time studies, Accelerated studies and Stress tests). Contains the WHO and ICH Climatic Zones for Real time, Intermediate and Accelerated tests). Classification of Packaging materials. Container- Closure Systems.
This document discusses herbal shampoos and conditioners. It defines herbal shampoos as cleansing preparations using traditional Ayurvedic herbs like regular shampoo. Some key advantages are using pure, organic ingredients without harmful chemicals or animal testing. Several formulations for herbal shampoos and conditioners are provided using ingredients like neem, shikakai, aloe vera, and amla. Methods for evaluating properties of shampoos like foam stability and wetting action are also outlined.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
1) The study investigated the polyphenolic content of rose hip (Rosa canina L.) tea extracts obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Soxhlet extraction with different solvents.
2) The highest extract yield was obtained using UAE with water at 619.37 mg/g dried matter. The highest total phenolic content was obtained using Soxhlet extraction with a 50% methanol mixture at 59.69 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried matter.
3) UAE and Soxhlet extraction with various solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and mixtures, were tested on three commercial brands of rose hip tea. Total phenolic content and extract yields
Sun Protection (Classification of Sunscreen and SPF)Rahul Kushwaha
This document discusses sun protection and sunscreen classification and SPF. It begins by explaining the harmful effects of UV radiation from the sun. It then describes the different types of UV rays and their wavelengths. UVB causes sunburns and skin damage while UVA causes aging and cancer. Sunscreens can be physical, using ingredients like zinc oxide to reflect UV rays, or chemical, using ingredients like PABA that absorb UV rays. Higher SPF provides greater UVB protection. The document recommends reapplying sunscreen every 1-4 hours depending on the SPF and exposure time to maintain protection.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the preparation and evaluation of moisturizing cream. It defines moisturizing cream and discusses its key components like emollients, humectants and occlusives. It explains the mechanism of action of moisturizers and ideal characteristics. The document outlines the formulation and preparation process and evaluation methods for moisturizing cream, including measurements of pH, spreadability, viscosity, thermal stability and particle size. It concludes that choosing the right moisturizer requires trial and error and that tailored products will be needed to meet specific skin needs.
CROSSOVER STUDY DESIGN, DESIGN OF PHARMACOKINETIC STUDIES, FACTORS INFLUENCING BIOAVAILABILITY STUDIES, STUDY DESIGN, PARALLEL DESIGN, CROSS-OVER STUDIES, LATIN SQUARE DESIN, TWO-PERIOD CROSSOVER STUDY DESIGN, BALANCED INCOMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN (BIBD), REPLICATE CROSSOVER STUDY DESIGN , DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARALLEL AND CROSSOVER STUDY DESIGN.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
what is extraction. what are the conventional methods what are their drawbacks. what are the advanced techniques used to overcome those drawbacks. major focus on Microwave assisted extraction. its factors advantages types and applications
1. Measurement of Bioavailability:
Direct and indirect methods may be used to assess drug bioavailability. The in-vivo bioavailability of a drug product is demonstrated by the rate and extent of drug absorption, as determined by comparison of measured parameters, e.g., concentration of the active drug ingredient in the blood, cumulative urinary excretion rates, or pharmacological effects.
For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
The design of the bioavailability study depends on the objectives of the study, the ability to analyze the drug (and metabolites) in biological fluids, the pharmacodynamics of the drug substance, the route of drug administration, and the nature of the drug product.
Pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic parameters as well as clinical observations and in-vitro studies may be used to determine drug bioavailability from a drug product.
1.1. Pharmacokinetic methods:
These are very widely used and based upon the assumption that the pharmacokinetic profile reflects the therapeutic effectiveness of a drug. Thus these are indirect methods. The two major pharmacokinetic methods are:
The major pharmacokinetic methods are:
Plasma / blood level time profile.
o Time for peak plasma (blood) concentration (t max)
o Peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax)
o Area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve (AUC)
Urinary excretion studies.
o Cumulative amount of drug excreted in the urine (Du)
o Rate of drug excretion in the urine (dDu/dt)
o Time for maximum urinary excretion (t)
C. Other biological fluids
1.2. Pharmacodynamic methods:
IT involves direct measurement of drug effect on a (patho) physiological process as a function of time. Disadvantages of it may be high variability, difficult to measure, limited choices, less reliable, more subjective, drug response influenced by several physiological & environmental factors.
They involve determination of bioavailability from:
Acute pharmacological response.
Therapeutic response.
1.3. In-vitro dissolution studies
Closed compartment apparatus
Open compartment apparatus
Dialysis systems.
