The document provides information about Philippine geography and history. It discusses theories about the origins of the Philippines, including the theory that it was once part of a lost continent called Lemuria. It also describes the archipelago's climate, regions, natural resources, and important historical places. The document then discusses the origins of the Filipino people and different migration theories about how the earliest inhabitants arrived in the islands.
Region 7, located in central Visayas, consists of four provinces - Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, and Siquijor. With a total land area of 15,875 sq km and population of over 6.3 million people, it is the 5th most populous region in the Philippines. The dominant language is Cebuano. Notable festivals include religious processions for Santo Niño and the Bugwas Festival in San Juan honoring St. Augustine of Hippo. The region has several prominent universities including University of San Carlos, Cebu Normal College, and University of San Jose-Recoletos.
Region VII in the central Philippines includes four provinces and three highly urbanized cities. It has a total population of over 6 million people, making it the 5th most populous region. The region's economy depends heavily on tourism, with popular attractions including beaches, dive sites, the Chocolate Hills of Bohol, and historical Spanish colonial structures. Cebu City is the largest city and center of commerce in the region.
This document provides information about the province of Surigao del Norte in the Caraga region of the Philippines. Some key details:
- Surigao del Norte is located in northeastern Mindanao, bounded by the Pacific Ocean, Surigao del Sur, Agusan del Norte and the Surigao Strait. Surigao City is the capital.
- The province has vast agricultural lands, thick forests, beaches, lagoons, falls and the largest nickel reserves in the country.
- It was once part of the old Caraga territory and was separated from Surigao del Sur in 1960. The Mamanwa tribe are the dominant indigenous group.
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MIMAROPA is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region IV-B. It is one of two regions in the country having no land border with another region, the other being Eastern Visayas. The name is an acronym combination of its constituent provinces, which are: Mindoro (divided into Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro), Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan. The region is also formally known as the Southern Tagalog Islands.
Calapan City is the regional center. However, most regional government offices such as the Department of Public Works and Highways are in the city of Quezon in Metro Manila.
The region was part of the now-defunct Southern Tagalog region until May 17, 2002.[4] On May 23, 2005, Palawan and the highly urbanized city of Puerto Princesa were moved to the region of Western Visayas by Executive Order No. 429.
However, on August 19, 2005, then-President Arroyo issued Administrative Order No. 129 to hold the earlier EO 429 in abeyance pending a review.
Siquijor is a small island province located in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines. It was once known as the "Island of Fire" due to the glow of fireflies in its trees. The island has a rich history and folklore and is now a popular tourist destination known for its beaches, coral reefs, and marine life. It has six municipalities and is the third smallest province in the country.
MIMAROPA is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region IV-B. It is one of two regions in the country having no land border with another region, the other being Eastern Visayas. The name is an acronym combination of its constituent provinces, which are: Mindoro (divided into Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro), Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan. The region is also formally known as the Southern Tagalog Islands.
Calapan City is the regional center. However, most regional government offices such as the Department of Public Works and Highways are in the city of Quezon in Metro Manila.
The region was part of the now-defunct Southern Tagalog region until May 17, 2002.[4] On May 23, 2005, Palawan and the highly urbanized city of Puerto Princesa were moved to the region of Western Visayas by Executive Order No. 429.
However, on August 19, 2005, then-President Arroyo issued Administrative Order No. 129 to hold the earlier EO 429 in abeyance pending a review.
Central Luzon is located in the northern Philippines and includes the provinces of Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales. The region has diverse ethnic groups including Kapampangans, Aeta, and Tagalogs. It has abundant natural resources and is a major agricultural producer, supplying most of the food for Manila. The top industries are farming, fishing, and mining, though some manufacturing also occurs near Manila. Major crops include rice, sugarcane, corn, fruits, and vegetables. Popular delicacies vary by province but include suman, yema pastillas, and meringue. Each province has its own
Region 7, located in central Visayas, consists of four provinces - Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, and Siquijor. With a total land area of 15,875 sq km and population of over 6.3 million people, it is the 5th most populous region in the Philippines. The dominant language is Cebuano. Notable festivals include religious processions for Santo Niño and the Bugwas Festival in San Juan honoring St. Augustine of Hippo. The region has several prominent universities including University of San Carlos, Cebu Normal College, and University of San Jose-Recoletos.
Region VII in the central Philippines includes four provinces and three highly urbanized cities. It has a total population of over 6 million people, making it the 5th most populous region. The region's economy depends heavily on tourism, with popular attractions including beaches, dive sites, the Chocolate Hills of Bohol, and historical Spanish colonial structures. Cebu City is the largest city and center of commerce in the region.
This document provides information about the province of Surigao del Norte in the Caraga region of the Philippines. Some key details:
- Surigao del Norte is located in northeastern Mindanao, bounded by the Pacific Ocean, Surigao del Sur, Agusan del Norte and the Surigao Strait. Surigao City is the capital.
- The province has vast agricultural lands, thick forests, beaches, lagoons, falls and the largest nickel reserves in the country.
- It was once part of the old Caraga territory and was separated from Surigao del Sur in 1960. The Mamanwa tribe are the dominant indigenous group.
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MIMAROPA is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region IV-B. It is one of two regions in the country having no land border with another region, the other being Eastern Visayas. The name is an acronym combination of its constituent provinces, which are: Mindoro (divided into Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro), Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan. The region is also formally known as the Southern Tagalog Islands.
Calapan City is the regional center. However, most regional government offices such as the Department of Public Works and Highways are in the city of Quezon in Metro Manila.
