Phil history and pre spanish era

WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY
✣GEOGRAPHY comes from
the words “GEO” or earth and
“GRAPHEIN” or document.
✣ We can therefore say that
geography is the study of the
history of our planet.

THEORIES ON OUR ORIGINS:
✣ ancient tales told in song
and verse
✣theories based on studies
made by scholars

THEORIES ON OUR ORIGINS:
✣ The Sky, the Sea and the Bird

THEORIES ON
OUR ORIGINS:
✣theories based
on studies made
by scholars

THEORIES ON
OUR ORIGINS:
✣is the movement of
the Earth's continents
relative to each other,
thus appearing to
"drift" across the
ocean bed

NATIONAL
TERRITORY
7,107 islands

3 MAJOR ISLAND
GROUP
✣Luzon
✣Visayas
✣Mindanao

ARCHIPELAGIC
DOCTRINE AND THE
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC
ZONE

✣Archipelagic doctrine –
defines the area covered by the
country’s territory, sets its
boundaries and recognizes the
power of government over the
natural resources within its
domain.

SIGNING OF UNCLOS
✣December 10, 1982
– member countries of the United Nations
signed the UN Convention on the Law of the
Sea in Jamaica. The members agreed on the
following guidelines:
1. A 12-mile line setting the extent of the territorial sea.
2. A 200-mile economic zone from the basic territorial
line.

The Philippine is part
of the Southeast Asia.
It is bounded on the
east by the Philippine
sea, on the south by
Sulu and Celebes sea
and on the west by
West Philippine Sea
and on the north by
Bashi Channel.
LOCATION

It is the only
Southeast Asian
country with no land
borders with its
neighbors.
LOCATION

LOCATION
241 km. from Taiwan
14.4 km from Tawi-
Tawi

THE TERRITORIAL DISPUTE OVER
SABAH AND SPRATLYS
The Philippines is involved in two territorial
dispute with other countries:
✣The country’s claim over Sabah on North
Borneo near the southernmost tip of Tawi-
Tawi;
✣The country’s claim at Spratly’s group of
Islands in the West Philippine Sea.

SABAH AND SPRATLYS

The country’s claim over Sabah on North
Borneo near the southernmost tip of
Tawi-Tawi;
✣The formal
claim of Sabah was
initiated by Pres.
Diosdado
Macapagal when
Malaysia was
founded as a new
nation in 1963

Tawi-Tawi;
✣The Sabah was
part of Sultanate
of Brunei
✣The Sabah was
given as a gift to
Sultanate of Sulu
for his help in
putting down the
rebellion

Tawi-Tawi;
✣In 1878, an
Australian and British
company leased
Sabah to Sultanate of
Sulu
✣1878-1946,the Co.
paid annual rental fee
of 5,000-5,300
Malaysian dollar

Tawi-Tawi;
✣But in 1946, the
British Colony
claimed possession of
Sabah from the
company thus it
became part of
Federated States of
Malaysia

SABAH AND SPRATLYS
The Philippines is involved in two territorial
dispute with other countries:
✣The country’s claim over Sabah on North
Borneo near the southernmost tip of Tawi-
Tawi;
✣ The country’s claim at Spratly’s Group of
Islands in the West Philippine Sea.

The country’s claim at Spratly’s Group
of Islands in the West Philippine Sea.
✣In 1956 - It was
formally claimed by the
Philippines.
✣It was Pres. Ferdinand
Marcos declared the
Island of Kalayaan as
part of Philippine
territory

✣In January 2013 -
PHILIPPINES filed a case
against China. It states that the
Philippines is seeking a ruling
that declares that claims in in
the South China Sea must
comport with UNCLOS,

✣which would invalidate China’s
nine-dash line; classifies
maritime features occupied by
China as rocks, low tide
elevations, or submerged banks,
but not islands; and declares the
Philippines’ right to operate
inside of its EEZ and continental
shelf as outlined by UNCLOS
without Chinese harassment

✣Oct. 29, 2015 –
“AWARD ON
JURISDICTION AND
ADMISSIBILITY”
Arbitral Tribunal
unanimously held it had
jurisdiction to hear and
decide the case filed by the
Philippines against China.