1.4. Clinical observations
Well-controlled clinical trials
Preparation and formulation of sunscreenDheeraj Saini
The document discusses the formulation and preparation of sunscreen. It begins by defining sunscreens as cosmetic preparations that protect skin from ultraviolet radiation from the sun. It describes the different types of UV rays and their effects. An ideal sunscreen would provide broad spectrum protection, be non-irritating, economical, hypoallergenic, and non-comedogenic. Sunscreens can be physical or chemical, using ingredients like zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and various organic compounds. The document outlines the process for formulating different types of sunscreens like lotions, creams, and gels using appropriate sunscreen agents, bases, emulsifiers, and other additives. It concludes with storage recommendations and references.
This video mainly focused on "Election of Medicinal Plants" which is the part of B. Pharmacy 4th year syllabus PRACTICE SCHOOL, from JNTUH, Hyderabad. The Practice school is an educational innovation seeking to link industry/hospital/ pharmacy experience with university instruction. Here in election of medicinal plants materials topic from quality control and standardisation of herbals subjects The students have to visit medicinal plant gardens and collect some medicinal plants those are useful to various disorders and submit the report in detail about the plants they come across during their study period.
Portion covered :
1. Election of medicinal plants
2. Techniques and methods for selecting medicinal plants.
3. Ethnobotany
4. The ethnopharmaceutical approach
5. Medicinal plants in the basic health care from ethnoguided approach.
Humectants are substances that help keep tissues moist. They are often molecules with hydrophilic groups like hydroxyl groups that allow them to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. In embalming, humectants are added to solutions to help restore a more natural appearance to dehydrated or emaciated bodies by drawing water into tissues through osmosis. Humectants are an important embalming chemical that modifies the action of embalming fluid to soften tissues and act as an internal filler. Their use helps prevent further dehydration of the skin and tissues.
This document provides information on sunscreen ingredients and formulation. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and how different wavelengths of UV radiation interact with skin components. It describes the sun protection factor (SPF) rating system and covers common active ingredients used in sunscreens like organic UV filters (octinoxate, avobenzone), physical blockers (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide), and how they provide protection across the UVA and UVB ranges. The document also addresses formulations, skin types, and myths regarding sunscreen use.
Building blocks of different product formulations of cosmeticsAlexa Jacob
This document provides information on building blocks for different product formulations of cosmetics. It discusses the definition, ingredients, general formulas, manufacture and evaluation of moisturizing cream, vanishing cream, cold cream, shampoo, toothpaste, soap and syndet bar. Specific formulas and preparation procedures are provided for moisturizing cream, vanishing cream and cold cream. Key ingredients for different cosmetic products are also outlined, including oils, fats, waxes, emulsifying agents and preservatives. Methods of evaluating different properties of creams such as pH, viscosity, spreadability and stability studies are also summarized.
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that are classified based on their chemical structure. They are abundant in many plant families and occur as both free compounds and glycosides. Key classes include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids have a variety of biological effects and are found in several plants that are used medicinally such as orange peel, garcinia, soybean, liquorice, cranberry, and buckwheat.
Classification of Sunscreens and SPF and Role of herbs in cosmetics:Priya Patil
1. Turmeric and aloe vera are commonly used herbs in cosmetic products due to their skin benefits. Turmeric contains curcumin which is a powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compound. Aloe vera gel soothes skin and promotes wound healing.
2. Sunscreens work by absorbing or reflecting UV rays to protect skin from sun damage. They are classified into different SPF levels depending on the percentage of UV rays blocked. Higher SPF blocks more rays but all allow some transmission.
3. Factors like skin type and sensitivity determine the appropriate SPF level for individuals. Very sensitive skin types require higher SPF sunscreens while less sensitive skin can use lower SPF. Her
1) Phytosomes are novel drug delivery systems that consist of phytoconstituents from herb extracts bound to phospholipids. This improves the absorption and bioavailability of the phytoconstituents.
2) They are prepared using solvent evaporation or rotary evaporation methods where herbal extracts are reacted with phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine.
3) Phytosomes have several advantages over simple herbal extracts including enhanced bioavailability, stability, and targeting of active components to tissues. They can be formulated for oral or topical delivery in capsules or other dosage forms.
Introduction to Stability Testing of Drugs and Cosmetics. Includes the 3 types of stability test methods (Real time studies, Accelerated studies and Stress tests). Contains the WHO and ICH Climatic Zones for Real time, Intermediate and Accelerated tests). Classification of Packaging materials. Container- Closure Systems.