The region was part of the now-defunct Southern Tagalog region until May 17, 2002.[4] On May 23, 2005, Palawan and the highly urbanized city of Puerto Princesa were moved to the region of Western Visayas by Executive Order No. 429.
However, on August 19, 2005, then-President Arroyo issued Administrative Order No. 129 to hold the earlier EO 429 in abeyance pending a review.
Siquijor is a small island province located in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines. It was once known as the "Island of Fire" due to the glow of fireflies in its trees. The island has a rich history and folklore and is now a popular tourist destination known for its beaches, coral reefs, and marine life. It has six municipalities and is the third smallest province in the country.
MIMAROPA is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region IV-B. It is one of two regions in the country having no land border with another region, the other being Eastern Visayas. The name is an acronym combination of its constituent provinces, which are: Mindoro (divided into Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro), Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan. The region is also formally known as the Southern Tagalog Islands.
Calapan City is the regional center. However, most regional government offices such as the Department of Public Works and Highways are in the city of Quezon in Metro Manila.
The region was part of the now-defunct Southern Tagalog region until May 17, 2002.[4] On May 23, 2005, Palawan and the highly urbanized city of Puerto Princesa were moved to the region of Western Visayas by Executive Order No. 429.
However, on August 19, 2005, then-President Arroyo issued Administrative Order No. 129 to hold the earlier EO 429 in abeyance pending a review.
Central Luzon is located in the northern Philippines and includes the provinces of Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales. The region has diverse ethnic groups including Kapampangans, Aeta, and Tagalogs. It has abundant natural resources and is a major agricultural producer, supplying most of the food for Manila. The top industries are farming, fishing, and mining, though some manufacturing also occurs near Manila. Major crops include rice, sugarcane, corn, fruits, and vegetables. Popular delicacies vary by province but include suman, yema pastillas, and meringue. Each province has its own
This document provides an overview of the MIMAROPA region of the Philippines, which includes the provinces of Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan. It discusses the history, culture, and major tourist attractions of each province. Some of the highlighted attractions include Mount Halcon in Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque Wildlife Sanctuary, Apo Reef in Occidental Mindoro, Romblon Marble Quarry, and Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in Palawan. The document is intended to educate people about the geography, politics, and tourism opportunities in this region of the Philippines.
MIMAROPA is an administrative region of the Philippines located in southern Luzon. It consists of 5 provinces: Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan. MIMAROPA has a tropical climate with wet and dry seasons. The region aims to be the country's food basket and a tourism and industry hub. Key attractions across the provinces include Puerto Galera in Oriental Mindoro, Tamaraw Falls in Mindoro, Paadjao Falls in Marinduque, Cantingas River in Romblon, and the underground river in Palawan. The region produces rice and has natural resources like gas deposits off Palawan.
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) PowerPoint PresentationCarl Michael Jaudian
This document provides information about the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. It was established in 1987 and consists of 6 provinces. The region is located in the mountainous area of northern Luzon and hosts several major rivers. It has natural resources like gold and copper and is a popular tourist destination, known for sites like the Banaue Rice Terraces. The most populous cities in the region are Baguio City and La Trinidad. The document also provides background information on Amador Daguio, a Filipino poet and novelist from the early 20th century.
The document provides information about the MIMAROPA region of the Philippines, including:
1) MIMAROPA was created in 2002 by splitting Region IV into two regions to promote more efficient governance.
2) Calapan City was designated the regional center of MIMAROPA to spur regional development.
3) MIMAROPA has a total land area of 27,455.9 square kilometers and is composed of 5 island provinces.
Davao Region consists of 5 provinces - Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Compostela Valley, and Davao City. The main industries in the region include banana production, coconut, fishing, mining, and agriculture. Davao City is the largest city in the Philippines and is known for its discipline, cleanliness, and bananas. The region was affected by deadly landslides from Typhoon Pablo in 2012.
Eastern Visayas region of the Philippines is composed of 3 main islands - Leyte, Samar, and Biliran. It has a total population of over 4 million people across 6 provinces, 7 cities, and over 4,000 barangays. The main languages spoken are Waray-Waray, Cebuano, and English. The economy is based on agriculture, fishing, mining and tourism, with the region known for its beaches, mountains, hot springs and waterfalls. It was heavily impacted by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.
The document provides information about the Visayas region of the Philippines. It can be summarized as follows:
The Visayas is one of three main geographical divisions of the Philippines, located in the central part of the archipelago. It consists of several islands surrounding the Visayan Sea. The Visayas has three administrative regions - Western Visayas, Central Visayas, and Eastern Visayas. The region has a population of over 11 million and economy based around agriculture, fishing, and tourism. The Visayas has a distinct culture and is home to various ethnic groups with their own languages and traditions.
Central Luzon is an administrative region in the Philippines comprising 7 provinces: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales. It is located north of Manila and is known as the "Rice Granary of the Philippines" as it produces most of the country's rice. The region has a population of over 13 million people and its largest city is San Fernando, Pampanga. The topography varies from coastal plains to inland valleys and mountains. The primary economic activities are agriculture, fishing, and industry.
The document provides information about the MIMAROPA region of the Philippines. Some key details include:
- MIMAROPA stands for Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan and is composed of 5 island provinces.
- It has a total land area of 27,456 sq km and a population of 2.3 million based on 2000 census.
- The region's economy grew by 9.4% in 2007 led by a 19.1% growth in industry sector.
- It is home to indigenous peoples like Mangyans in Mindoro and various ethnic groups in Palawan.
