This document discusses autism spectrum disorder. It begins with an introduction and overview of prevalence, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, education, and life as an adult with autism. Key points include that autism is marked by difficulties with social interaction and communication. Symptoms include lack of social skills and unusual repetitive behaviors. While the exact causes are unknown, autism is likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment focuses on therapy, education, and medication to manage associated symptoms, as there is no known cure. The document provides information on diagnosing autism and related disorders like Asperger's syndrome. It also notes controversies around potential causes and discusses some famous individuals who may have been on the aut

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Presented By:
Phr. Deepa kumari karn

2. CONTENTIntroduction
Prevalence
Symptoms
Social difficulties
Communication difficulties
Unusual behaviors
Associated symptoms
Causes
Genetic disorder
Brain abnormalities
Infections and drugs5/29/2017 2

3.  Treatment
Therapy and training approaches
Medications
 Diagnosing Autism and related disorders
Asperger’s Syndrome
Perasive development disorder not otherwise
specified
 Education of children with Autism
 Life of adults with Autism
 Controversies
 Famous people with unspecified
forms of autism
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4. 5/29/2017 4
Disorder that affects the social, emotional
and behavioral development of children
Marked by serious difficulties in
interacting and communicating with other
people
American Psychiatrist Leo Kanner first
described this disorder in 1943.
It may be related to abnormal response to
sensory input

5. Autism is at least 4 times more common in
boys than in girls
Autism comes from Greek word Auto; “self”
means an abnormal withdrawal from the world
outside oneself
Causes of Autism remain a major area of
research and controversy
 There is no cure for Autism but some T/T
and therapies can lessen the symptoms
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6. PREVALENCE
The number of children diagnosed with
Autism has increased since the 1990s
Most recent estimates suggest that Autism
occurs in approximately 1 in 500 children and
that 1 in 150 children may be on “Autism
spectrum”
Girls with Autism, however tend to show more
sever symptoms and mental impairment
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7. MECHANISM
How Autism occurs is not well understood.
It’s mechanism is divied into two main
areas;-
1) Pathophysiology
2) Neurophysiology
 Pathophysiology;-
 Linkes the Brain Structure and
process associated with Autism
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8. 5/29/2017 8
Fig;-Pathophysiology

9.  Neurophysiology;-
 Two major categories of cognitive theories
have been proposed about the links between
autistic brains and behavior
The first category focuses on deficits in
social cognitive. According to this theory;-
Autistic child can develop internal
rules of operation to handle events
inside the brains- but are less
effective at empathizing by
handling events generated by others
agents5/29/2017 9

10. Second category focuses on
nonsocial or general processing.
According to this theory;-
Autistic behaviors results in
part from deficits in working,
memory, planning, inhibition
and other form of executive
functions
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11. SYMPTOMS
 Social difficulties;-
It is first sign of Autism
Lack of social smile with in 2nd or
3rd month of life of infant
Child don’t share their enjoyment
with others
Lack of social communication
Fail to develop typical friendships
Seem unaware of the feeling of
people5/29/2017 11

12.  Communication difficulties;-
Child have difficulties with
communication including both geoture
and speech
In some cases child don’t speak atoll.
When they are able to speak they may
repeat back exactly what is said to
them(echolalia)
Sometimes quote whole conversation
or dialog from a movie
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13.  Unusual behaviors;-
Insist on doing things exactly the
same way or on following the same
routine from day to day.
Become very upset in response to a
minor change
Repeat body movement such as
spinning, rocking or flapping hands
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14. When upset or excited they may
also harm themselves by skin biting
or head banging
Repetitively stacking or lining up
objects is a behavior occasionally
associated with individuals with
autism
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15. Associated symptoms;-
Belly pain, constipation or
diarrhea are frequently reported
 Increase in allergies and in
problem with immune system
Sensory sensitivity is quite
common especially to some
texture, sounds or smells
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16. Mental Retardation and Savant Skills;-
Demonstrate a particular skill,
such as memorizing phone
number, drawing landscapes
 Have wide variation in their
intellectual abilities
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17. CAUSES
Studies indicates that Autism is often associated
with abnormalities in functioning of brain and
disorder may have a genetic basis
 Genetic Disorder;-
Mutation in MECP2 gene on the X
chromosome(only in girl)
Variation in FMR1 gene on the X
chromosome(only in boy)
Defect in cholesterol pathway leads to
small head, upturned nose and undersized
lower jaw5/29/2017 17