This document discusses herbal shampoos and conditioners. It defines herbal shampoos as cleansing preparations using traditional Ayurvedic herbs like regular shampoo. Some key advantages are using pure, organic ingredients without harmful chemicals or animal testing. Several formulations for herbal shampoos and conditioners are provided using ingredients like neem, shikakai, aloe vera, and amla. Methods for evaluating properties of shampoos like foam stability and wetting action are also outlined.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
1) The study investigated the polyphenolic content of rose hip (Rosa canina L.) tea extracts obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Soxhlet extraction with different solvents.
2) The highest extract yield was obtained using UAE with water at 619.37 mg/g dried matter. The highest total phenolic content was obtained using Soxhlet extraction with a 50% methanol mixture at 59.69 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried matter.
3) UAE and Soxhlet extraction with various solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and mixtures, were tested on three commercial brands of rose hip tea. Total phenolic content and extract yields
This study evaluated the antioxidant properties and phytochemical composition of extracts from the leaves of Stachys germanica subs cordigera briq. The leaves were extracted using solvents of increasing polarity in a Soxhlet apparatus. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was highest in the ethyl acetate extract. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. Antioxidant activity was assessed using several methods, and the ethyl acetate extract showed higher antioxidant potency than the reference BHT. The results suggest the plant extracts have potential as natural antioxidants for preventing disease.
The document analyzes the antioxidant properties of Stachys germanica subs cordigera briq leaves extracts. It finds that the extracts contain phytochemicals like flavonoids and polyphenols. The ethyl acetate extract has the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content. Antioxidant testing shows the ethyl acetate extract has significant free radical scavenging effects and reducing power, higher than the reference antioxidant BHT. The study concludes the plant leaves are a potential source of natural antioxidants.
Contribution to the study of the antioxidant activity of three types of tea (...Souad Baali Annaba
This study evaluated the antioxidant properties of extracts from green, black, and red tea leaves. Three assays were used to measure antioxidant activity: total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, and DPPH radical scavenging ability. The results showed that green tea extract had the highest antioxidant capacity and reducing power, followed by black tea then red tea. In the DPPH assay, green tea also had the best radical scavenging activity compared to black and red tea extracts. Overall, green tea demonstrated the strongest antioxidant effects in all three assays, indicating it contains higher levels of phenolic compounds that can act as antioxidants.
Using β-glucosidase from sweet almond entrapped in calcium alginate beads, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) was enzymatically glycosylated to form water-soluble glycoside derivatives. Optimum conditions for synthesizing 17-O-(D-glucopyranosyl)cholecalciferol included 60% (w/w) β-glucosidase, 0.12 mM pH 6 phosphate buffer, and 30 hours of incubation. β-Glucosidase also catalyzed the reaction with D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose and D-fructose, yielding glycosides in the range of 3-14%. Spectroscopic
Antioxident Activity of Greenly Synthesized Anhydrideijtsrd
One pot synthesis of acid esters by Stobbe condensation of alkylidene / arylidene succinates and aldehydes or ketones, their subsequent hydrolysis to diacids hasreported. TheStobbe condensation of various aromatic aldehydes or ketones with dimethyl succinate gives different types of cyclized productsthrough green approach. The improved yields of Fulgenic acid and its anhydridehave observed by the green approach method as compared with other classical methods employed so far.The antioxidant activity of anhydride compounds have done by using DPPH. Yadav Hanuman Singh | Gani Saba"Antioxident Activity of Greenly Synthesized Anhydride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5847.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/5847/antioxident-activity-of-greenly-synthesized-anhydride/yadav-hanuman-singh
Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities of fresh and canned fruit,of p...GC University Faisalabad
This document summarizes a study on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities of fresh and canned pineapple fruit. The study found that fresh pineapple extracts had higher levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and stronger antioxidant activities compared to canned pineapple extracts based on DPPH radical scavenging, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, and reducing power assays. Fresh pineapple is a richer source of natural antioxidants than canned pineapple.
1. The document discusses various quality control methods for determining the content of micronutrients like iron, iodine, and zinc in foods and supplements.
2. Ashing methods like dry ashing, wet ashing, and low-temperature plasma ashing are described for isolating minerals from organic matrices prior to analysis.
3. Traditional analytical techniques for determining specific mineral content include gravimetric analysis, colorimetric methods, titrations using EDTA and redox reactions, and precipitation reactions. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is also mentioned as a preferred modern method.
Effects of Acid on Chlorophyll Production of CommonCorinne Breymeier
This study examined the effects of different acidity levels on the growth and chlorophyll content of common duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Duckweed was exposed to pH levels of 4.1, 5.4, and 6.5 (control) for 10-12 days. The results showed that more acidic conditions reduced biomass in some experiments, but did not significantly affect chlorophyll content. While the hypothesis that acid would reduce chlorophyll and inhibit growth was only partially supported, the study provides insight into duckweed's tolerance of acidic water pollution from abandoned mines.