- Major resources and industries include agriculture, fisheries, and tourism based
This document provides information about the CALABARZON region of the Philippines, which includes the provinces of Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, and Rizal. It details the land area, population, capital cities, and notable historical and geographical features of each province. Specific cities, municipalities, festivals, tourist attractions, and economic activities are highlighted for the province of Cavite.
The document provides information about the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. It is composed of 7 provinces: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Pampanga, and Tarlac. The region is known as the "Rice Granary of the Philippines" as it produces much of the country's rice. Key details are provided about the geography, economy, festivals, tourist attractions, and cultural practices of each province.
The document provides information about the Cagayan Valley region and the province of Cagayan in the Philippines. It discusses the geography, history, economy, and culture of the area. Specifically, it notes that Cagayan Valley is located in northeastern Luzon and contains fertile farmland and forests. It has been inhabited for over 500,000 years and was an important trading hub before the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. Today, the economy relies on agriculture including tobacco and the Cagayan River plays a key role. The province of Cagayan covers a large area and contains many municipalities, with Tuguegarao City as the capital.
The National Capital Region, also known as Metro Manila, is located in the center of Luzon Island in the Philippines and does not contain any provinces, only 16 cities. It has a population of over 13 million people and is composed of almost all cultural groups in the Philippines, with Tagalog and English as the primary languages. Some of the most populous cities in the region include Quezon City, Manila, Caloocan, Davao, and Taguig.
1. There were several theories about how the Philippines was originally populated, including that the early Filipinos sprang from the soil, were created by the sun, or descended from Adam. 2. Archaeological evidence suggests the earliest inhabitants may have migrated over land bridges during the Ice Age around 25,000 years ago. 3. The Philippines engaged in extensive trade with other Asian countries and China as early as the 10th century, exchanging goods like pottery and gold.
The Bicol Region is located in southern Luzon island and is bounded by water on three sides. It was originally called Ibalon and was first mentioned in Spanish documents in the 1500s. The Spanish influence came through Augustinian and Franciscan missionaries who established some of the oldest churches. The region is composed of six provinces and several cities, with Legazpi and Naga being the major urban centers. Bicolanos speak various Bikol languages and celebrate Catholic fiestas. Agriculture, fishing, and coconut farming are important economic activities. Popular foods include Bicol Express, laing, and dishes made with pili nuts.
- Palawan is an archipelagic province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region. Its capital is Puerto Princesa City, which governs independently from the province.
- The province has a total land area of 14,649.73 square kilometers and is made up of over 1,780 islands and islets. It has a diverse landscape that includes rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, and the second longest underground river in the world.
- The economy relies on agriculture including crops like palay and corn, as well as fishing, logging, and tourism focused on its natural attractions like El Nido Marine Reserve.
The document provides information about the National Capital Region of the Philippines, also known as Metro Manila. It discusses the geography, population, culture, climate, facilities, and famous tourist attractions of Metro Manila. Some of the major tourist attractions mentioned include Intramuros, Manila Bay, Coconut Palace, Cultural Center of the Philippines, SM Mall of Asia, and heritage churches. The region has excellent infrastructure and is the center of business and government in the Philippines.
The document discusses tourism attractions in Eastern Visayas, identifying at least 40 priority destinations across its provinces. These include natural sites like volcanoes and beaches, as well as cultural and historical locations. Infrastructure like airports and seaports also provide transport links within the region and to other parts of the Philippines. Tourism development aims to promote safety and security for visitors through programs like the Tourist-Oriented Police.
This document provides information about a Philippine history textbook published by Rex Book Store, Inc. in 2004. It includes the publisher's contact information, copyright details, acknowledgments, a course outline, and a table of contents. The textbook appears to cover Philippine history from pre-Spanish times through various colonial periods and independence movements up to contemporary presidential administrations. It aims to help students understand how geography, culture, and political events have shaped the Philippines over time.
1. Tagalog society was divided into three castes: nobles called Maharlica who did not pay taxes; commoners called Aliping Mamamahay who owned property; and slaves called Aliping Saguiguilid who served their masters.
2. Social status was inherited, with Maharlica status passing through both parents, and children of mixed unions between castes being divided.
3. The head of a barangay or village was called a Dato who governed the people and led them in war, and all legal proceedings had to be conducted in their presence.
This document provides an overview of the MIMAROPA region of the Philippines, which includes the provinces of Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan. It discusses the history, culture, and major tourist attractions of each province. Some of the highlighted attractions include Mount Halcon in Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque Wildlife Sanctuary, Apo Reef in Occidental Mindoro, Romblon Marble Quarry, and Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in Palawan. The document is intended to educate people about the geography, politics, and tourism opportunities in this region of the Philippines.
MIMAROPA is an administrative region of the Philippines located in southern Luzon. It consists of 5 provinces: Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan. MIMAROPA has a tropical climate with wet and dry seasons. The region aims to be the country's food basket and a tourism and industry hub. Key attractions across the provinces include Puerto Galera in Oriental Mindoro, Tamaraw Falls in Mindoro, Paadjao Falls in Marinduque, Cantingas River in Romblon, and the underground river in Palawan. The region produces rice and has natural resources like gas deposits off Palawan.
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) PowerPoint PresentationCarl Michael Jaudian
This document provides information about the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. It was established in 1987 and consists of 6 provinces. The region is located in the mountainous area of northern Luzon and hosts several major rivers. It has natural resources like gold and copper and is a popular tourist destination, known for sites like the Banaue Rice Terraces. The most populous cities in the region are Baguio City and La Trinidad. The document also provides background information on Amador Daguio, a Filipino poet and novelist from the early 20th century.
