This document provides information on the herbal drug Lasuna (garlic bulb) according to the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. It describes the macroscopic and microscopic features of the garlic bulb and cloves. It also provides details on the identity, purity, strength and chemical constituents like volatile oil. The properties, important formulations, therapeutic uses and dosages are mentioned. Overall, the document concisely summarizes the key information about the herbal drug Lasuna as per the Ayurvedic standards.
This document provides information on two herbal drugs used in Siddha medicine - Amukkara and Mancal.
[1] Amukkara is the dried root of Withania somnifera, an herb found throughout India. Its roots are collected in winter, dried, and purified before use. It has many medicinal properties and is used to treat diseases related to the immune system.
[2] Mancal is the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa (turmeric). It is cultivated across India and harvested after 9-10 months when dried and cured. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat various diseases related to digestion and liver function.
some Monograph of herbal drugs according to siddha and unani pharmacopoeiaRAGHAV DOGRA
Yunani or Unani medicine (Urdu: طب یونانی tibb yūnānī[1]) is the term for Perso-Arabic traditional medicine as practiced in Mughal India and in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. The term is derived from Arabic Yūnānī "Greek",[2] as the Perso-Arabic system of medicine was in turn based on the teachings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.[3]
The Hellenistic origin of Unani medicine is still visible in its being based on the classical four humours: Phlegm (Balgham), Blood (Dam), Yellow bile (Ṣafrā') and Black bile (Saudā'), but it has also been influenced by Indian and Chinese traditional systems
Siddha Medicine (Tamil:சித்த வைத்தியம் Citta- or Tamiḻ-maruttuvam) is a system of traditional medicine originating in ancient Tamilakam in South India.[1][2]
Traditionally, it is taught that the siddhars laid the foundation for this system of medication. Siddhars were spiritual adepts who possessed the ashta siddhis, or the eight supernatural powers. Agastya is considered the first siddha and the guru of all siddhars; the siddha system is believed to have been handed over to him by Murugan, son of Shiva and Parvati.
The Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy of the Government of India coordinates and promotes research in the fields of ayurveda and Siddha medicine.[4] The Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM), a statutory body established in 1971 under AYUSH, monitors higher education in areas of Indian medicine, including siddha medicine
The document provides monograph information for several herbal drugs and extracts from the USP (United States Pharmacopoeia). It describes the botanical source, identification tests, specifications, packaging and storage requirements for Acacia, Ashwagandha root, Fennel oil, and Powdered Turmeric extract. The identification tests include thin layer chromatography, histology, solubility reactions, specific tests for curcuminoids or withanolides, and other chemical and physical requirements.
1. The document describes the morphology and microscopy of volatile oil drugs Cassia, Clove, Fennel, and Coriander.
2. Key details provided on each plant include their biological source, morphological features like color, odor, taste, and shape of parts used.
3. Microscopic details of tissues like cork, cortex, pericycle, and secondary phloem are given for Cassia. Structures like hypanthium, calyx, corolla, and columella are described microscopically for Clove.
Mentha piperita, also known as peppermint, is a hybrid mint plant whose leaves and oil are used widely for flavoring, fragrance, and medicine. The plant is native to Europe and has been cultivated for its essential oil which is obtained through steam distillation. Peppermint oil is composed primarily of menthol and menthone which have analgesic, antispasmodic, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used to relieve conditions like headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, and digestive issues. Peppermint tea and lozenges are common forms used to impart flavor and provide therapeutic benefits. The plant requires adequate water and grows well in shaded, humid locations.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
This document provides information on various types of resins. It begins by defining resins and their general properties such as being heavier than water, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and ether. It then classifies resins based on their chemical constituents such as acid resins, ester resins, resin alcohols, resin phenols and resenes. Examples are given for each classification. The document also discusses various crude drugs that contain resins and resin combinations, including their botanical source, chemical constituents and uses.
This document provides information on two herbal drugs used in Siddha medicine - Amukkara and Mancal.
[1] Amukkara is the dried root of Withania somnifera, an herb found throughout India. Its roots are collected in winter, dried, and purified before use. It has many medicinal properties and is used to treat diseases related to the immune system.
[2] Mancal is the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa (turmeric). It is cultivated across India and harvested after 9-10 months when dried and cured. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat various diseases related to digestion and liver function.
some Monograph of herbal drugs according to siddha and unani pharmacopoeiaRAGHAV DOGRA
Yunani or Unani medicine (Urdu: طب یونانی tibb yūnānī[1]) is the term for Perso-Arabic traditional medicine as practiced in Mughal India and in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. The term is derived from Arabic Yūnānī "Greek",[2] as the Perso-Arabic system of medicine was in turn based on the teachings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.[3]
The Hellenistic origin of Unani medicine is still visible in its being based on the classical four humours: Phlegm (Balgham), Blood (Dam), Yellow bile (Ṣafrā') and Black bile (Saudā'), but it has also been influenced by Indian and Chinese traditional systems
Siddha Medicine (Tamil:சித்த வைத்தியம் Citta- or Tamiḻ-maruttuvam) is a system of traditional medicine originating in ancient Tamilakam in South India.[1][2]
Traditionally, it is taught that the siddhars laid the foundation for this system of medication. Siddhars were spiritual adepts who possessed the ashta siddhis, or the eight supernatural powers. Agastya is considered the first siddha and the guru of all siddhars; the siddha system is believed to have been handed over to him by Murugan, son of Shiva and Parvati.
The Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy of the Government of India coordinates and promotes research in the fields of ayurveda and Siddha medicine.[4] The Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM), a statutory body established in 1971 under AYUSH, monitors higher education in areas of Indian medicine, including siddha medicine
The document provides monograph information for several herbal drugs and extracts from the USP (United States Pharmacopoeia). It describes the botanical source, identification tests, specifications, packaging and storage requirements for Acacia, Ashwagandha root, Fennel oil, and Powdered Turmeric extract. The identification tests include thin layer chromatography, histology, solubility reactions, specific tests for curcuminoids or withanolides, and other chemical and physical requirements.
1. The document describes the morphology and microscopy of volatile oil drugs Cassia, Clove, Fennel, and Coriander.
2. Key details provided on each plant include their biological source, morphological features like color, odor, taste, and shape of parts used.