Antiaging Effect of Leaves of Different Extract Salvia SplendensBRNSS Publication Hub
The objective of the present work is to study the in vitro antioxidant activities of petroleum ether,
ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts of leaves of Salvia splendens. The extracts were studied using
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total phenolic content (TPC), and total
flavonoid content (TFC). The TPC and TFC were estimated taking gallic acid and rutin calibration curve,
respectively. All the extracts possess in vitro antioxidant activities. However, the order of possessing
activities was methanolic > ethyl acetate > petroleum ether extracts of leaves S. splendens. The TPC and
TFC were highest in methanolic extract. It can be concluded that the extract of the leaves of S. splendens,
possess antioxidant activities. The methanolic extract of leaves of S. splendens possesses highest antioxidant
activity in-vitro.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
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8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of emblica fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) from six regions in China
1. Deepa kumari karn
B pharm 6th sem
Department of pharmaceutical sciences
8/3/2012 1
Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of
emblica fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) from
six regions in China
2. INTRODUCTION
Phyllanthus emblica belong to family
Euphorbiaceae
Widely distributed in subtropical and
tropical areas of China, India, Indonesia,
and Malaysia
8/3/2012 2
3. Emblica fruits are reported to have
hypolipidemic,hypoglycemic,
hepatoprotective activities
Widely used as antimicrobial,
antitumor, anti-inflammatory agent and
improve the metal induced clastogenic
effect
8/3/2012 3
4. Phenolic compound and flavanoids
present in the emblica fruits show
antioxidant activity
In the present experiment the
methanolic extract of emblica fruit from
six different regions in China were
evaluated
8/3/2012 4
6. The weather of the sampling regions
were:-
Sub tropical to monsoon for
Liuzhou and Chuxiong
Subtropical oceanic climate for
Guangzhou, Huizhou, Putian
8/3/2012 6
9. All the chemical were purchased from
sigma chemicals Co. (St. Louis, MO,
USA)
All other chemical and reagents were
of analytical grade
8/3/2012 9
10. Preparation of methanolic extract:-
Fresh emblica fleshes were air dried in
an oven at 40ºC for 8h
Pulverized to 0.2 to 0.4 mm particle in
the cutting mill
8/3/2012 10
11. Powder 10 g was extracted for 24 h
with 100ml of methanol in a glass
conical flask using a shaker at 25º C
Filtered through 0.45µ filter paper
Residue was then extracted twice with
100ml methanol
8/3/2012 11
12. Combined methanolic extract were
concentrated at 40ºC, using a rotary
evaporator under low pressure
Residue was freeze- dried and then
stored in amber color container at 4ºC
8/3/2012 12
13. Determination of total phenolic,
flavonoids and proanthocyanidin
content:-
The total phenolic content was
determined by the Folin- Ciocalteu
method:-
8/3/2012 13
Sodium 3,4-dioxo-3,4-
dihydronaphthalene-1-sulfonate
14. Extract +methanol
Folin Reagent+ sodium bicarbonate
Opaque sample is obtained
O D of blue sample is measured at
756nm
Total phenolic content was expressed as
mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry basis
8/3/2012 14
15. Flavonoid contents were measured
using a modified colorimetric method:-
Extract solution+ distilled water+
sodium nitrate
10% aluminum chloride
After 6min sodium hydroxide was
added and mixture was diluted with
distilled water
8/3/2012 15
16. The absorbance was measured at 510
nm
Compared with standard curve of
quercetin
The final amount of flavonoid was
expressed as quercetin equivalent/ g
dry basis
8/3/2012 16
17. Content of proanthocyanidins was
determined by the procedure of Sun et
al:-
Extract + vanillin-methanol solution
+ Hcl
After absorbance was determined at
500nm
Result was expressed as Catechin
eq/g dry basis
8/3/2012 17
18. Determination of DPPH radical
scavenging activity:-
The free radical scavenging was
determined by the method of Shimada et
al and Yang et al
Various concentration of methanolic
extract 200, 100,80,60,40,20 µg/ml
was prepared
8/3/2012 18
19. Extract solution+ methanolic solution
containing DPPH radical
Shaken vigorously and maintained
for 30 min in dark
Absorbance was measured at 517nm
8/3/2012 19
20. Determination of reducing power:-
Determined according to method of
Oyaizce
Extract solution+ phosphate buffer
+potassium ferricyanide
Incubated at 50ºC for 20m
Trichloroacetic acid was added to the
mixture
8/3/2012 20
21. Above mixture+ distilled water+
