The document discusses the classification of consonants according to their manner and place of articulation. It explains that consonants are produced by a constriction in the vocal tract and classified based on three dimensions: place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing. Place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract the constriction occurs. Manner of articulation describes how narrow the constriction is and whether air flows through the nose. The document provides detailed descriptions of different manners of articulation including plosives, affricates, nasals, fricatives, lateral, and approximants. It also lists the place of articulation for various consonants and provides examples.

1. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS
ACCORDING TO
MANNER OF ARTICULATION &
PLACE OF ARTICULATION
MRS.K.DEEPA M.A.,M.Phil.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,NET
ASSTISTANT PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH
AVINASHILINGAM INSTITUTE FOR HOME SCIENCE
AND HIGHER EDUCATION FOR WOMEN
COIMBATORE

2. INTRODUCTION
Producing a consonant involves making the vocal tract
narrower at some location than it usually is
We call this narrowing a constriction
Which consonant you're pronouncing depends on where in
the vocal tract the constriction is and how narrow it is
It also depends on a few other things, such as whether the
vocal folds are vibrating and whether air is flowing through
the nose

3. …cont
We classify
consonants along
three major
dimensions:
• place of
articulation
• manner of
articulation
• voicing
The place of articulation
dimension specifies where in
the vocal tract the constriction
is
The manner of articulation
dimension specifies how
narrow the constriction is,
whether air is flowing through
the nose, and whether the
tongue is dropped down on
one side
The voicing parameter specifies
whether the vocal folds are
vibrating

4. Six important aspects in manner
of articulation
 The air-stream
mechanism
 The state of glottis
 The position of the soft
palate
 The active articulator
 The passive articulator
 The stricture involved
1.Airstream mechanisms
Pulmonic: movement of lung
air by respiratory muscles
Glottalic: movement of
pharynx air by action of
glottis
Velaric: movement of mouth
air by action of tongue
Egressive: outward-moving
Ingressive: inward-moving

5. …cont
2. State of glottis
Wide apart – voiceless
Vocal cord loosely held -
voiced
3. Position of soft palate
Oral – sp raised to shut of
nasal passage
Nasal – sp lowered to
open nasal passage
simultaneously with
oral closure
4. Active articulator
The lower lip, tongue
5. Passive articulator
The upper lip, the entire
roof of mouth
(4&5 place of articulation)
6. Stricture involved
The way in which the
passage of air is
restricted by the various
organs of speech
(manner of articulation)

6. Classification of consonants based
on place of articulation
Bilabial (4)
Labio-dental (2)
Dental (2)
Alveolar (6)
Post Alveolar (1)
Palate Alveolar (4)
Palatal (1)
Velar (4)
Glottal (1)

7. Description
Bilabial – consonants articulated with both lips
Labio-Dental – consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper
teeth
Dental – consonants articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth
Alveolar – consonants articulated with the tongue against or close to the
superior alveolar ridge
Post Alveolar – consonant articulated with the tongue near or touching
the back of the alveolar ridge
Palato-Alveolar – consonants articulated either with the tip or blade of
the tongue
Palatal – consonant articulated with the body of the tongue raised
against the hard palate
Velar – consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against
the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as
the velum
Glottal – consonants articulated with the glottis

8. Classification of consonants
Consonants based on manner of
articulation
Plosives
(6)
Affricates
(2)
Nasals
(3)
Fricatives
(9)
Lateral
(1)
Approximants
(3)

9. Plosives
Sound produced with a stricture
of complete closure and
sudden release are called
plosives
Complete closure & sudden
release – active & passive
articulators come into firm
contact with each other – thus
preventing the lung air from
escaping thro’ the mouth
List of plosives
/p/
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/

10. …cont
Affricates
Sounds that are
produced with a
stricture of complete
closure and slow
release
List of Affricates
/t∫/
/d3/
Nasals
Sounds that are
articulated with the
stricture of complete
oral closure
List of Nasals
/m/
/n/
/ŋ/

11. Fricatives
Sounds that are
produced with the
stricture of close
approximation (active
articulator is brought
close to passive
articulator – very
narrow gap and lung
air escapes thro’ it )
List of Fricatives
/f/
/v/
/θ/
/ð/
/s/
/z/
/ʃ/
/3/
/h/

12. …cont
Lateral
Partial closure – sounds
that are articulated with
a stricture of complete
closure in the centre of
vocal tract but with the
air escaping along the
sides of the tongue
without any friction are
called laterals
Lateral - /l/
Approximants
Open approximation –
sound that are articulated
with a stricture of open
approximation are called
semi vowels or
frictionless continuants
List of approximants
/r/
/j/
/w/

13. /p/
During the articulation of this consonant
The soft palate is raised
The nasal passage is shut off
Lips contact with each other
Vocal cords are kept wide apart
Stricture involved is complete closure and
sudden release (manner)
Therefore /p/ is a voiceless bilabial plosive

14. Consonant chart

15. Examples
/p/ - pit, park, pull
/b/ - bit, bark, bull
/t/ - ten, tan, tune
/d/ - do, den, done
/k/ - cave, cap, class
/g/ - gave, girl, gap
/t∫/ - cheer, choice, chin
/d3/ - joke, gin, jest
/m/ - him, lamp, limp
/n/ - won, tin, send
/ŋ/ - sing, rang, sung
/f/ - feel, fast, fan
/v/ - vast, very, van
/θ/ - thin, think, thank
/ð/ - then, this, that
/s/ - sink, said, swan
/z/ - zinc, zone, zed
/ʃ/ - show, short, mesh
/3/ - vision, rouge, closure
/h/ - heart, hare, her
/l/ - leaf, learn, late
/r/ - read, rule, run
/j/ - yard, yacht, yet
/w/ - watch, wet, white

16. Description
/p/ - voiceless bilabial plosive
/b/ - voiced bilabial plosive
/t/ - voiceless alveolar plosive
/d/ - voiced alveolar plosive
/k/ - voiceless velar plosive
/g/ - voiced velar plosive
Assignment
/t∫/ -
/d3/ -
/m/ -
/n/ -
/ŋ/ -
/f/ -
/v/ -
/θ/ -
/ð/ -
/s/ -
/z/ -
/ʃ/ -
/3/ -
/h/ -
/l/ -
/r/ -
/j/ -
/w/ -

17. The End