3. Microscopic details of tissues like cork, cortex, pericycle, and secondary phloem are given for Cassia. Structures like hypanthium, calyx, corolla, and columella are described microscopically for Clove.
Mentha piperita, also known as peppermint, is a hybrid mint plant whose leaves and oil are used widely for flavoring, fragrance, and medicine. The plant is native to Europe and has been cultivated for its essential oil which is obtained through steam distillation. Peppermint oil is composed primarily of menthol and menthone which have analgesic, antispasmodic, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used to relieve conditions like headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, and digestive issues. Peppermint tea and lozenges are common forms used to impart flavor and provide therapeutic benefits. The plant requires adequate water and grows well in shaded, humid locations.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
This document provides information on various types of resins. It begins by defining resins and their general properties such as being heavier than water, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and ether. It then classifies resins based on their chemical constituents such as acid resins, ester resins, resin alcohols, resin phenols and resenes. Examples are given for each classification. The document also discusses various crude drugs that contain resins and resin combinations, including their botanical source, chemical constituents and uses.
Gums and gum resins are exudates from various plants. True gums come from plant cell decomposition and contain sugars. They are soluble in water but not alcohol. Important commercial gums include gum arabic from acacia trees, gum tragacanth from astragalus, and karaya gum from sterculia trees. Gum resins contain gums and resins, combining properties of both. They often contain essential oils. Important gum resins include asafetida from ferula, myrrh from commiphora, and olibanum from boswellia trees. Gums and gum resins have various traditional and commercial uses as adhesives, emulsifiers, inc
Volatile oils can be extracted through three main methods: distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Distillation involves boiling or steaming plant material to separate the oils, while solvent extraction soaks plants in solvents like alcohol. Mechanical expression ruptures oil cells without heat, as used for citrus peels.
This document summarizes information about several types of bark: quillaia bark, cinnamon bark, cassia bark, and pomegranate bark. For each bark, it describes the origin, macroscopic and microscopic features, active constituents, uses, and chemical tests. It also compares cinnamon and cassia barks, noting their differences in size, shape, color, taste, cork, cortex, fibers, starch, and active constituents like volatile oils, tannins, and coumarins. The barks have various medicinal uses as antiseptics, carminatives, and astringents.
Essential oils are volatile (quickly evaporating) aromatic fluids extracted from plants through steam distillation, or in the case of citrus fruits through expression (or cold pressing) of the rind to obtain an oil that retains a juicy, fresh fruit scent.
Various extraction methods are used in the manufacture and extraction of essential oils, and the method used is normally dependant on what type of botanical material is being used.
Essential oil extraction methods of aromatic cropsAnkush Singh
This document discusses essential oil extraction methods from aromatic crops. It describes six main methods: steam distillation, water distillation, expression, solvent extraction, maceration, and enfluerage. Steam distillation involves using steam to open oil pockets in plant material and collecting the oils through condensation. Solvent extraction uses solvents like ethanol or n-hexane to extract oils at room temperature from seeds. Maceration gently heats plant material in melted fat to absorb and extract volatile oils.
This document summarizes information about cinnamon bark, including its biological source from the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree, propagation methods, harvesting process, chemical constituents like volatile oil and cinnamaldehyde, quality standards, and uses as a spice, flavoring agent, and in preparations like candy and perfumes. It also describes different varieties of cinnamon including Saigon cinnamon and Java cinnamon.
Extraction of aromatic compounds from spices Anshika Saxena
Extraction of oleoresins & aromatic compd has been of great importance since ages. Spices contains essential oils ,terpenes sesquiterpenes & other VOCs .This presentation covers various extraction techniques employed worldwide along with their pros & cons.
If you like it ,Please press the thumb up button & donot forget to give your feedback in comments section, it would be extremely valuable . Any query ? Feel free to post in comments section. All the best ! Enjoy !
Essential oils are aromatic liquid substances extracted from plants through various methods. The most common extraction method is steam distillation, which involves using steam to separate the essential oils from plant material. Other methods include carbon dioxide extraction, cold press extraction, and using solvents to extract absolutes. Essential oils have various uses including aromatherapy, massage, room freshening, insect repellents, and beauty products due to their aromatic properties.
This document provides information on various types of resins used in herbal medicine. It discusses the classification, constituents, and pharmacological uses of resins. Key resins described include turpentine, obtained from pine trees, benzoin from Styrax trees, rosin produced by heating pine resin, podophyllum from the mayapple plant, cannabis/marijuana, asafoetida gum resin, and myrrh resin extracted from Commiphora trees. The document also covers balsams, which are resinous mixtures containing benzoic or cinnamic acid esters, listing storax, Peruvian balsam, tolu balsam, and benzoin as examples.
extraction of essential oil from aromatic plantsUrvishaJaviya
This document provides an overview of essential oil extraction from aromatic plants. It discusses various extraction methods including hydrodistillation, expression, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, enfleurage, and maceration. Hydrodistillation is the most common method and can be done via water distillation, water and steam distillation, or direct steam distillation. The document also reviews factors that influence extraction method selection and provides an example of the economics of vetiver cultivation and essential oil extraction.
The document discusses various methods for extracting oils from plants, including expression, steam distillation, solvent extraction, CO2 extraction, and enfleurage. Steam distillation involves bubbling steam through plant material to release and collect essential oils, while solvent extraction uses solvents like hexane to extract oils and produce absolutes. CO2 extraction uses supercritical carbon dioxide to extract oils without heat or solvent residues. Each method has advantages and potential effects on the extracted oils.
This topic gives the basic idea of the essential oil, its characteristics, methods available for extraction and where exactly essential oils used in food.
Application steam distillation in spice oil extractionAnuharsh Gaur
This document discusses different methods for extracting essential oils from spices, focusing on steam distillation. It begins by introducing spices and their uses in food, then describes three types of spice extracts - essential oils, oleoresins, and oil/oleoresin derivatives. It explains that steam distillation is commonly used to extract temperature-sensitive essential oils without decomposition. The document outlines the steam distillation process, applications, and limitations. It also discusses evolved extraction methods like vacuum distillation and solvent extraction that are now more commonly used industrially.
