This presentation is made completely by me. All of the content is mine with the exception of the graphic which was pulled from Freeman & Freeman, 2004. Other pictures like this are easily found in the literature.
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2. What is phonology?
○ The study of sounds used by speakers of a
particular language
○ Examples of |t| in English
○ “tie” →[tʰa͡ ɪ]
○ “butter” → [ˈbʌɾɚ]
○ “stop” → [stap̚ ]
○ “cut” → [kʰʌt̚ ] or [kʰʌʔ]
3. What is a phoneme?
○ A sound that makes a difference in meaning
in a language
○ Example: /p/ and /b/ in “pet” and “bet”
○ English has about 40 phonemes
5. English Vowels
○ Produced with no obstruction to airflow in the
vocal tract
○ English has 15 vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Tense Lax Tense Lax Tense Lax
High i (beet) ɪ (bit) u (boot) ʊ (book)
Mid ɛ (bet) ʌ (but) ə (about) ɔ (bought)
Low æ (bat) ɑ (pot)
Diphthongs eɪ (bait), aɪ (bite), aʊ (bout), oʊ (boat), oɪ (boy)
6. English vowels - lax
○ 6 “lax” vowels (i.e., “short” vowels)
○ Low relative muscle tension
Front Central Back
High ɪ (bit) ʊ (book)
Mid ɛ (bet) ə (about) ɔ (bought)
Low æ (bat)
7. English Vowels - tense
○ 5 “tense” vowels (i.e., “long” vowels)
○ Higher relative muscle tension
Front Central Back
High i (beet) u (boot)
Mid ʌ (but)
Low æ (bat) ɑ (pot)
8. Diphthongs
○ Consisting of a tense (i.e., “long”) vowel and a
lax (i.e., “short”) vowel
Diphthongs eɪ (bait), aɪ (bite), aʊ (bout), oʊ (boat), oɪ (boy)
9. “R-controlled” vowels
○ Vowels that are followed by an /r/ (e.g., “car”,
“Oregon”, “urn”, “ear”, “lure” and “air”)
○ Some consider these as separate vowels
10. English Consonants
○ English has about 24 consonant phonemes
○ Best described by:
○ Placement: where the sound is produced (e.g., /b/ vs. /d/
vs. /g/)
○ Manner: how it is produced (e.g., /d/ vs. /n/)
○ Voicing: whether it is voiced of voiceless (e.g., /z/ vs. /s/)
Bilabial
Labio-
dental
Inter-
dental
Alveolar
Palato-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Stops
Voiceless p t k
Voiced b d g
Fricatives
Voiceless f θ s ʃ h
Voiced v ð z ʒ
Affricates
Voiceless tʃ
Voiced dʒ
Nasals Voiced m n ŋ
Laterals Voiced l
Approximants Voiced w ɹ j
11. English consonants - stops
○ Formed by completely stopping the air in the vocal tract
and then releasing air
Bilabial
Labio-
dental
Inter-
dental
Alveolar
Palato-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Stops
Voiceless p t k
Voiced b d g
12. English consonants - fricatives
○ Formed by constricting the airflow in the vocal
tract without completely obstructing the flow
Bilabial
Labio-
dental
Inter-
dental
Alveolar
Palato-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Fricatives
Voiceless f θ s ʃ h
Voiced v ð z ʒ
13. English consonants - affricates
○ Formed by briefly stopping the air and then
releasing it with some frication
Bilabial
Labio-
dental
Inter-
dental
Alveolar
Palato-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Affricates
Voiceless tʃ
Voiced dʒ
14. English consonants - nasals
○ Produced by stopping the air in the oral cavity and
lowering the velum so the airflow passes through the
nasal cavity
Bilabial
Labio-
dental
Inter-
dental
Alveolar
Palato-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals Voiced m n ŋ
15. English consonants - laterals
○ “l” sound
○ Very little obstruction to air flow
Bilabial
Labio-
dental
Inter-
dental
Alveolar
Palato-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Laterals Voiced l
16. English consonants - approximants
○ Produced with very little constriction of the air
passage, similar to a vowel
○ Also called “semi vowels”
Bilabial
Labio-
dental
Inter-
dental
Alveolar
Palato-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Approximants Voiced w ɹ j
17. References
○ Freeman, D. E. & Freeman, Y. S. (2004).
Essential linguistics: What you need to know
to teach reading, ESL, Spelling, Phonics,
Grammar. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
![What is phonology?
○ The study of sounds used by speakers of a
particular language
○ Examples of |t| in English
○ “tie” →[tʰa͡ ɪ]
○ “butter” → [ˈbʌɾɚ]
○ “stop” → [stap̚ ]
○ “cut” → [kʰʌt̚ ] or [kʰʌʔ]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)