✣Rainy season –
begins in June
and ends in
November
✣Dry season
– from
December to May
CLIMATE

The country is affected by two wind pattern:
✣Southwest monsoon or habagat – blown
from June to September
✣Northeast monsoon or amihan – blown
from October through April
CLIMATE

CLIMATE
✣In 2001 - PAG-ASA
BEGAN USING NEW
SETS OF CYCLONE
NAMES. Four sets of
25 names were to be
rotated annually. This
means that the set for
2002 will be re-used
in 2006.

Environment Awareness
and attitudes
✣According to anthropologist,
geography affects behavior and
attitudes as well as environmental
awareness.

OTHER EXAMPLES OF THE EFFECTS OF
GEOGRAPHY ON LIFESTYLE OR LIVELIHOOD
OF PEOPLE
1. Number of dialects spoken by different
ethnic and indigenous communities
2. Various way of cooking and preparing
food
3. Craftsmanship only indigenous to the
place like boat making skills of Muslims
and knife making of Batanguenos

OTHER EXAMPLES OF THE EFFECTS OF
GEOGRAPHY ON LIFESTYLE OR LIVELIHOOD
OF PEOPLE
3. Differences in dress, architechture and
arts particularly in dance and song.
4. Kinds of products for livelihood in various
places

Administrative
Regions in the
Philippines
17
Administrativ
e Regions

What is ARCHEOLOGY
✣It is the study of fossils,
artifacts, and other
remains of ancient
communities so we can
understand the beginnings
and development of
humankind.

The first Settlers of the
Philippines
1. AETAS/NEGRITOS
- the first settlers who
arrived in the country
according to H. Otley
Beyer between 12,000 to
15,000 years ago.

Philippines
✣AETAS/NEGRITOS
- they came through the
Philippines through land
bridges and by the waves –
one big groups at a time
and in different eras.
- They were darkened
skins, small, curly hair,
thick lips and flat noses.

Philippines
2. Indonesians
- second aborigines/inhabitant
- They were tall, white and straight hair groups
and with little technical know-how – build bancas,
built houses from light materials. There were two
waves – First, wave were called Indonese A from a
Mongolian who came arounf 3000 BC while
Indonese B arrived around 1000 BC

Philippines
3. Malays
Most advance
civilization among the
three. They came
around 200 BC from
Borneo through their
water transportation
called balangay.

Philippines
3. Malays
They were famous
head-hunting, brown,
regular in height,
straight hair, flat nose
and strict to obey their
tradition and practices.

The tabon caves
✣The first settlement in
the islands were the
people who lived in
caves in Lipuun Point in
quezon, Palawan.
✣Between 1962 – 1966
Archeologist Robert B.
Fox found 29 caves in
that area.

The tabon caves
✣The caves
established that
there were people
in the islands
from 8,500 –
30,500 years ago.
.

The tabon
caves
✣He named Tabon
after the birds that
lived in them.

The tabon caves
✣manunggul jar

The Barangay as Seacraft
According to spanish
documents and
dictionaries written in the
16th and 17th centuries,
the word BARANGAY
refers to a community
and also a type of seacraft
headed by a Datu.

The Barangay as Community
✣ our ancient
settlements were
kinship-based.
✣Most are found
along coasts or rivers.
✣Inland settlement
were found at the
mouth of rivers and
lake

Features of Barangay as
Community:
✣ money was not in use as trade was done
through barter or an exchange of goods.
✣There were no roads or wheel-driven land
transport as rivers and seas were main
transportation routes.
✣There were no large infrastracture or
monumentary architecture built by
indigenous technology.