Volatile oils and related terpenoids-Methods of obtaining volatile oils,
chemistry, their medicinal and commercial uses, biosynthesis of some important
volatile oils used as drugs.
Extraction is defined as a process that involves separating active plant or animal components from inactive ones using selective solvents. There are several extraction processes, including infusion, maceration, digestion, decoction, continuous hot extraction, solvent-solvent precipitation, and liquid-liquid extraction. Caffeine is extracted from coffee seeds through infusion by steeping the seeds in water. The caffeine can then be isolated from the tea solution through a multi-step process involving extraction with methylene chloride followed by evaporation of the solvent.
The document describes the parts of a microscope and their functions. It includes the eyepiece lens, tube, arm, base, illuminator, stage, revolving nosepiece, objective lenses, rack stop, and condenser lens. It then discusses pharmacognosy, crude drugs, medical plants, active ingredients in plants, and differences between herbal medicine and traditional medicine. Methods for evaluating medicinal plants include organoleptic, physical, biological, and microscopic methods. The general procedures for microscopic mounting are also described.
- Asthma is a chronic lung condition that affects over 3 million Canadians, with no cure but it can be managed. It involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
- Symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness and are caused by bronchioconstriction in response to triggers.
- Asthma is treated through medications like rescue inhalers for sudden symptoms and controller medications taken daily to prevent symptoms, as well as avoiding triggers like allergens, infections and exercise. Proper management is key to living normally with asthma.
Asthma is a breathing disorder characterized by episodic shortness of breath, wheezing, cough, rapid pulse, and bluish lips or face. It is caused by inflammation of the airways that carry air into and out of the lungs, narrowing airflow. Symptoms can be triggered by allergens or other substances and are treated with drugs that widen the airways and reduce inflammation, such as inhalers, with the goal of controlling asthma and avoiding triggers. Physicians like chest doctors can diagnose and treat asthma based on symptoms, tests, and developing a treatment plan, although most cases are treatable at home.
Gums and gum resins are exudates from various plants. True gums come from plant cell decomposition and contain sugars. They are soluble in water but not alcohol. Important commercial gums include gum arabic from acacia trees, gum tragacanth from astragalus, and karaya gum from sterculia trees. Gum resins contain gums and resins, combining properties of both. They often contain essential oils. Important gum resins include asafetida from ferula, myrrh from commiphora, and olibanum from boswellia trees. Gums and gum resins have various traditional and commercial uses as adhesives, emulsifiers, inc
Volatile oils can be extracted through three main methods: distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Distillation involves boiling or steaming plant material to separate the oils, while solvent extraction soaks plants in solvents like alcohol. Mechanical expression ruptures oil cells without heat, as used for citrus peels.
This document summarizes information about several types of bark: quillaia bark, cinnamon bark, cassia bark, and pomegranate bark. For each bark, it describes the origin, macroscopic and microscopic features, active constituents, uses, and chemical tests. It also compares cinnamon and cassia barks, noting their differences in size, shape, color, taste, cork, cortex, fibers, starch, and active constituents like volatile oils, tannins, and coumarins. The barks have various medicinal uses as antiseptics, carminatives, and astringents.
Essential oils are volatile (quickly evaporating) aromatic fluids extracted from plants through steam distillation, or in the case of citrus fruits through expression (or cold pressing) of the rind to obtain an oil that retains a juicy, fresh fruit scent.
Various extraction methods are used in the manufacture and extraction of essential oils, and the method used is normally dependant on what type of botanical material is being used.
Essential oil extraction methods of aromatic cropsAnkush Singh
This document discusses essential oil extraction methods from aromatic crops. It describes six main methods: steam distillation, water distillation, expression, solvent extraction, maceration, and enfluerage. Steam distillation involves using steam to open oil pockets in plant material and collecting the oils through condensation. Solvent extraction uses solvents like ethanol or n-hexane to extract oils at room temperature from seeds. Maceration gently heats plant material in melted fat to absorb and extract volatile oils.
This document summarizes information about cinnamon bark, including its biological source from the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree, propagation methods, harvesting process, chemical constituents like volatile oil and cinnamaldehyde, quality standards, and uses as a spice, flavoring agent, and in preparations like candy and perfumes. It also describes different varieties of cinnamon including Saigon cinnamon and Java cinnamon.
Extraction of aromatic compounds from spices Anshika Saxena
Extraction of oleoresins & aromatic compd has been of great importance since ages. Spices contains essential oils ,terpenes sesquiterpenes & other VOCs .This presentation covers various extraction techniques employed worldwide along with their pros & cons.
If you like it ,Please press the thumb up button & donot forget to give your feedback in comments section, it would be extremely valuable . Any query ? Feel free to post in comments section. All the best ! Enjoy !
Essential oils are aromatic liquid substances extracted from plants through various methods. The most common extraction method is steam distillation, which involves using steam to separate the essential oils from plant material. Other methods include carbon dioxide extraction, cold press extraction, and using solvents to extract absolutes. Essential oils have various uses including aromatherapy, massage, room freshening, insect repellents, and beauty products due to their aromatic properties.
This document provides information on various types of resins used in herbal medicine. It discusses the classification, constituents, and pharmacological uses of resins. Key resins described include turpentine, obtained from pine trees, benzoin from Styrax trees, rosin produced by heating pine resin, podophyllum from the mayapple plant, cannabis/marijuana, asafoetida gum resin, and myrrh resin extracted from Commiphora trees. The document also covers balsams, which are resinous mixtures containing benzoic or cinnamic acid esters, listing storax, Peruvian balsam, tolu balsam, and benzoin as examples.
extraction of essential oil from aromatic plantsUrvishaJaviya
This document provides an overview of essential oil extraction from aromatic plants. It discusses various extraction methods including hydrodistillation, expression, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, enfleurage, and maceration. Hydrodistillation is the most common method and can be done via water distillation, water and steam distillation, or direct steam distillation. The document also reviews factors that influence extraction method selection and provides an example of the economics of vetiver cultivation and essential oil extraction.
The document discusses various methods for extracting oils from plants, including expression, steam distillation, solvent extraction, CO2 extraction, and enfleurage. Steam distillation involves bubbling steam through plant material to release and collect essential oils, while solvent extraction uses solvents like hexane to extract oils and produce absolutes. CO2 extraction uses supercritical carbon dioxide to extract oils without heat or solvent residues. Each method has advantages and potential effects on the extracted oils.
