Onofre D. Corpuz was a writer and educator born in Camiling, Tarlac who served as Secretary of Education from 1968-1971 and 1979-1983. He was also the 13th President of the University of the Philippines from 1975-1979. Some of his notable publications focused on Philippine history and the roots of the Filipino nation. The document then outlines the economic and social transformations of the Philippines from the pre-colonial era under small indigenous barangays, through the Spanish colonial period under the encomienda system and pueblo structure, the disruption of the Philippine-American War, and the development of a dual economy under American rule.

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2. ONOFRE D. CORPUZ
• A writer born in Camiling, Tarlac.
• He became the Secretary of Education from
1968-1971 and 1979-1983.
• He was the 13th UP President from 1975-
1979.
Source:
http://bayangmatangkilik.multiply.com/journal/item/82/ONOFRE_D._CORPUZ
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3. Some of his publications include:
1. The Roots of the Filipino Nation
2. National Glories: The Events of 1872 (editor)
3. Historia de Uno de los Iniciadores de la
Revolucion Filipina (english translator)
4. Keeping the Spirit of 1896 alive
5. Saga and triumph: The Filipino Revolution
against Spain
6. An Economic History of the Philipines
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4. OUTLINE:
• 1565: Pre-colonial Native Society
• 1570+300: Spanish Colonization
• 1896-1903: War Economy
• 1900-1940: The American Enterprise
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6. 1565: PRE-COLONIAL NATIVE SOCIETY
A little bit over half a million population (J.F. del Pan,
Revista de Filipinas) – number is questionable
because:
1. It’s hard to count in an archipelago
2. These are just the “tribute-paying” natives (tributary
population)
3. Parish or pueblo population by the friars which warns
omissions
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7. • Southeast Asia was penetrated by China, India,
and Arabia by trade and small percentage of
migrations. In all of it, religion went hand in hand
with trade and politics.
• Islam went upwards, towards the outskirts of
Visayas, Palawan, Batangas up until Tondo-
Manila.
• No native writings, thus no native accounts of
economy or politics. Even the Tarsila of the
Sultante of Sulu or Maguindanao.
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8. BARANGAY
• Native Indigenous settlement
• According to Juan de Plasencia, the name was derived
from the vessel that carried founding group in the
island.
• Barangay culture was the form of indigenous
governance.
• Small because the organizing principle was kinship.
• Existence of particularism as illustrated by the
hundred of languages spoken even up to the modern
times.
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9. • Economy of the barangay was closely linked to water.
• Technology: Boat-making, pottery, ornament –making,
spinning and weaving, fish corral, fowl, swine, goat-
raising, fermentation, rice culture.
• Governance by the datu
• No record of inter-barangay trade.
• No coinage, just barter.
• The archipelago was not a regular participant in the
Southeast Asian trade, and did not supply high-value
exotics, except for Jolo which supplied pearls and
slaves.
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11. 1570+300: SPANISH COLONIZATION
• The small barangays easily fell to the Spanish
conquistadors.
• Radical transformation of the pre-conquest
barangay society, ie. Native barangay
population had declined.
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12. RECOPILACION DE LEYES DE LOS REYNOS DE
LAS INDIAS
- laws on Spanish possession. It declared that
because of the cost of voyage and discovery,
and all the expenses and support of the
regime and church establishment in the
Indias, the tributes formerly given to the datus
are now to be given to the king. In addition,
the conquistadors who supported the king are
rewarded through the tribute system.
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13. • Unsatisfactory awardees – awards were given
to the conquistadors in Maguindanao and
Jolo, but the districts were still unconquered.
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14. PUEBLO SYSTEM
• communities of the natives organized by the
Spaniards, much larger than the old barangay.
• Has 500 families
• Has squarish plaza at the center with the church,
convent, town hall and the houses
• The idea is to keep the natives in and they must have
adequate food and in addition, they are made to
produce surpluses for their colonizers.
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15. • Pueblo lands, a new land system where each
family has a house and strip of fields around
their residential area.
• Full-employment for the natives in agriculture,
and they were required to utilize their lands by
raising livestock.
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16. PUEBLO LAND TECHNOLOGY
• The carabao was broken in and taught to pull
the plow and the harrow
• The plow was of Fukienese design
• Plowmaking was made a monopoly
• Friars desiminated the new technology by
bringing trained farmers and their families
with them when they transferred to other
parishes.
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17. …PUEBLO LAND TECHNOLOGY
Thus, the pueblo system and pueblo agriculture
combined to produce a profound socio-
economic transformation: Pueblo families
were all reduced to one occupational class.