The document provides information about the MIMAROPA region of the Philippines, including:
1) MIMAROPA was created in 2002 by splitting Region IV into two regions to promote more efficient governance.
2) Calapan City was designated the regional center of MIMAROPA to spur regional development.
3) MIMAROPA has a total land area of 27,455.9 square kilometers and is composed of 5 island provinces.
Davao Region consists of 5 provinces - Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Compostela Valley, and Davao City. The main industries in the region include banana production, coconut, fishing, mining, and agriculture. Davao City is the largest city in the Philippines and is known for its discipline, cleanliness, and bananas. The region was affected by deadly landslides from Typhoon Pablo in 2012.
Eastern Visayas region of the Philippines is composed of 3 main islands - Leyte, Samar, and Biliran. It has a total population of over 4 million people across 6 provinces, 7 cities, and over 4,000 barangays. The main languages spoken are Waray-Waray, Cebuano, and English. The economy is based on agriculture, fishing, mining and tourism, with the region known for its beaches, mountains, hot springs and waterfalls. It was heavily impacted by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.
The document provides information about the Visayas region of the Philippines. It can be summarized as follows:
The Visayas is one of three main geographical divisions of the Philippines, located in the central part of the archipelago. It consists of several islands surrounding the Visayan Sea. The Visayas has three administrative regions - Western Visayas, Central Visayas, and Eastern Visayas. The region has a population of over 11 million and economy based around agriculture, fishing, and tourism. The Visayas has a distinct culture and is home to various ethnic groups with their own languages and traditions.
Central Luzon is an administrative region in the Philippines comprising 7 provinces: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales. It is located north of Manila and is known as the "Rice Granary of the Philippines" as it produces most of the country's rice. The region has a population of over 13 million people and its largest city is San Fernando, Pampanga. The topography varies from coastal plains to inland valleys and mountains. The primary economic activities are agriculture, fishing, and industry.
The document provides information about the MIMAROPA region of the Philippines. Some key details include:
- MIMAROPA stands for Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan and is composed of 5 island provinces.
- It has a total land area of 27,456 sq km and a population of 2.3 million based on 2000 census.
- The region's economy grew by 9.4% in 2007 led by a 19.1% growth in industry sector.
- It is home to indigenous peoples like Mangyans in Mindoro and various ethnic groups in Palawan.
- Major resources and industries include agriculture, fisheries, and tourism based
This document provides information about the CALABARZON region of the Philippines, which includes the provinces of Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, and Rizal. It details the land area, population, capital cities, and notable historical and geographical features of each province. Specific cities, municipalities, festivals, tourist attractions, and economic activities are highlighted for the province of Cavite.
The document provides information about the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. It is composed of 7 provinces: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Pampanga, and Tarlac. The region is known as the "Rice Granary of the Philippines" as it produces much of the country's rice. Key details are provided about the geography, economy, festivals, tourist attractions, and cultural practices of each province.
The document provides information about the Cagayan Valley region and the province of Cagayan in the Philippines. It discusses the geography, history, economy, and culture of the area. Specifically, it notes that Cagayan Valley is located in northeastern Luzon and contains fertile farmland and forests. It has been inhabited for over 500,000 years and was an important trading hub before the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. Today, the economy relies on agriculture including tobacco and the Cagayan River plays a key role. The province of Cagayan covers a large area and contains many municipalities, with Tuguegarao City as the capital.
The National Capital Region, also known as Metro Manila, is located in the center of Luzon Island in the Philippines and does not contain any provinces, only 16 cities. It has a population of over 13 million people and is composed of almost all cultural groups in the Philippines, with Tagalog and English as the primary languages. Some of the most populous cities in the region include Quezon City, Manila, Caloocan, Davao, and Taguig.
1. There were several theories about how the Philippines was originally populated, including that the early Filipinos sprang from the soil, were created by the sun, or descended from Adam. 2. Archaeological evidence suggests the earliest inhabitants may have migrated over land bridges during the Ice Age around 25,000 years ago. 3. The Philippines engaged in extensive trade with other Asian countries and China as early as the 10th century, exchanging goods like pottery and gold.
The Bicol Region is located in southern Luzon island and is bounded by water on three sides. It was originally called Ibalon and was first mentioned in Spanish documents in the 1500s. The Spanish influence came through Augustinian and Franciscan missionaries who established some of the oldest churches. The region is composed of six provinces and several cities, with Legazpi and Naga being the major urban centers. Bicolanos speak various Bikol languages and celebrate Catholic fiestas. Agriculture, fishing, and coconut farming are important economic activities. Popular foods include Bicol Express, laing, and dishes made with pili nuts.
- Palawan is an archipelagic province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region. Its capital is Puerto Princesa City, which governs independently from the province.
- The province has a total land area of 14,649.73 square kilometers and is made up of over 1,780 islands and islets. It has a diverse landscape that includes rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, and the second longest underground river in the world.
- The economy relies on agriculture including crops like palay and corn, as well as fishing, logging, and tourism focused on its natural attractions like El Nido Marine Reserve.
The document provides information about the National Capital Region of the Philippines, also known as Metro Manila. It discusses the geography, population, culture, climate, facilities, and famous tourist attractions of Metro Manila. Some of the major tourist attractions mentioned include Intramuros, Manila Bay, Coconut Palace, Cultural Center of the Philippines, SM Mall of Asia, and heritage churches. The region has excellent infrastructure and is the center of business and government in the Philippines.