Features of Barangay as
Community:
✣ There were no temples or huge churches
because early filipinos believed in native spirits
which inhabited natural space such as groves or
mountains.
✣There was no building used solely for political
assemblies.
✣The barangay was composed of families and
had not reached a high level of political
organization

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
How would I have looked like
then?
According to Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian chronicler of the
Magellan voyage described Rajah Kolambu and his house:
“Pieces of gold, the size of a walnuts and eggs are found by
sifting the earth in the island of that King who came to our
ship. All the dishes of that King are of gold and also some
portion of his house, as we were told by that King himself.
According to their customs, he was very finely decked out
and was the finest looking man that we saw among those
people.

then?
His hair was exceedingly black and hung to his shoulders. He
wore a large silk covering on his head and two large golden
earrings were fastened on his ears. He wore cotton cloth all
embroidered with silk, which covered him from waist to his
knees. At his side hung a dagger, the shaft of which was
somewhat long and all of gold and its scabbard of carved
wood. He had three spots of gold on each tooth and his teeth
appeared to be bound with gold. He was perfumed with
storax and benzoin. He was tawny and painted all over. That
island of his was called Butuan and Calagan… The name of
the first king is Raia Colambu…

then?

Body Ornaments
✣Body ornaments of
ancient Filipinos were
permanently embedded. In
most cases, special
ceremonies were held for
people undergoing the
painful process of
enhancing their features
with body ornaments.
Because of this, people who
wore body ornaments were
considered especial.

Decorative Dentistry
One of the valuable
artifacts found by
archeologist was a skull
from Bolinao,
Pangasinan dated 14th to
15th century:
✣The teeth’s gold filling
were shaped like fish
scales. Gold was worn by
rich and brave for gold
was considered as most
valuable metal in those
times.

One of the valuable artifacts
found by archeologist was a
skull from Bolinao, Pangasinan
dated 14th to 15th century:
✣Some ancient Filipinos also
filled their teeth to make them
long and pointed which they
believed made them beautiful.
Sometimes they would fill their
teeth in half to make them easier
to bite and chew food.

One of the valuable
artifacts found by
archeologist was a skull
from Bolinao, Pangasinan
dated 14th to 15th century:
✣Betel was also chewed to
strengthen teeth. The
resulting red or black color
was also considered
beautiful.

Tattooing
✣It was considered as mark of
bravery.
✣Not all men could have
tattoos for these were only
given to those who had been in
combat. Tattoos thus indicated
status and military prowess.
✣Women could also have
tattoos but these were usually
on their hands. They believe
that only those with tattoos
could enter the afterlife.

Molding of Heads
Archeologists found several
skulls which were twisted or
distorted in Labay,
Marinduque, Samar, Cebu,
Bohol, Surigao, Butuan and
Davao.
Molding of the heads, like
jewelry, was one way of the
early Filipinos saw beauty.

Other Body Ornaments
✣Men and women wore earrings. They
were seen more beautiful when they
wore more earrings.
✣Men and women also wear bracelets on
arms and even on thigh made of precious
stones, gold, turtle shells and pearl.
✣ Men and women wore their hair long.
They applied coconut oil in their hair to
make it more shiny and fragrant.

Farming
✣Filipinos planted and
harvested rice even
before the use of plow
and carabao.
✣Our ancestors knew
how to irrigate their rice
fields to ensure bountiful
harvest.

Fishing
✣Our ancestors fished in seas, rivers and lakes.
They used harpoons to catch large fishes.

Fishing
✣Fishing are
usuallyone at
night because fish
are attracted to
moonlight and
torches of the
fisherman.

Special Occupations:
✣Metalworkers in gold,
silvers and other precious
metals. They made
weapons and household
tools.
✣Carpenters built house
and boat without nails
✣Artisans made large
water jars and containers

Trade
✣Trade was regularly
done during TABU –
the days in a week
when buyers and
sellers met to
exchange local and
foreign goods in one
designated place in
the community.

Barter
✣Money was not used in
trade since only products
were exchanged in the
marketplace. E.g. bulk of
rice can be exchanged in
several meters of abacca.
✣Usually the chieftain
controlled the trading of
goods in his territory.

