The document discusses several linguistic concepts including phonology, phonemes, morphemes, morphology, syntax, and grammaticality. It provides examples and definitions of: - Phonemes as the smallest units of sound that convey meaning. There are vowel, consonant, and diphthong phonemes. - Morphemes as meaningful units of a word, including inflectional morphemes that indicate grammatical function and derivational morphemes that create new words. - Syntax as the rules that determine how words combine into phrases and sentences, including parts of speech and phrase structure. - Grammatical versus ungrammatical sentences based on conforming to or violating syntactic rules.

5. Example of Phonology:
/C/ /A/: has no meaning
/C/ /A/ /T/ : to be meningful word “the name animals”
STOP ZIP SHIP UMBRELLA
S/T/O/P Z/I/P SH/I/P

6. PHONEME
is the smalls sound unit in a language that is capable
of conveying a distinct meaning,
such as the s of sing and the r of ring
There are 3 kindsof english phoneme charts,
Vowel
Consonant
Diphthong

7. VOWEL is a speech sounds made with the vocal tract open
The letters of vowel are A E I O U
CONSONANT is a speech sound that is not a vowel
It also refers to letters of the alphabet that represent those
sounds : from B until Z , except vowel letters.
Diphthong is a sounds made by combining 2 vowels, specifically
when it starts as one vowel sound and goes to another , like
the oy sound in oil.

11. INFLECT
IONAL
DERIVAT
IONAL

12. • In morphology, derivation is the process of creating
new word out of an old word, usually by adding a
prefix and suffix
• Inflectional is affix that signals the grammatical
functin of noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and pronoun
for example : noun plural, verb tenses, in linguistic
inflectional affixes have only 8 forms
DEFINITION

13. Good – Better – Best
Smart – Smarter – Smartest
assignment- - assignments
Visit – visits –
Visited - visiting
Written
Amira’s home
Fita’s boyfriend

14. INFLECTIONAL DERIVATIONAL
• Never change the
grammatical categoriy of
the word, e.g. : old (adj) =
older (adj)
• Can change the
grammatical category of
a word
• Don’t change other
aspects of meaning
• Change meaning
INFLECTIONAL vs. DERVATIONAL

15. INFLECTIONAL DERIVATIONAL
Marker = Markers (plural) Government
Cindy = Cindy’s (possessive) Formation
Walk : Walked ( Past Form) Reaction
Ox = Oxen (Feminine) Married
Best Uncomfortable
Daughters Impossible
Smarter Extraordinarily
THE EXAMPLE OF INFLECTIONAL & DERIVATIONAL

16. EXAMPLES:
Word Derivational
Affixes
Inflectional
Affixes
Root Stem Base
Goverment ment -ment govern - Goverment
Reaction Re, -ion - act - action

18. DEFINITION OF SYNTAX
Syntax is the rules that determind how word combine
into phrases and sentences.
Syntax is also the part of grammar. Here, grammar as
the study of language structure that has 3 components
: phonology syntax and morphology.

19. Syntactic Structure
Syntatctic structure is a set of word or phrases in
language which share a significant number of
common characteristics.
Syntactic structure commonly include:
1. Part of speech
(Noun, Adverb, Adjective, Pronoun, Determiner,
Preposition, Auxiliary, etc.)
2. Phrase Structure Grammars
(Noun, Phrase, Adjective, Phrase, Verb Phrase,
Adverb Phrase, Preposition Phrase.)
3. Sentence, as the core of the structure.

20. GRAMMATICAL vs UNGRAMMATICAL
SENTENCES
 In English and every language, every sentence is a sequence of
words, but not every sequence of words is a sentence. Sequences
of words that conform to the rules of syntax are said to be
“grammatical”, and those that violate the syntactic rules are called
“ungrammatical”
 In other words, utterances (sentences) which are constructed
appropriately based on grammatical rules are normally called
“grammatical sentences”, while utterances which are not
constructed based on the grammatical rules are called
“ungrammatical sentences”

21. In linguisitic, un grammatical sentence is
normally marked with an asterisk (*) –
sometimes two in front of it.
Correct : I took my girlfriend out swimming
and dancing
Incorrect : * I took my girlfriend out to swim
and dancing

22. THANK YOU :)