The document discusses tourism attractions in Eastern Visayas, identifying at least 40 priority destinations across its provinces. These include natural sites like volcanoes and beaches, as well as cultural and historical locations. Infrastructure like airports and seaports also provide transport links within the region and to other parts of the Philippines. Tourism development aims to promote safety and security for visitors through programs like the Tourist-Oriented Police.
This document provides information about a Philippine history textbook published by Rex Book Store, Inc. in 2004. It includes the publisher's contact information, copyright details, acknowledgments, a course outline, and a table of contents. The textbook appears to cover Philippine history from pre-Spanish times through various colonial periods and independence movements up to contemporary presidential administrations. It aims to help students understand how geography, culture, and political events have shaped the Philippines over time.
1. Tagalog society was divided into three castes: nobles called Maharlica who did not pay taxes; commoners called Aliping Mamamahay who owned property; and slaves called Aliping Saguiguilid who served their masters.
2. Social status was inherited, with Maharlica status passing through both parents, and children of mixed unions between castes being divided.
3. The head of a barangay or village was called a Dato who governed the people and led them in war, and all legal proceedings had to be conducted in their presence.
Our ancient Filipino ancestors had education systems, arts, languages, sciences, social classes, manners, religious beliefs, trade, and industries. Children were taught by parents and elders. There was oral and written literature along with painting, sculpture, architecture, and tattooing. Many languages were spoken among tribes. Astronomy, medicine, engineering, mathematics, and agriculture were practiced. Society consisted of chiefs, freemen, and slaves. Core virtues like bravery, honesty, and family unity were emphasized. Religious beliefs centered around supreme beings and lesser gods/spirits. Trade occurred within and between islands using barter. Major industries included farming, fishing, mining, and crafts. Folktales explain origins of plants
Notes in Philippine Government and Constitution (Finals)Noel Jopson
The document discusses key concepts related to citizenship, suffrage, and the legislative process in the Philippine government and constitution. It defines terms like citizenship, naturalization, suffrage, and the different types of citizens. It also outlines the qualifications for voters in the Philippines and covers the classification of House representatives. Finally, it summarizes the sessions of Congress, rules of procedure, and defines important legislative terms like appropriations, budgets, bills, statutes, and resolutions.
Philippine History: The Spanish Colonization (Follow me on Twitter@detectiveb...Dr. Vivencio (Ven) Ballano
The document provides details about Ferdinand Magellan's expedition to the Philippines in 1521 and the beginning of Spanish colonization. It discusses Magellan establishing the Philippines' location on world maps, introducing Christianity including the first mass in Cebu, and his death in the Battle of Mactan against Lapu-Lapu. It then summarizes Miguel Lopez de Legazpi's colonization efforts in the 1500s, including establishing settlements in Cebu, Panay and Manila through peace accords with leaders and the establishment of the encomienda and polo systems of governance and labor.
This document provides an overview of a music module that teaches students about the traditional music of the Cordillera region in the Philippines. The module is 2 hours long and covers vocal and instrumental music styles, the cultural contexts of different ethnic groups in Cordillera, and the social functions of Cordillera music. Students will listen to audio examples, analyze musical elements, perform songs and create their own instruments. The goal is for students to understand how Cordillera peoples express themselves musically and correlate their music to local history and culture.
This document discusses the origins of the early inhabitants of the Philippines based on three sources of information:
1) The biblical story of creation describes the first man and woman originating from Adam and Eve. Some believe the first settlers were Tharsis and his brothers.
2) The theory of evolution proposes that early Filipinos descended from apelike creatures thousands of years ago. Scientists believe people migrated in waves, including short Negritos 25,000 years ago, taller Indonesians 5,000 years ago, and Malays 2,000 years ago who established a more advanced culture.
3) Legends and folktales like the Story of Malakas and Maganda and the Story of the Brown People
The document provides an overview of the geography and history of the Philippines. It describes the Philippines as an archipelago located in Southeast Asia consisting of over 7,000 islands. It notes that the population is growing and currently over 100 million, composed of many ethnic groups that speak over 100 languages and dialects. The dominant religions are Christianity and Islam. The economy relies on natural resources like timber and metals with a developing industrial base.
The philippines under spanish colonial regimeManuel Daria
The Spanish colonial policy in the Philippines aimed to control and exploit its natural resources. It established an onerous system of taxation, forced labor, and trade monopolies that distorted the economy. The Spanish introduced Catholicism and imposed their language and culture on education available primarily to the wealthy elite. While infrastructure and trade improved later, the Spanish rule overall exploited Filipinos for three centuries through policies of extraction, cultural imposition, and limited opportunities for advancement.
The document provides an overview of Philippine history from prehistory to the pre-colonial era. It discusses theories about how the first humans arrived in the Philippines via land bridges. It describes the Austronesian migration and the establishment of barangay societies with leaders called datus. The economies were based on agriculture, trade, and industry. Societies had social hierarchies and engaged in practices like secondary burials. Indigenous religious beliefs included animism and some later adopted Islam. The document outlines the spread of Islam in Mindanao through Muslim traders and missionaries in the 13th-15th centuries.
Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521, claiming the lands for Spain and converting some locals to Catholicism. However, Lapu-Lapu, a native ruler, resisted Spanish colonization and killed Magellan in 1521. Spain then began over 300 years of colonization, introducing Christianity, exploiting gold and other resources, and establishing political and economic systems like the encomienda. Filipino nationalism emerged in response to Spanish abuses, led by reformists like Rizal, del Pilar, and Lopez Jaena. Their Katipunan revolutionary movement was suppressed, leading to the Philippine Revolution and war for independence from Spain.