This topic gives the basic idea of the essential oil, its characteristics, methods available for extraction and where exactly essential oils used in food.
Application steam distillation in spice oil extractionAnuharsh Gaur
This document discusses different methods for extracting essential oils from spices, focusing on steam distillation. It begins by introducing spices and their uses in food, then describes three types of spice extracts - essential oils, oleoresins, and oil/oleoresin derivatives. It explains that steam distillation is commonly used to extract temperature-sensitive essential oils without decomposition. The document outlines the steam distillation process, applications, and limitations. It also discusses evolved extraction methods like vacuum distillation and solvent extraction that are now more commonly used industrially.
Volatile oils and related terpenoids-Methods of obtaining volatile oils,
chemistry, their medicinal and commercial uses, biosynthesis of some important
volatile oils used as drugs.
Extraction is defined as a process that involves separating active plant or animal components from inactive ones using selective solvents. There are several extraction processes, including infusion, maceration, digestion, decoction, continuous hot extraction, solvent-solvent precipitation, and liquid-liquid extraction. Caffeine is extracted from coffee seeds through infusion by steeping the seeds in water. The caffeine can then be isolated from the tea solution through a multi-step process involving extraction with methylene chloride followed by evaporation of the solvent.
The document describes the parts of a microscope and their functions. It includes the eyepiece lens, tube, arm, base, illuminator, stage, revolving nosepiece, objective lenses, rack stop, and condenser lens. It then discusses pharmacognosy, crude drugs, medical plants, active ingredients in plants, and differences between herbal medicine and traditional medicine. Methods for evaluating medicinal plants include organoleptic, physical, biological, and microscopic methods. The general procedures for microscopic mounting are also described.
- Asthma is a chronic lung condition that affects over 3 million Canadians, with no cure but it can be managed. It involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
- Symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness and are caused by bronchioconstriction in response to triggers.
- Asthma is treated through medications like rescue inhalers for sudden symptoms and controller medications taken daily to prevent symptoms, as well as avoiding triggers like allergens, infections and exercise. Proper management is key to living normally with asthma.
Asthma is a breathing disorder characterized by episodic shortness of breath, wheezing, cough, rapid pulse, and bluish lips or face. It is caused by inflammation of the airways that carry air into and out of the lungs, narrowing airflow. Symptoms can be triggered by allergens or other substances and are treated with drugs that widen the airways and reduce inflammation, such as inhalers, with the goal of controlling asthma and avoiding triggers. Physicians like chest doctors can diagnose and treat asthma based on symptoms, tests, and developing a treatment plan, although most cases are treatable at home.
Asthma is a chronic disease that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, resulting in wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, especially at night or in the morning. An asthma attack occurs when the bronchial tubes swell and close, preventing enough air from reaching the body. Most asthma cases are hereditary and caused by genes, though exposure to tobacco smoke or a low-income environment can also increase children's risk. Asthma affects 300 million people worldwide and causes 255,000 deaths each year.
Homeopathy can effectively treat asthma by addressing the underlying sensitivity and relieving both acute and chronic symptoms. It provides a safe, permanent cure without side effects, especially for children. Asthma causes wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath during attacks, which are often triggered by allergens, irritants, infections or stress. While lifestyle changes and avoiding triggers can help control asthma, homeopathic treatment works by reducing hypersensitivity and managing both acute flare-ups and long-term management.
Gina - global initiative against asthmaadithya2115
The document describes the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) program, which aims to increase awareness of asthma as a global health problem and provide evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. GINA develops global strategy documents and provides resources to help implement asthma guidelines. The strategy follows a stepwise treatment approach based on asthma control levels to achieve treatment goals of control and prevention of exacerbations using inhaled corticosteroids and other controllers.
An old presentation that I made when I was an Intern in Pediatric department.
The presentation contains 71 slides. It discusses bronchial asthma in pediatric age group starting from the definition of bronchial asthma and its pathophysiology and ending by the management of acute attacks of asthma and long-term management of bronchial asthma patients.
This document discusses bronchial asthma, including its definition, prevalence, etiology, triggers, pathogenesis, clinical features, classification of severity, diagnosis, investigations, management, pharmacotherapy, acute severe asthma/status asthmaticus, and considerations for dental treatment of asthmatic patients. Key points include that asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, it affects over 300 million people worldwide, treatment involves bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists and others to control symptoms and exacerbations, and special precautions should be taken when providing dental care to asthmatic patients to prevent triggering an attack.
MH, a 6-year-old Malay boy with a history of asthma and G6PD deficiency, presented with fever, cough, and vomiting for one day followed by shortness of breath and rapid breathing. On examination, he had a barrel-shaped chest with suprasternal and subcostal recession, prolonged expiratory breath sounds, and rhonchi bilaterally. He was given a provisional diagnosis of an asthma exacerbation based on his history of asthma and current respiratory symptoms and signs. Differential diagnoses and further investigations were pending.
- Asthma is a chronic lung condition that affects over 3 million Canadians and cannot be cured but can be managed. It causes reversible airway obstruction and symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness.
- Asthma symptoms are triggered by factors like allergens, infections, exercise, air pollution, emotions, and medications. Exercise is a trigger for 90% of people with asthma.
- Asthma is treated through medications like rescue inhalers to quickly reverse symptoms and preventive controller medications to reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms. Proper medication use and trigger avoidance can help asthma be managed.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing due to bronchospasm and airway obstruction. The symptoms are usually triggered by allergens, exercise, cold air or other stimuli and are at least partially reversible with treatment. It is caused by an inflammatory response in the airways mediated by TH2 cells and mast cells leading to increased mucus secretion, smooth muscle hypertrophy and bronchospasm. Common types include atopic asthma triggered by environmental allergens and non-atopic asthma triggered by respiratory infections.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways. It causes recurring periods of wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Asthma can be triggered by allergens, irritants, exercise, and other factors. Diagnosis involves a medical history and tests like peak flow meters. Treatment includes inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and immunotherapy. While asthma cannot be cured, control and prevention of symptoms is possible through medication management and lifestyle changes.