0.1% ferric chloride
After 10 min absorbance was
measured at 700nm
Increased absorbance indicated high
reducing power
8/3/2012 21
22. Determination of superoxide anion
radical scavenging activity:-
The assay for superoxide anion radical
scavenging activity was based on the
riboflavin-light NBT system
Phosphate buffer+ riboflavin+ PMS+
NBT+ methanolic extract of different
concentration
8/3/2012 22
23. Incubate for 20 min
Absorbance was measured at
560nm
The absorbance of control
was determined by replacing the sample
with methanol
8/3/2012 23
24. Determination of hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity:-
Assayed by the method of Halliwell
and Gutteridge
2-deoxyribose+ Potassium
phosphate buffer+ permixed EDTA +
hydrogenperoxide + extract solution
8/3/2012 24
25. Add ascorbate and incubate for 1 h at
37ºC
Add TBA+ NaOH+ TCA
Heat for 15m on boiling water bath and
then cooled
Absorbance measured at 532nm
Absorbance of control was determine
by replacing sample with methanol
8/3/2012 25
26. Inhibition of lipid peroxide formation
induced by Fe++ ascorbate system:-
Lipid peroxidation assay of rat
microsomal was carried out as reported
earlier by Sabu and Kuttan
8/3/2012 26
27. Extract solution at various
concentration+ rat liver homogenate+
Hcl buffer+ ascorbic acid + ferrous iron
Incubate for 1h at 37ºC
Absorbance of organic layer was
measured at 532nm
Result of test is compared with that of
control sample without extract solution
% of inhibition was determined
8/3/2012 27
28. Ability of chelating ferrous iron:-
Measured by the ferrous iron-ferrozine
complex method
Various concentration of methanolic
extract+ Fecl2 +ferrozine
Incubate for 10 min at 25±2ºC
Absorbance was measured at 256nm
8/3/2012 28
29. Absorbance of control was determined
by replacing the sample with methanol
8/3/2012 29
30. Statistical analysis:-
Data were presented as mean ±
standard deviation
Statistical analyzer was performed
using a one way analysis of variance
Difference were considered
significant of at P<0.05
8/3/2012 30
31. The EC50 values were calculated by
liner regression analysis
Results were calculated by employing
the statistical software (SPPS, version
13.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA)
8/3/2012 31
32. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Extractive yields:-
The extraction yields of these samples
from six various regions varied from
21.0% to 39.4%
The data of extractive yields value is
given below
8/3/2012 32
35. Various stage of maturation and
growing condition such as a temperature
and rainfall affect the content of
phenolic compound
8/3/2012 35
36. DPPH radical scavenging activity:-
DPPH is a stable nitrogen centered
free radical
Its color changes from violet to
yellow when is reduced by either the
process of hydrogen or electron
donation
8/3/2012 36
38. Superoxide anion radical scavenging
activity:-
Although superoxide anion is a weak
oxidant, it gives rise to the generation of
powerful and dangerous hydroxyl radical
as well as singlet oxygen
Both of which contribute to the
oxidative stress
8/3/2012 38
40. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity:-
Hydroxyl radical is extremely
reactive in biological system
Capable of damaging biomolecule
of the living system
8/3/2012 40
42. Determination of capacity of lipid
peroxidation inhibition:-
Lipid peroxidation can inactivate
cellular component and plays an
important role in oxidative stress in
biological system
8/3/2012 42
48. Reducing power:-
Reducing power has been used as one
of important antioxidant capability for
medicinal herbs
The reducing power of emblica extract
is dose dependent
8/3/2012 48
50. Correlation with free radical
scavenging activity, antioxidants
activity and phenolic content:-
8/3/2012 50
51. CONCLUSION
Huizhou sample had higher content of
total phenolic, flavonoids and
proanthocyanidins than other sample
The Chuxiong and Huizhou samples
exhibited quite strong antioxidant and
radical scavenging activities in
comparison to the reference compound
BHM and quercetin
8/3/2012 51
52. The results indicated that regions
could leads to significant differences
both in the content of bioactive
compounds and their bioactivities
The phenolic component might be the
major active component responsible for
the strong antioxidant activity
8/3/2012 52
53. Thus emblica fruits can be a source of
plant antioxidants, with a potential use in
food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields
8/3/2012 53
54. REFERENCE
8/3/2012 54
Liv Xiaoli, Zhao Mouming et al
(2008), Antioxidant activity of
methanolic extract of emblica fruit
(Phyllanthus emblica L) from six
regions in China, Journal of Food
composition and analysis 21,219-228