Foreign Trade
✣Barter trade was also done with
communities in Southeast Asia and China.
✣From China, traders brought porcelain, silk
and other expensive products.
✣Filipinos exchanged forest products like
wax, honey, deer skin, carabao, horns, pearls
and other sea produced products.
✣Slaves were also bartered in these
transactions.
✣Trading ships were registered and paid tax
to the barangay chief.

Datu, Freemen and Slave
There were three social positions in each
community:
✣Datu
✣Freemen – or the Timawa or maharlika
in the Tagalog
✣Slave or uripun

There were three social
positions in each
community:
✣Datu – meant the
leader or a person with
followers

There were three social
positions in each
community:
✣Freemen – or the
Timawa or maharlika in
the Tagalog

There were three
social positions in each
community:
✣Slave or uripun –
Alipin

The Datu and Governance
✣The datu was
expected to lead and
govern his community
✣He was obliged to
solve problems in the
barangay,
✣protect his subjects
from enemies
✣lead them in battle.

The Datu and Governance
✣In exchange, the
datu was paid in
services and taxes by
his people.
✣As judge, he heard
and decided on cases
in public.

Three characteristics of
power of Datu:
✣His authority was
founded on wealth
✣ The number of slaves he
owns
✣His physical or fighting
prowess.

Warfare, Warriors and Weapons
✣One of the qualities of the ancient barangay is
its capabilities to wage war.

Warfare, Warriors and Weapons
Reason for War
1. Attacks by other barangay
2. Betrayal or failure to abide by
agreement and alliances
3. Swindling or cheating of traders
of allied barangay
4. Killing or robbing by an outsider
from another barangay and
5. Revenge

Raid and Attacks
✣Slaves and loot taken from
a raid in barangay benefited
everyone, especially the datu
who led the attack.
✣There are times were raid
are done for adventure by
the datu who entice his
subjects to join him by
offering the share of the
loot.

Weapons
✣They wove a baluti or
armor made of carabao
leather or thick abaca
braid.
✣Visayan warrior had
full body tattoos to
scare their enemies.
Their tattoos extended
up to their eyelids.

The main
weapons are:
✣Knives
✣Daggers
✣Swords
✣Spears
✣Blowpipes

Peace Agreements
Among Barangays
✣A peace pact was only
possible with a blood
compact
✣The agreement is only
between the Datus and
not between barangays.

Peace Agreements
Among Barangays
Blood compact
- is the act which
formalizes a peace
agreement between two
leaders representing rival
or warring group.

Anito
is an idol that is the
subject of worship.
✣Our ancestors
worship god and
goddesses. They are
good and just people.
✣They pray for
bountiful harvest,
health and fortune.

Anito
✣They also believed that Gods
are also giver of sickness and bad
luck in their lives
✣They also believe in life after
death
✣They worship soul of our
ancestors. They made offering
to appease them.

Worship
✣Worship may be done in
any place – in the house in
the cemetery or by a
stream.
✣Rituals are done
according to petition of
those praying (e.g.
bountiful harvest, victory
in war, newly married

Babaylan
in the Viasayas, Babaylan
or Katalonan in Tagalog, is
the person in the barangay
whose function is to hold
rituals particularly
offerings to the spirit.
✣They could be a male,
female or asog/bayugin
(gay)

Babaylan
✣They were the
mediators/medium who
communicated to the spirit.
✣They led rituals in the
barangay for childbirth,
wedding, and burials.
✣They knew all the diseases
and hexes (kulam)

Burials
✣Because of their belief in the
afterlife and in the worship of
ancestors, many barangays
gave importance in the
preparation of their dead.
✣They practiced secondary
burial (e.g. manunggul jar)
✣They are dressed up with
jewelries and other
possessions were buried with
them.

Burials
✣They are dressed up with jewelries and other
possessions were buried with them.

Writing
✣Baybayin or
Alibata – is an
early Filipino
hand writing
system which
was used for
records or
messages.