This document defines asthma as an airflow obstruction caused by bronchoconstriction from an allergic reaction. It discusses the two main types of asthma - extrinsic caused by allergies, and intrinsic of unknown cause. Risk factors include gender, family history, environmental allergens and stress. The pathophysiology involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways due to mast cell activation and mucus production, causing symptoms like wheezing and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves assessing history, symptoms, lung function tests, and imaging. Treatment consists of long-term and quick relief medications, and avoiding triggers. Nursing care focuses on monitoring breathing, vital signs, oxygen levels, and symptoms to assess asthma severity and response to treatment.
Made by Ranjith R Thampi. A decent powerpoint on Bronchial Asthma, a short summary on various presentations and treatment options starting at Primary health level. Was made mainly for Primary Health setup. I've also added options at higher centres and also a few references for latest drug modalities and use.
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
The document provides 5 steps to help brands stand out: 1) Have a mission that makes a statement about humanity. 2) Tell a remarkable story that elicits emotions. 3) Create an effective business card that stands out visually and includes a call to action. 4) Develop unique trademarks and language styles. 5) Always look for ways to improve and "plus" your work. The overarching message is to create in the most unique way possible.
The document criticizes the overuse and misuse of PowerPoint presentations. It notes that PowerPoint was created in 1990 but presenters are still improperly using it 22 years later by overstuffing slides with too much text and information instead of using it to tell stories. The document recommends using images, telling interesting stories, preparing early, getting better training, and stopping the practice of overstuffing slides to create more effective presentations.
Communication is a universal human trait, yet it is also one of the most poorly cultivated traits. The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place. We can cultivate great communication by understanding that it is always "high stakes" and by focusing on the audience, preparing and practicing presentations, empathizing with the audience, and continuously growing communication skills through reading, subscribing to blogs, and following experts.
PDF ANTI-TUSSIVE.pdf (Vasaka and Tolu Balsam & Peru Balsam)Divya Kanojiya
This document discusses three herbal drugs - Vasaka, Tolu Balsam, and Peru Balsam. It describes the biological source, morphology, microscopy, chemical constituents, uses, and marketed products of Vasaka leaves. For Tolu Balsam and Peru Balsam, it provides information on their synonyms, biological source, geographical source, characteristics, solubility, chemical tests, chemical constituents, and uses. It also mentions that Tolu Balsam can be adulterated with colophony or exhausted Tolu balsam.
This document describes a study comparing the pharmacognostic properties of two varieties of the Ayurvedic plant Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia Linn.): a local "Deshi" Indian variety and a claimed Iranian variety. Microscopic analysis found differences in stem and root anatomy between the two varieties. Physicochemical analysis found differences in moisture content and extractive values. The study aimed to scientifically evaluate the identity of the two varieties using morphological, microscopic and phytochemical analysis.
The alkaloids are defined as ‘basic nitrogenous plant products, mostly optically active and possessing nitrogen heterocyclic as their structural unit, with a pronounced physiological action.
The term alkaloid was coined by W. Meissner, a Germon Pharmacist. The first alkaloid to be synthesised was Coniine in1886.It was isolated in 1827.
These are organic product of natural and synthetic origin which are basic in nature and contain one or more nitrogen atom, normally of heterocyclic nature and posses specific pharmacological action on human or animal body.
The true alkaloids are toxic in nature.contain hetrocyclic nitrogen which is derided from amino acids and always basic in nature.
Synonyms: Rhizoma Hydrastis, GoldenSeal, Yellow root, Gelbwurzel.
Origin: Dried rhizomes and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis (Fam. Ranunculaceae).
Ph. Eur. 6.2 Hydrastis Canadensis containing not less than 2.5% of hydrastine and not less than 3.0% of berberine, calculated on the dried basis. .
The term ‘ alkaloid ’ was coined by MEISSNER,
a German pharmacist, in 1819.
The French chemist, Derosne in 1803, isolated
narcotine . In the same year , morphine from
opium was isolated by Serturner .
Pelletier and Caventon isolated emetine in
1817 and colchicine in 1819.
From the beginning of 19th century till to date,
it has to proved to be a perpetual work to
discover new alkaloids from plants and
animals.
As per a Russian review in 1973, the numbe of
known alkaloids had reached upto 4959,
amongst which, the structures of 3293
alkaloids were elucidated.
At present, the number of alkaloids discovered
has exceeded 6000.
The document provides an analysis of various Ayurvedic formulations including Brahmi hills, Diabohills juice, and Ashwagandha capsules. It discusses the preparation, composition, benefits, and HPTLC analysis of Brahmi Ghrita and Brahmi hills capsules to identify compounds like Bacoside A. The physicochemical properties of formulations like acid value, saponification value, and refractive index are also analyzed.
Synonyms: Radix Ginseng, Shin-seng.
Part Used:
The roots of the cultivated perennial herbs of Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) and of Panax schin seng (Chinese ginseng) (Fam. Araliaceae).Collected from 5-6 years old plants, in autumn, carefully cleaned and dried.
Gentian is a plant whose dried rhizome and roots are used as a bitter tonic. It contains several bitter glycosides such as gentiopicrin, which has an intensely bitter taste and is used to stimulate digestion. Gentian grows in central and southern Europe and Asia, and its rhizomes are harvested in autumn after 2-5 years of growth. Microscopically, transverse sections of gentian rhizome show a porous wood surrounded by parenchyma cells containing oil globules and calcium oxalate needles. Gentian is used as a stomachic to treat indigestion and other gastrointestinal issues.
This document summarizes information about several alkaloids - vinca, rauwolfia, belladonna, and opium. It describes the biological source, morphological characteristics, chemical constituents, uses, and commercial applications for each one. Key information includes that vinca contains vinblastine and vincristine which have anticancer activity. Rauwolfia contains the main alkaloid reserpine which is used as an antihypertensive and tranquilizer. Belladonna contains hyoscyamine and is used for its anticholinergic properties. Opium contains morphine and codeine and is used as an analgesic but is addictive.
Origin: Dried roots or roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, known as Rio or Brazilian Ipecacuanha, or of C. acuminata, known as Cartagena, Nicaragua or Panama Ipecacuanha (Fam. Rubiaceae).