18. Risk is doubled in children who inherit
a common variation of the MET gene
Brain Abnormalities;-
Increased level of serotonin
Decrease in the size of particular brain
region
Defects in the mirror neuron system
Infections and drugs;-
Children born to mothers who were
infected with certain illness or took
particular drug during pregnancy5/29/2017 18

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20. TREATMENT
No known cure for Autism
Use of individualized education,
communication tools, behavioral
management and medication
Parents, teachers and therapist need to work
together to help a child gain new skill and
abilities
When a child is diagnosed with autism, the
normal opinion is that the child will end up
spending a lonely life without being able to
achieve anything in life. However, this notion
is not true
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21. Therapy and training approaches;-
Picture schedule of time-limited task
A controversial aspect is the use of electric
shock to deter self-destructive behavior in
extreme cases
Floor system(frequent play sessions with a
parent to connect therapy goals activities that a
child finds exciting or fun)
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22. MEDICATION
Medication is not a primary treatment for autism
itself but can be helpful for related symptoms.
 Risperidone (Risperdal) is the first medication to
receive FDA approval in treatment of the
disordertreatment had significant aggression toward
themselves or others or episodes of extreme anger or
frustration.
 A group of medications called the serotonin reuptake
inhibitors have been used successfully to treat
compulsive behaviors in autism
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23. Serotonin include;-
fluoxetine (Prozac)
fluvoxamine (Luvox)
escitalopram (Lexapro)
No medication has been shown to have
significant effects on the social or
communication difficulties seen in autism
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24. DIAGNOSING AUTISM AND
RELATED DISORDERS
 Autistic children not show all symptoms of
disorder and hence need to get a clear
diagnosis and T/T plan by psychologist or
physician
 Two main diagnosis are Asperser's syndrome
and Perasive development disorder not
otherwise specified
 Two diagnoses, Rett syndrome and childhood
disintegrative disorder, are much rarer and
have a worse prognosis.
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25. 1. Asperger’s Syndrome;-
 Lacks delay in cognitive development and
language or no clinically significant delay in
language or developmental age appropriate
skills
 Autism and Asperger’s syndrome are often
difficult to separate
 Children diagnosed with Asperger’s
syndrome often use unusual words and may
sound old-fashioned
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26. 2. Perasive developmental disorder not otherwise
specified(PDD-NOS);-
 Children with this diagnosis can be very different
from one another
 Additionally, it is often difficult to separate
children who have PDD-NOS from children who
have speech or language problems that result in
difficulty forming relationships
 The particular areas of difficulty should be used
to shape the goals for each individual child, both
at home and at school.
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27. EDUCATION OF AUTISTIC
CHILDREN
Variable
Some children need self-contained
classroom with special education classes
No single approach will be correct for every
child with autism
Federal Law obligates public school to
assess each child’s individual needs
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28. Life of Adults with Autism
Some people are able to live and work
independently and pursued professional
carriers like Veterinary medicine,
mathematics etc
Some people have extremely unbelievable
memory capacity
 Some adults with severe autism requires
social support like either within a family
or in a group home or other residential
placement
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29. CONTROVERSIES
 Autism is a devastating disorder whose cause
remains poorly understood
 The fear that vaccines somehow lead to autism
i.e. persistent infection from the measles-
mumps-rubella vaccine
 Others fear that exposure to heavy metals such
as mercury and cadmium could lead to autism
 The frequent occurrence of gastrointestinal
symptoms in autism leads some to advocate for
various diets that remove wheat products, dairy
products, or even all carbohydrates5/29/2017 29

30. Famous people with unspecified
forms of autism
 The following people have been diagnosed as
being somewhere on the autistic spectrum but
the specific classification is unknown;-
One of the most famous people in
the world of science was Albert
Einstein. He was brilliant. Today,
there is some speculation over him
suffering from autism. However,
this cannot be proven. These
speculations are based on how he
behaved.5/29/2017 30

31. Michael Moon, adopted son of author
Elizabeth Moon
Robert Gagno, actor from Vancouver,
Christopher Knowles, American poet
Jasmine O'Neill, author of Through the Eyes of
Aliens
Richard Borcherds, mathematician specializing
in group theory and Lie algebras
Stephen Wiltshire, British architectural artist
Tony DeBlois, blind American musician
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32. REFERENCES
 Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft
Corporation. All rights reserved
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33. THANKS A LOT FOR
YOUR KIND
ATTENTION!!!!!!!!!!!!
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