Writing
Three artifacts that contain Filipino
writing:
✣Cooking pot in Calatagan, Batangas
✣Silver paleograph found in Butuan
✣Laguna copperplate

Writing
Three artifacts that
contain Filipino
writing:
1. Cooking pot in
Calatagan, Batangas

Writing
contain Filipino
writing:
2. Silver paleograph
found in Butuan

Writing
contain Filipino
writing:
3. Laguna
copperplate

The SULTANATE SYSTEM
✣It is the centralized
government headed
by a sultan. It has
power over different
barangays led by
datus in its territory.

The sultan
✣Sultan is the “shadow of
Allah on earth”.
✣He is not only a political
leader but also a religious
leader.
✣He is responsible in all
schools teaching the
Koran.
✣The sultan is also the
chief trader.

Islam
- Derived from the
Arab word
“Salema”
meaning peace,
submission or
obedience.

Tarsilah
- Records the beginnings of Islam in
Maguindanao, in Central Mindanao,
with the arrival of Sharif Awliya from
Johore in Malaysia around 1460.

The Tarsilah Stone, the Brunei people commonly call batu bersurat

Five Pillars of Islam
1. Shahada – this is the declaration of
their faith by reciting the basic creed of
Islam
2. Salat – this is the ritual prayer a
Muslim must observe five ties
everyday. This is done at dawn,
noon, mid-afternoon, sunset and
nightfall.

3. Saum – This is the 30-day fasting from
food and drink from sunrise to sunset
during the holy month of Ramadan.
Fasting includes abstinence from sexual
relation.
4. Zakat – This is the compulsary
donation for the poor, disaster victims,
the sick and the needy.

5. Hajj – This is the pilgrimage to the
Holy City of Mecca in Saudi Arabia. Each
Muslim, man or woman must go on a
pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his
lifetime.

IN THE LATTER PART
OF 15TH century

MERCANTILIST
ECONOMY
✣ a type of
economic
system primarily
based on trading

By 1480,
Portuguese
Control Route
from Africa

Granada, Spain 1492,
Granada fell
to the
unified
Christian
Kingdom of
Spain

Reconquista
a series of
campaigns by
Christian states
to recapture
territory from
the Muslims
(Moors)

“Catholic Kings”
Queen
Isabel of
Castile and
King
Ferdinand
of Aragon

SPAIN EXPEDITION TO
THE PHILIPPINES

Queen Isabel
of castile
✣Who was also
called “La Catolica”
wanted to bring the
Christianity beyond
Spanish shores.

✣Queen Isabel
funded the
expedition of
Columbus who
discovered
America in the
same year as the
Spanish victory at
Granada in 1492.

FERDINAND
MAGELLAN
✣Was born in Portugal
in 1480 at Sabrosa,
Portugal, to a family of
minor Portuguese
nobility
✣In 1519, he set sail from
Spain with 5 ships and
around 250 men.

5 SHIPS OF MAGELLAN
✣Magellan commanded the lead ship
1. Trinidad
and was accompanied by four other ships:
2. the San Antonio,
3. the Conception,
4. the Victoria, and
5. the Santiago

enrique
✣A malay slave
believe to be a native
of Spice Islands that
served as a translator
and guide for the
expedition

March 16, 1521,
Magellan and his
crew landed on
become part of
Spain's farthest
colony – the
Philippines.

✣“ A day break on Saturday,
March 16, 521, we reached a high
piece of land 300 leagues from
the island of Latroni - an island
called Zamal (Samar). The
following day, the captain
wanted to set sail for an
unhabitant island, that lay to the
right of the said island, to search
for fresh water and to rest”

✣“On the afternoon of Monday, March
18, we saw a ship approaching us
carrying 6 men on board. When they
reached the shore, their leader approached
the captain and we were given a warm
welcome. We became close to those men.

“They introduced themselves, and they
gave us the name of the other islands that
could be seen from where we were. Their
own island, which was not that big was
called Zuluan”
- Antonio Pigafetta

✣On April 27, 1521,
Magellan's ships docked
in Sugbu (Cebu).
Magellan were able to
befriend Raja
Humabon.