The Philippines originated from volcanic activity and land bridges that connected it to Asia. It was given various names by Spanish, Chinese, and Filipino leaders. The archipelago is made up of over 7,000 islands located in Southeast Asia between latitude and longitude coordinates. It has a tropical climate and terrain that has allowed for rich biodiversity and natural resources important for agriculture. The geography has also led to the development of important historical and cultural sites across the regions.
This document provides an overview of theories about the origins and early history of the Philippines. It discusses theories that the Philippines were once part of a lost continent or formed from volcanic activity. The most widely accepted theory is the land bridge theory, which suggests the Philippines were once connected to mainland Asia by land bridges. The document also covers the origin of the name "Philippines" and the various native groups, including the Negritos, who were among the earliest inhabitants. It provides details on the geography, climate, resources and important historical and cultural sites of the Philippines.
Geography is the study of the Earth and how humans interact with their environment. The Philippines has a complex geography as an archipelago made up of over 7,000 islands. The islands have experienced waves of migration over thousands of years, with the first settlers being Negritos followed by Indonesians and Malays. Ancient communities were organized into kinship-based barangays located along coasts and rivers. Barangays were economically self-sufficient, practicing farming, fishing, trade, and special occupations like metalworking. Trade was conducted through barter networks within and outside the islands.
Notes in Philippine History (Chap. 2 part 1)Noel Jopson
The document provides an overview of the natural geography of the Philippines, including:
1. Theories on the formation of the Philippine archipelago from both Christian and Philippine mythology.
2. A brief history of cartography and geological theories including continental drift and plate tectonics which help explain the archipelago's formation.
3. Details on the location, size, and topography of the Philippines as well as its major rivers, regions, ecosystems, and natural resources which include minerals, geothermal power, fish, and timber.
4. A mention of the diverse flora and fauna found in the Philippines, including many endemic plant and animal species.
An introduction to Philippine History starting from the so called precolonial period up to the American occupation to the Philippine Archipelago. I hope it can help!
The document discusses the early origins and history of humans in the Philippines. It describes how the Negritos first arrived in the Philippines around 30,000 BC from Central Asia, passing through India and the Andaman Islands. The earliest known human remains in the Philippines date back around 67,000 years ago in Callao Cave. Fossil fragments found in Tabon Cave on Palawan in 1962, known as Tabon Man, provide evidence of humans around 47,000 years ago. Early Filipinos lived as hunter-gatherers, developing stone tools and ceramics.
The Philippines has a long history dating back 50,000 years ago when the first humans, the Negritos, arrived. Around 30,000 BC the Negritos settled throughout the islands, becoming the ancestors of today's Aeta people. The oldest human remains found in the Philippines date back 67,000 years in Callao Cave. Further evidence of early humans was found in 1962 with the discovery of Tabon Man fossils that date back 47,000 years.
The natural setting and it's people - Social StudiesMarkhill Tiosan
Content:
1. The beginning of Earth
2. Geological Foundation
3. The Archipelago`s name
4. Geography and Resources
5. Country`s Climate
6. The Filipino People
7. Theories on the Origin of the Filipinos
The document provides information about the geography, climate, people, and history of the Philippines. It discusses that the Philippines is an archipelago of over 7,000 islands located in Southeast Asia. The islands have a tropical climate with wet and dry seasons. The earliest inhabitants of the Philippines were Negritos followed by Austronesians who engaged in farming, fishing, and trade. Ancient Filipino society was organized into barangays ruled by chieftains. Social classes included nobles, freemen, and dependents. Women held important roles. Marriage and legal customs are also described.
The document discusses the origins and geography of the Philippines based on various beliefs and explanations. It provides details on the islands' geology, topography, climate, natural resources and history. The key points are:
1. There are many explanations for how the Philippines originated, including religious beliefs, ancient legends, and theories involving continental drift and volcanic activity.
2. The Philippines has over 7,000 islands, varied landscapes like mountains, valleys and volcanoes, and is affected by natural disasters such as typhoons.
3. The islands are rich in natural resources like minerals, forests and biodiversity, and have a tropical climate influenced by surrounding seas.
The Philippines consists of over 7,000 islands formed by volcanic activity and tectonic shifts. The archipelago has a tropical climate with over 100 ethnic groups and rich biodiversity. Some of the indigenous groups include the Ifugaos known for their rice terraces, the Igorots who traditionally engaged in headhunting, and the Mangyans of Mindoro. The Philippines has mineral resources like gold, copper and nickel deposits as well as a central plain that serves as the country's rice granary.
The document provides a detailed history of the Philippines, beginning with the earliest human settlements over 30,000 years ago. It discusses the various indigenous groups and kingdoms that existed prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century. The Spanish established control over most of the archipelago and introduced Christianity, education, and infrastructure. American rule followed after the Spanish-American War until independence was granted in 1946. The era of martial law under Ferdinand Marcos and the People Power Revolution are also summarized.
The document provides a detailed overview of Philippine history from pre-Spanish times through the modern era. It covers early inhabitants and trade, Spanish colonial rule from the 16th century, the American colonial period starting in 1898, Japanese occupation during World War 2, independence in 1946, the martial law era under Ferdinand Marcos, and contemporary politics up to 2010. Key events, leaders, and political developments are discussed for each major time period.