Ipecacuanha contains not more than 2% of foreign organic matters and yields not less than 2% of total alkaloids, calculated as emetine.
This document provides information about the botanical source, geographical source, cultivation, collection, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, chemical constituents, uses, and substitutes/adulterants of several herbal drugs including Fennel fruit, Coriander fruit, Cassia bark, Clove bud, Cinnamon, Dill, Caraway, Ajowan, Cardamom, and Nutmeg. It discusses the plant species, parts used, chemical profiles and typical applications of these medicinal herbs.
For Diploma in Pharmacy - Part I.
Biological source, Chemical constituents and Therapeutic efficacy of the following category of crude drugs:
Laxatives: Senna, Aloe-vera, Ispaghula and Castor oil.
Transverse Section Bark and Seed ( Cinchona, Cinnamon,Isapgol,Nux Vomica.pptxGayatriPatra14
This document provides information on four herbal substances: cinnamon bark, cinchona bark, isabgol seed, and nux vomica seed. It describes the biological source, geographical source, macroscopic and microscopic features, chemical constituents, and uses of each substance. Cinnamon bark contains volatile oils including cinnamaldehyde and is used as a carminative and flavoring agent. Cinchona bark contains quinine and is used to treat malaria. Isabgol seed contains mucilage and is used as a demulcent and laxative. Nux vomica seed contains the alkaloids strychnine and brucine and is used as a stimulant and antidote for certain po
This document provides information about the plant Rauwolfia serpentina. It discusses the synonyms, biological source, geographical source, history, cultivation, collection, macroscopic and microscopic characters, chemical constituents and uses of Rauwolfia serpentina. The key active constituents are indole alkaloids such as reserpine, rescinnamine, and deserpidine which are responsible for its hypotensive and tranquilizing effects used to treat anxiety, neuropsychiatric diseases, and hypertension.
Coriander is a spice produced from the round, tan-colored seeds of the coriander plant (Coriandrum sativum), which is a member of the parsley family. The word coriander can be used to describe the entire plant: leaves, stems, seeds, and all.
Coriander consists of the dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum, which is cultivated in many parts of the world including India. The fruit is yellowish-brown in color, spherical in shape, and contains not less than 0.3% volatile oil. Microscopic examination reveals features like a single layer of epicarp cells, three layered mesocarp with sclerenchyma fibers, and parquetry endocarp cells. Chemical constituents include linalool, terpenes, and fatty oils. Coriander has various pharmacological actions like carminative, digestive, antioxidant, and cholesterol-lowering effects. It also has uses as a flavoring agent and shows antimicrobial activity.
1. The study evaluated the pharmacognostic profile and phytochemistry of Sphaeranthus indicus leaves, which are used traditionally in Ayurveda to treat various diseases.
2. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the leaves was performed according to standard procedures. Physicochemical parameters and preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and volatile oil.
3. Thin layer chromatography identified isoflavone glycosides in methanol and aqueous extracts. Gas chromatography was used to analyze and identify components of the isolated volatile oil.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Monographs api
1. MONOGRAPHS OF HERBAL
DRUGS ACCORDING TO
AYURVEDIC
PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA
PRESENTED BY : MANISH KUMAR (M. PHARM)
DEPARTMENT : PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
2. INTRODUCTION :
The Ayurvedic system of medicine is prevalent in India since
the vedic period and as early as the dawn of human civilization.
Though Ayurveda has undergone many changes in the course of
its long history, it still remains the mainstay of medical relief to a
large section of population of the nation. In view of the new
trend in Ayurvedic pharmaceutical field, Government of India
considered its expedient to utilize the existing Drugs and
Cosmetics Act 1940, to also control to a limited measure the
Ayurvedic , Siddha and Unani drugs by amending the Act.
3. 1.Asvagandha
Asvagandha consists of dried mature roots of Withania somnifera
(Fam.Solanaceae), a perennial shrub, found in waste land,
cultivated field and open grounds throughout India, widely
cultivated in certain areas of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan,
roots collected in winter, washed and cut into short pieces.
5. DESCRIPTION:
a) Macroscopic
Roots straight, unbranched,
Thickness varying with age.
Roots bear fibre -like secondary roots,
Outer surface buff to grey-yellow with longitudinal wrinkles,
Crown consists of 2-6 remains of stem base,
Stem bases variously thickened,
Nodes prominent only on the side from where petiole arises,
Odour, characteristic,
Taste, bitter and acrid.
6. b) Microscopic
Transverse section of root shows cork exfoliated or crushed, when
present isodiametric and non-lignified, cork cambium of 2-4
diffused rows of cells, secondary cortex about twenty layers of
compact parenchymatous cells, phloem consists of sieve tubes,
companion cells, phloem parenchyma, cambium 4-5 rows of
tangentially elongated cells, secondary xylem hard forming a
closed vascular ring separated by multiseriate medullary rays, a
few xylem parenchyma
7. IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH
a) Foreign matter Not more than 2 per cent,
b) Total Ash Not more than 7 per cent
c) Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1
percent
d) Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than
15 percent.
e) Water-soluble extractive Nil
8. ASSAY:
Aswagandha consists of not less than 0.2 per cent of total
alkaloids, when assayed as follows:
Take about 30g accurately weighed of the powdered drug,
cover with Alcohol (90 percent) and allow to stand overnight.
Extract for 6 hours so wet apparatus and concentrate to a
syrup residue.
Treat with 25, 20, 15 and 10 ml portions of 5 per cent
Sulphuric Acid until complete extraction of alkaloid is
affected.
9. To the combined acid extracts add an excess of Dragandoff's
reagent.
Filter under suction and dissolve the residue in Acetone,
Shake the acetone solution with freshly prepared suspension
of 2ml Silver Carbonate in 10 ml of Water.
Filter the solution and wash the precipitate with Acetone,
Alcohol and water in that order.
Pass sufficient Hydrogen Sulphide through the filtrate. Boil
the solution for 10 minutes, Inter and evaporate under
vacuum in a tared flask.
Add to the residue 5 ml of Ethyl Alcohol - evaporate to
dryness, repeat the process once again and weight the
residue to constant weight in a vacuum desiccator.