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18. HACIENDAS
• Haciendas of today (or at least for some)
came from the huge land grants awarded by
the king to the Church friar order, lay persons,
conquistadors and the people who were good
to the king.
• Friars built manor houses built on the estate.
• They brought natives and their families and
Chinese meztisos as workers.
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19. HACIENDAS
• These haciendas later on became pueblos.
• The farmers were called inquilinos or renters.
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21. TRIBUTE
• Basic contribution
• Rate was 8 reales (12.5 per real)
• Exempted: gobernadorcillo, cabezas, soldiers, sick
and the cripples, those whose crops failed during the
year, 60 years old and over.
• Commodities that went into the tribute were generally
food and provisions: rice or palay, salt, chicken, eggs,
meat, swine, liquor.
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22. POLO Y SERVICIOS
• This system designated the natives or qoutas
of men to do compulsory labor services.
• Usually domestic services in the house of
encomendero.
• Men are ordered to be of service as bearers or
rowers or fighting men and get a daily rice
ration in exchange for their services.
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23. DOMESTIC TRADE
1. Legal – Chinese and the lay Spanish
encomenderos
2. Prohibited by law – comprised of the trading
of the friars and provincial alcaldes
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24. GALLEON TRADE
• Trade of Chinese and Spanish through Manila
as a funnel.
• 2 galleons were allowed to sail from Manila
each year with a cargo not exceeding 250,00
pesos each
• 1813 the Galleon Trade officially ended
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25. FOREIGN TRADE
There is no produce in foreign trade. So the
economy was shaped by:
1. The archaic institution of the king’s estate
2. The conditions of land tenure and pueblo
agriculture
3. The serious decline in the work force through
a protracted loss in the tributary population
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26. 1835 – Manila opened to trade of all nations without
restrictions.
1844 – The rich natives and the mestizos took over the
lead role in domestic trade
- Trade were limited to agricultural produce
1863 – annual 40 days of polo was decrease to 24.
- Foreigners were allowed to reside and engage in any
occupation
1884 – tribute was replaced by fees paid for identity –
cedula
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27. DUAL ECONOMY
• because of the absence of strong
manufacturing and industry sector, agriculture
and land divided the society and economy into
poverty sector and rich class.
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29. 1896-1903: WAR ECONOMY
Four wars broke:
1. Christian Filipino revolution against Spain
2. Spanish-American war
3. US began the hostilities in the Christian Filipino-
American War on 1899
4. US against the Muslim Filipinos in Mindanao from
1899-1912
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30. “The fighting men were overwhelmingly rural
workers, small farmers, hacienda tenants ”
“The delivery of provincial produce and the
businesses servicing the export and import
trade ground to a halt and the ports were
closed”
“Fighting in the provinces disrupted local
economies”
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31. “In scores of provinces the cedula and other
taxes could not be collected”
“The friar haciendas were taken over and thus
disposed landless families, the kasama and
the tulisan”
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32. ECONOMIC DISLOCATION!
• Severest dislocations were in pueblo
agriculture.
• The carabao, disappeared and was reported
to have been slaughtered for food.
• Rice output became only 25% of the pre-war
output
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33. POLITICAL ECONOMY
“no formal national and provincial
administrative experience during the
Spanish era”
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34. KATIPUNAN
• Secret society by the Filipinos
• Evolved as a grouping of pueblo chapters loosely
united at the provincial level.
• The organizing factor was the common goal which is
independence.
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35. MAJOR <MAJOR> MOVE!
1. The autonomy and authority of the people to manage
their own affairs and resources
2. Taxation of domestic trade was adopted a rational
fiscal and economic policy
3. A modern cadastral system with titling and registration
was designated and a land reform policy adopted
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36. • A new approach in land was historically
necessary and inevitable since the fighting
men were just disposed from their holdings
by the friar haciendas.
• The 1899 Consti settled the issue on friar
hacienda that “all the lands, buildings and
other properties in possession of religious
corporations in these islands will be deemed
to the Filipino”
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38. INSULAR GOVERNMENT
• The US’ occupation government in Manila.
• The main item on its agenda is the expansion of
American trade in the Philippines by making the Phil a
market for US exports and a source of cheap raw
materials for its industry
• The growth of foreign trade from P63 779 640 in
1985 to P515 995 136 in 1940 wade the country
subject to sharp economic changes
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39. • Filipino participation in the government as
political leaders
• A modern civil service was established.
<yaaay! >
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40. REVENUE SYSTEM
• The obligatory contribution from the Spanish friars
were abolished.
• The absolute autonomy of provincial and municipal
governments in fiscal administration was given.
1. Land tax
2. Customs revenues
3. Local government revenues
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