An overview of the philippine regions and peopleischill21
The Philippines is an archipelago comprising over 7,000 islands located between Taiwan and Borneo. It was named after King Philip II of Spain and is divided into three main island groups - Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The islands have a total land area of 300,000 square kilometers and are culturally diverse as different groups like Malays, Arabs, Chinese, Spaniards and Americans have interacted and settled there over time.
The Philippines has an archipelago geography consisting of over 7,000 islands located between 116° and 127° E longitude and 4° and 21° N latitude. Its unique insular and location characteristics give it geopolitical and cultural importance. The archipelago shape affects the nation by dividing tribes but also making it easier to invade and for smuggling/migration while aiding missionary work. The tropical climate and over 50 volcanoes further characterize its physical environment.
The Philippines is an archipelago of over 7,000 islands located in Southeast Asia. It has a population of over 100 million people and is the world's 12th most populated country. The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate and terrain that is mostly mountainous with over 100 active volcanoes. The country has a democratically-elected government and its major industries include agriculture, fishing, and forestry. Tagalog and English are the most widely spoken languages.
The Philippines is an archipelago of over 7,000 islands located in Southeast Asia. It has a population of over 100 million people and is the world's 12th most populated country. The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate and terrain that is mostly mountainous with over 100 active volcanoes. The country gained independence from the United States in 1946 and is a democratic republic with three branches of government and Tagalog and English as the official languages.
This document provides information about the seven continents and landforms found in the Philippines. It discusses the key details of each continent, including their size, population, and notable geographic features. It also outlines the major landforms in the Philippines, such as volcanoes, mountain ranges, plains, and valleys. Some highlights mentioned are Mount Mayon in Albay, the Sierra Madre Mountains, and the Central Plain of Luzon, known as the Rice Granary.
This document summarizes the key issues around territorial claims over Panatag Shoal between China and the Philippines. [1] China claims the shoal based on historical maps from the Ming Dynasty showing Chinese fishing activity there, while the Philippines claims it lies within its exclusive economic zone. [2] The shoal is believed to have natural resources like fishing grounds and potential mineral deposits, making it economically important. [3] Both countries have proposed diplomatic talks to resolve their competing claims over Panatag Shoal, also known as Bajo de Masinloc or Scarborough Shoal.
Similar to History Handouts by Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz (20)
This is an edited version of the the uploaded presentation from www.slideshare.com. The pictures and videos embedded were all lifted from the internet particularly from youtube, sepiaera.wordpress.com, and google images
Philippine revolts against spanish colonial ruleHerbert Corpuz
This document summarizes various revolts against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines from 1574 to 1840. It lists the name, date, location, cause, leader, and result of each revolt. The revolts were generally in response to abuses by Spanish officials, demands for religious freedom and independence, and a desire to overthrow Spanish colonial oppression. Many of the revolts failed due to being suppressed by Spanish forces, while a few leaders were pardoned or granted concessions by the Spanish. The revolts show Filipinos' continuous resistance to Spanish colonial rule over hundreds of years.
The document discusses Indian, Chinese, and Japanese influences on early Philippine culture and society prior to Spanish colonization. It describes how Indian culture spread to Southeast Asia through trade networks, colonization, and the travels of Malays. The Sri Vijaya and Majapahit empires introduced Indian religion, customs, and language to the region. While Indianized, the Philippines itself was never ruled by these empires. It also discusses cultural exchanges with China beginning in the 10th century, including technology, dress, food, customs, and some loan words. Finally, it notes Japanese settlement in northern Philippines and their introduction of industries like tool-making and fish/duck breeding.
This document appears to be a learning contract or assignment for a Philippine History class. It instructs students to provide reasons why three stories - the Maragtas Story, Code of Kalantiaw, and Legend of Princess Urduja - are considered unhistorical. For each story, students are asked to describe the story and give reasons it is unhistorical, citing printed or electronic references excluding Wikipedia. The document provides spaces for students to fill in their answers and references for three Philippine stories.
This document appears to be a learning contract from a Philippine History class which provides definitions for key historical terms: Facts, Bias, Sources, Primary Sources, Secondary Sources, and Historiography. It instructs students to define each term and cite the reference used. As an example, it defines Historiography as "The writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particulars from the authentic materials, and the synthesis of particulars into a narrative that will stand the test of critical methods" and cites the source as a Merriam-Webster dictionary entry.
The document discusses the origins and traits of the Filipino people. It examines religious and historical theories about the origins of Filipinos, including that they descended from Adam or Noah's descendants, or sprang from bamboo. It also discusses the migration theory that Filipinos arrived in waves over thousands of years from places like Indonesia and Malaysia. The document also outlines strengths of Filipino character such as family orientation, hard work, and adaptability, as well as weaknesses like extreme personalism, lack of discipline, and colonial mentality.
1) History is the study of past events through sources like written documents, artifacts, and eyewitness accounts. It helps explain how societies developed over time in response to challenges.
2) Key theories that seek to explain historical events include the challenge-response theory of civilizations rising and falling based on how they address issues, and the materialistic concept that economic factors largely determine a society's development.
3) Sources used by historians include primary sources like documents and artifacts from a time period, as well as secondary sources that analyze primary sources. Archaeology also provides material evidence to reconstruct past cultures.
The power of tv, film and video in the classroomHerbert Corpuz
The document discusses the educational potential of television, film, and video in the classroom. It notes that visual media can transmit a wide range of audiovisual content and bring real-world examples into the classroom. However, television can also encourage passivity in students. The document provides basic procedures for using television in the classroom in a way that counters passivity, such as preparing students, guiding viewing with pre- and post-viewing discussions, and focusing on student engagement and learning.