11. IMPORTANT FORMULATIONS –
Asvagandhadyarishta
Asvagandhadi Leha
Balasvagandha Laksadi Taila
THERAPEUTIC USES –
Sotha, ksaya, Daubalya, Vataroga, Klaibya
DOSE - 3-6 g of the drug in powder form.
12. 2) ARDRAKA (Rhizome)
Ardraka consists of fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc.
(Fam.Zingiberaceae); a herbaceous rhizomatous perennial,
reaching up to 90 cm in height, widely cultivated in India.
Rhizomes are dug in January-February, buds and roots are
removed and washed well.
13. SYNONYMS:
Sanskrit : Katubhadra,
Bengali : Ada
English : Ginger
Gujrati : Adu
Hindi : Adarakha
Kannada : Alla, Hasishunti
Malayalam : Inchi
Marathi : Ardrak, Ale
Punjabi : Adi, Adrak
Tamil : Injee, Allam, lakottai, Inji
Telugu : Allamu, Allam
Urdu : Adrak
14. DESCRIPTION:
a) Macroscopic
Drug occurs as entire rhizome or in pieces, rhizome
laterally compressed bearing flattish ovate, oblique
branches on upper side, each having a depressed scar at
its apex, pieces 5-15 cm long, 1.5-6.5 cm wide (usually 3-4
cm) and 1-1.5 cm thick, fracture, short with projecting
fibres, transversely cut surface shows a wide central stele
having numerous greyish cut ends of fibres and yellow
secreting cells; odour, gingery; taste, pungent
15. b) Microscopic
Rhizome - Shows a few layered, irregularly arranged,
tangentially elongated, brown cells of outer cork and 6-12
rows of thin-walled, colorless, radially arranged cells of inner
cork; secondary cortex consisting of hexagonal to polygonal,
isodiametric, thin-walled, parenchymatous cells containing
numerous circular to oval starch grains with striations and
hilum at one end with clear concentric striations, measuring
5-25μ in 12 dia., idioblasts containing large yellowish to
brownish globules of oleo-resin; walls of oil
cells suberized ; numerous closed, conjoint, collateral,
cortical fibro-vascular bundles scattered throughout cortical
zone, greater number occurring in inner cortical region,
16. larger bundles consists of 2- 7 vessels, small cells of sieve tube,
polygonal cells of parenchyma and group of fibres; vessels
showing reticulate, scalariforrn and spiral thickening; fibres
septate with a few oblique pores on their walls; endodermis
single layered, free from starch; pericyclic single layered
enclosing central stele; stele consisting of thin-walled polygonal,
isodiametric cells of parenchyma, filled with abundant starch
grains, oleo-resin cells similar to those present in cortex; fibro
vascular bundles of two types, those arranged along pericycle in
a definite ring are smaller in size and devoid of fibres, vessels 2-
5 in number, larger bundles found scattered throughout stele,
composed of xylem, phloem, parenchyma and sheath of
sclerenchyma.
17. IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH:
Foreign matter Not more than 0.5 per cent,
Total Ash Not more than 8 per cent,
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1 per
cent.
Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 5
percent.
Water-soluble extractive Not less than 2 per
cent.
Moisture content Not more than 90 per cent,
18. CONSTITUENTS - Volatile Oil containing Cineole
zingiberol, and sesquiterpene like zingiberene, bisobolene
and sesqui phellandrene, gingerosol in the oleo-resin.
PROPERTIES AND ACTION:
1. Rasa : Katu
2. Guna : Guru, Ruksa,
3. Virya : Usna
4. Vipaka : Madhura
5. Karma : Dipana, Hrdya, Kaphahara, Vatahara, Rocana,
Bhedana, Svarya
19. IMPORTANT FORMULATIONS - Ardraka
Khandavaleha, Sarasvatarista.
THERAPEUTIC USES - Sula, Vibandha,
Anaha, Sopha, Kantharoga.
DOSE - 2-3 ml of the drug in juice form with
honey.
20. 3) HARIDRA
Haridra consists of the dried and cured rhizomes of
Curcuma longa Linn. (Fam. Zingiberaceae), a perennial
herb extensively cultivated in all parts of the country,
crop is harvested after 9-10 months when lower leaves
turn yellow rhizomes carefully dug up with hand-picks
between October-April and cured by boiling and dried.
21. SYNONYMS:
Sanskrit : Rajani, Nisa, Nisi, Ratri, Ksanada,Dosa
Assamese : Haldhi, Haladhi
Bengali : Halud, Haldi
English : Turmeric
Hindi : Haldi, Hardi
Kashmiri : Ledar, Ladhir
Marathi : Halad
Oriya : Haladi
Punjabi : Haldi, Haldar
Tamil : Manjal
Telugu : Pasupu
Urdu : Haldi
22. DESCRIPTION:
a) Macroscopic
Rhizomes ovate, oblong or pyriform (round turmeric) or
cylindrical, often short branched (long turmeric), former about
half as broad as long, latter 2-5 cm long and about 1-1.8 cm
thick, externally yellowish to yellowish-brown with root scars
and annulations of leaf bases, fracture horny, fractured
surface orange to reddish brown, central cylinder twice as
broad as cortex: odour and taste characteristic.
23. b) Microscopic
Transverse section of rhizome shows epidermis with thick-
walled, cubical cells of various dimensions, cortex characterized
by the presence of mostly thin-walled rounded parenchyma cells
scattered collateral vascular bundles, a few layers of cork
developed under epidermis and scattered oleo-resin cells with
brownish contents; cork generally composed of 4-6 layers of
thin-walled, brick-shaped parenchyma, cells of ground tissue
contain starch grains of 4-15 μ in diameter, oil cell with
suberized walls containing either orange-yellow globules of
volatile oil or amorphous resinous matter, vessels mainly spirally
thickened, a few reticulate and annular.
24. Identification-
1) On the addition of Concentrated Sulphuric acid or a
mixture of Concentrated Sulphuric acid and alcohol to the
powdered drug, a deep crimson color is produced.
2) A piece of filter paper is impregnated with an alcoholic
extract of the powder, dried, and then moistened with a
solution of Boric acid slightly acidified with Hydrochloric
acid, dried again, the filter paper assumes a pink or
brownish red colour which becomes deep blue or
greenish-black on the addition of alkali.
25. IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH:
Foreign matter Not more than 2 per cent
Total Ash Not more than 9 per cent.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1 per cent.
Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 8 per cent.
Water-soluble extractive Not less than 12 per cent.
Volatile oil Not less than 4 per cent.
26. CONSTITUENTS :
Essential oil and a colouring matter (curcumin).
PROPERTIES AND ACTION:
Rasa : Katu, Tikta
Guna : RukÀa
Virya : Usna
Vipaka : Katu
Karma : Krmighna, Kushaghna, Varnya, Visaghna,
28. 4) LASUNA (Bulb)
Lasuna consists of bulb of Allium sativum Linn.
(Fam. Liliaceae); a perennial bulbous plant,
cultivated as an important condiment crop in the
country.
30. DESCRIPTION -
a) Macroscopic:
Drug occurs as entire bulb or isolated cloves (bulblets); bulb sub-
globular, 4-6 cm in diameter, consisting of 8-20 cloves,
surrounded by 3-5 whitish papery membranous scales attached to
a short disc-like woody stem having numerous wiry rootlets on the
under side; each clove is irregularly ovoid, tapering at upper end
with dorsal convex surface, 2-3 cm long, 0.5 - 0.8 cm wide, each
surrounded by two very thin papery whitish and brittle scales
having 2-3 yellowish green folded leaves contained within two
white fleshy, modified leaf bases or scales; odour, peculiarly
pungent and disagreeable; taste, acrid gives warmth to the
tongue.
31. b) Microscopic:
A clove of bulb shows tri to tetrangular appearance in outline;
outer scale consists of an outer epidermis, followed by
hypodermal crystal layer, mesophyll made of parenchyma cells
and an inner epidermis; both outer and inner epidermis consists
of sub rectangular cells; hypodermis consists of compressed,
irregular, tangentially elongated cells, each cell having large
prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, while many cells contain
small prismatic crystals also, mesophyll several layers of
parenchymatous cells having a few vascular tissues with spiral
vessels; inner epidermis similar to outer one; inner scale similar
to outer scale but outer epidermis composed of
sclerenchymatous cells; prismatic crystals in hypodermis slightly
smaller.
32. IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH –
Foreign matter Not more than 2 Per cent
Total ash Not more than 4 Per cent
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1 Per cent
Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 2.5 Per cent,
Loss on drying Not less than 60 Per cent
Volatile Oil Not less than 0.1 Per cent
33. T.L.C. -
T.L.C. of the alcoholic extract on Silica gel 'G' plate using n-
Butanol : Isopropanol Acetic acid: Water (3 : 1: 1 : 1) shows
under UV (366 nm) two fluorescent zones at Rf. 0.58 and
0.72 (both light blue).
On exposure to Iodine vapour nine spots appear at Rf.
0.18, 0.26, 0.34, 0.38, 0.46, 0.58, 0.72, 0.77 and 0.93 (all
yellow)
On spraying with Ninhydrin reagent and heating the plate
for ten minutes at 110°C seven spots appear at Rf. 0.26,
0.38, 0.46, 0.58, 0.67, 0.72 and 0.93 (all pink).
34. On spraying with Vanillin-Sulphuric acid reagent
and heating the plate for ten minutes at 110°C
seven spots appear at Rf. 0.26, 0.38, 0.46, 0,58,
0.67, 0.72 and 0.93 (all gery).
35. CONSTITUENTS - Volatile Oil containing Allyl
Disulphide and Diallyl Disulphide. It also contains
Allin, Allicin, Mucilage and Albumin.
PROPERTIES AND ACTION -
Rasa : Madhura, Katu
Guna : Guru, Picchila, Sara, Snigdha,
Virya : Usna
Vipaka : Katu
Karma : Balya, Dipana, Hrdya, Kaphahara,
Medhya, Raktadosahara, Vetahara, Vrsya,
36. IMPORTANT FORMULATIONS - Lasunadi Vati,
Lasunadi Ghrta And Vaca
Lasunadi Taila
THERAPEUTIC USES - Jirna, Jvara, Krmiroga,
Gulma, Kusthaa, Arsa, Kasa, Svasa,
Pinasa, Sula,
DOSE - 3 - g. of the drug.
37. 5) AMALAKÌ(Fresh Fruit)
Ëmalak¢ consists of fresh fruit pulp of Emblica officinalis
Gaertn. (Fam.Euphorbiaceae); a small or medium sized tree,
found in mixed deciduous forests, ascending
to 1300 m on hills and cultivated in gardens and homeyards.
39. DESCRIPTION
a) Macroscopic
Fruit, globose, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter, fleshy, smooth with six
prominent lines; greenish when tender, changing to light
yellowish or pinkish color when mature, with a few dark
specks: taste, sour and astringent followed by delicately
sweet taste.
b)
40. b) Microscopic
Transverse section of mature fruit shows an epicarp consisting of single
layer of epidermis and 2-4 layers of hypodermis; epidermal cell, tabular
in shape, covered externally with a thick cuticle and appear in surface
view as polygonal; hypodermal cells tangentially elongated, thick-walled,
smaller in dimension than epidermal cells; mesocarp forms bulk of fruit,
consisting of thin-walled parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces,
peripheral 6-9 layers smaller, ovoid or tangentially elongated while rest
of cells larger in size, isodiametric and radially elongated; xylem
composed of tracheal elements, fibre tracheids and xylem fibres;
tracheal elements show reticulate scalariform and spiral thickenings;
xylem fibres elongated with narrow lumen and pointed end; mesocarp
contains large aggregates of numerous irregular silica crystals.
41. IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH
Foreign matter Not more than 2 per cent.
Total Ash Not more than 7 per cent.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2 per cent.
Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 40 per cent.(On
dried basis)
Water-soluble extractive Not less than 50 per cent.
Moisture content Not less than 80 per cent.
42. CONSTITUENTS – Ascorbic acid and tannins.
PROPERTIES AND ACTION -
Rasa : Madhura, Amla, Katu, Tikta,
Guna : Laghu, Ruksa
Virya : Sita
Vipaka : Madhura
Karma : Tridosajit, Rasayana, Caksusya