Raja Humabon,
his wife and his
followers were
among the first
Filipino to
convert to
Christianity.

“Not long after, Magellan
focused his attention on the
nearby island of Mactan
where two warring chiefs,
Zula and Lapu-Lapu lived”

The
Victoria
The last remaining
shift of Magellan
expedition to
return in Spain at
Seville on
September 22,
1522.

The
Victoria
From the original
crew of 250 only 18
survived and return
to Spain under the
leadership of
Sebastian Elcano.

Magellan
Expedition
Is considered as one of
the most important
voyages in all of
history. The expedition
proved that the world
was indeed round and
that there were other
places in the east to
explore and conquer.

LOAISA EXPEDITION (1523-1536)
✣Headed by Juan Garcia
Jofre de Loaisa
✣The expedition reached
Mindanao and Moluccas.
✣ Had difficulty returning
to Europe and were only
able to reach Spain in 1536
by surrendering to their
traditional enemies, - the
Portuguese.

LOAISA EXPEDITION (1523-1536)
✣The Augustinian Friar
Andres de Urdaneta
was part of this expedition.
✣He stayed in Moluccas
for 8 years as prisoner or
dependent of one of the
local chief before
surrendering to
Portuguese.

SAAVEDRA EXPEDITION (1527-1529)
✣headed by Alvaro
Saavedra Ceron.
✣Sailed with three ships
namely:
1. The Espiritu Santo
2. The Santiago
3. La Florida

✣The expedition aims to
rescue the survivors of
the previous expedition
particularly in finding
the Trinidad, - the ship
of Magellan as per order
of King Charles V.

✣They could not make
the return journey to
Spain because of the
monsoon winds.
✣This expedition later
on surrendered to the
Portuguese in the
Moluccas.

Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546)
✣Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
was the captain of this
expedition of six ships.
✣Successfully reached
Mindanao, Sarangani and
Leyte.
✣He called these islands
“Felipinas” after the Crown
Prince of Spain, Prince
Philip II.

LEGASPI Expedition (1542-1546)
✣Headed by Miguel
Lopez de Legaspi together
with navigator Andres de
Urdaneta
✣Legazpi is considered to
be the Adelantado: the
first Spanish conquistador
in the Philippines.

✣Upon reaching
Philippines, Legaspi
order Urdaneta to find
a route that would take
them to Mexico
without passing the
Portuguese territory.

✣From his many
years of living in
Moluccas, Urdaneta
understood the
behavior of the sea
and monsoon wind.

✣October 8, 1565,
they successfully
found a route
through the
Pacific Ocean
from the
Philippines to
Acapulco.

✣Martin de Goiti one
of his captain soon
brought word of
progressive and
strategic port city north
of Cebu. This was
Manila – center for the
Brunei-China-Europe
Trade.

LEGASPI
Expedition
✣Raja Soliman was the
chief of the thriving
community in Manila.
✣At first he befriend
the Spaniards while
also preparing his
troops.

✣After a few weeks, in
Battle of Bangkusay,
Raja Soliman and other
chiefs of Pampanga
and other nearby areas
once again engaged in
battles with Spaniards.
LEGASPI
Expedition

✣The Spaniards were
victorious in their
attempt to fully take over
Manila.
✣Able to get support
from other chiefs such as
Lakandula of Tondo and
Raja Matanda, Soliman’s
uncle.
LEGASPI
Expedition

✣On June 24, 1571,
Legazpi founded the city
of Manila upon the
former outpost of Raja
Soliman, officially
establishing the Spanish
colony in the Philippines
with himself as the first
Governor-General.

✣However he died soon and
the post was passed on to
one of his men, Guido de
Lavezaris.
✣Guido de Lavezaris was
the second Spanish
Governor General of the
Philippines. He succeeded
Miguel López de Legazpi in
1572 as governor.

Phil history and pre spanish era

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