The articulation of consonants involves the vocal cords and articulators like the lips, tongue, and soft palate. Consonants are formed by interrupting, restricting, or diverting airflow and can be described by their manner, place, and force of articulation. The manners include plosives, fricatives, nasals, and more. Place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract the obstruction of airflow occurs, such as bilabial, dental, or velar. Force of articulation is whether the sound is voiced (vocal cords vibrate) or unvoiced, with the latter requiring more expelled air.

1. The articulation of consonants

5. MANNER OF ARTICULATION Vocal organs come near to each other, but no so close as to cause audible friction , e.g. /r/- /w/ APPROXIMANT A partial closure is made by the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge. Air is able to flow around the sides of the tongue, e.g. /l/ LATERAL A closure is made by the lips, or by the tongue against the palate, the soft palate is lowered, and air escapes through the nose, e.g. /m/- /n/ NASAL When two vocal organs come close enough together for the movement of air between them to be heard, e.g. /f/- /v/ FRICATIVE A complete closure is made in the mouth and the soft palate is raised. Air pressure increases behind the closure, and is released more slowly than the plosive, e.g. / tʃ/- /ʤ/ AFFRICATIVE A complete closure is made in the vocal tract and the soft palate is also raised. Air pressure increases behind the closure and is then released explosively, e.g. /p/ and /b/ PLOSIVE

6. The following table summarizes the main movements of the various articulators

7. PLACE OF ARTICULATION The gap between the vocal cords is used to make audible friction, e.g. /h/ Glottal The back of the tongue is used against the soft palate, e.g. /k/- / ŋ/ Velar The front of the tongue is raised close to the palate, e.g. /j/ Palatal The blade ( or tip) of the tongue is used just behind the alveolar ridge, e.g. / ʧ/-/ʤ/ Palato-alveolar The blade of the tongue is used close to the alveolar ridge, e.g. /t/- /s/. Alveolar The tongue tip is used either between the teeth or close to the upper teeth, e.g. / θ / ð/ Dental Using the lower lip and the upper teeth, e.g. /f/- /v/ Labio-dental Using closing movement of both lips, e.g. /p/ - /b/ Bilabial

9. TABLE OF ENGLISH CONSONANTS Place of Articulation Front Back Manner of Articulation f p θ s ʧ ʃ k h t Unvoiced phonemes are on shaded background. Voiced phonemes are normal Glotal Velar Palatal Palato-alveolar Alveolar Dental Labio-dental Bilabial w j r ( w ) Approxi mant l Lateral ŋ n m Nasal Ʒ z ð v Fricative ʤ Affricative g d b Plosive