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using chalkboards in classroom teaching. It lists several advantages such as chalkboards being widely available, inexpensive, flexible to use and erase, and providing a large writing space. Chalkboards allow teachers to visually present lessons and engage students by having them use the board. However, the material cannot be saved permanently on the chalkboard and short teachers may have difficulty using very high boards. Overall, the document analyzes the pros and cons of traditional chalkboards as a teaching tool.
This presentation summarizes the purposes of instructional media and its types. The pictures were taken from the Google images and from personal photos.
The content is lifted from Russ Long's Lecture Notes. This may be downloaded, printed, and photocopied provided that Russ Long shall be recognized as the author.
Illustrative Discussion and Reflection on Selected Theories in Human DevelopmentHerbert Corpuz
The document presents summaries of several theories of child development:
- Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory which describes eight stages from infancy to adulthood where individuals face new challenges.
- Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory which argues that development is determined by early childhood experiences and how anti-social impulses are handled.
- Edward Thorndike's connectionism theory which views learning as forming associations between stimuli and responses through reinforcement.
- Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory where children actively construct understanding through assimilation and accommodation of new information.
- Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory which emphasizes how human development is influenced by cultural and historical contexts through use of artifacts.
The document discusses different sociological research methods:
- The scientific method refers to a systematic series of steps to ensure objective and consistent research on a problem. It involves defining the problem, formulating a hypothesis, developing a research design, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
- A survey method involves systematically asking people questions about their attitudes, behaviors, etc. using questionnaires.
- A case study method is an in-depth study of a person, group, or organization using methods like interviews and observations to collect qualitative data.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
1. PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Be proud of being a Filipino!
SY2: 2008- 2009
PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY
A. Origin of the Philippines
1. Legends
• The story of the bird, the sky, and the sea
2. Theories
i. Part of a lost continent
• It was believed that the Philippines was a remnant of a vast continent in the pacific which
had sunk during pre- historic times like the fabled Atlantis lost somewhere in the Atlantic
Ocean.
• This lost pacific continent was called “Lemuria” or “Mu”.
• Its remnants aside from Philippines were Borneo, Celebes, Java, Sumatra, and other
islands of the pacific.
ii. Volcanic Origin
• It was proposed by Dr. Bailey Willis.
• According to this theory, Philippines was born due to the eruptions of sea volcanoes in
remote epochs.
iii. Land Bridge Theory
• This theory suggests that Philippines was once a landmass bridging China and the Asian
Mainland, to Borneo, Indonesia, New Guinea, and even Australia. The present China Sea
was an exposed dry land known as the Sunda Shelf which covered an area of 1, 800, 000
square kilometers. During the post glacial age, about 250, 000 years ago, the world’s ice
melted, causing the sea level to rise. Consequently, the lower land regions including the
land bridges linking Asia and the Philippines were submerged, thus, Philippines
archipelago was formed.
• This theory is supplied by the following plausible reasons;
a. Similarity of fauna and flora in Asia and the Philippines
b. Similarity of rock structure
c. Existence of the shallow China Sea between the Asia Mainland and
the Philippines
d. The presence of a fore deep at the eastern margin of the Philippines
indicating the archipelago was once the edge of the Asia continental
Platform
B. Archipelago’s Name
1. Filipinas
• The name given to Philippines in 1543 by the ill- starred Spanish explorer, Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos, in honor of Prince Felipe of Austria who later became Philip II, the greatest
king of Spain.
• This name first appeared on a rare map published at Venice in 1554 by Giovanni Battista
Ramusio.
2. Philippine Islands
• The anglicized name of Filipinas during the American colonial regime.
3. Republic of the Philippines
• The name given to Philippines after the decolonization in 1946.
4. Ma-yi/ ma-i
Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
2. PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Be proud of being a Filipino!
SY2: 2008- 2009
• The name given to Philippines by the early Chinese traders such as Chau Ju Kua and
Wang Ta- Yuan.
• Same names such as Mintolang for Mindanao, Makilu for Manila, and Pishoye for
Visayas were also dubbed to Philippines by the Chinese.
• Ma- i is generally accepted to refer to the island of Mindoro in Luzon because of its gold
and proximity in the Chinese mainland.
5. Rizaline Republic
• The name proposed by the Katipunan General Artemio Ricarte in honor of Dr. Jose
Rizal.
6. Maharlika
• It was proposed by former President Ferdinand Marcos after his dream of making the
Philippines great again.
7. Pearl of the Orient Seas
• The most romantic name of the Philippines.
• It was originally given in 1751 by father Juan J. Delgado as a name of Manila (Pearl of
the Orient) and was also mentioned by Manuel De Azcarraga y Palmero.
• It was also grunted by Dr. Jose P. Rizal in his published article in the Hong Kong
Telegraph.
C. Geography and Resources
1. Location
• The Philippine Archipelago sprawls a little above the equator in Southeast Asia between
latitude 4 degree 23” and 21 degree 25” north and longitude 116 degree and 127 degree
east.
• Philippines has a very strategic location due to the following;
a. It serves as a bridge between the cultures of the East and the West.
b. It lies at the crossroad of international air and sea routes.
c. It looms as bastion of democracy in an area where dictators and
communism hold sway over Asian Nations.
d. It is the citadel of Christianity between the largely Christian west and
largely non- Christian east. Hence, its role as “Christian Light of the
World”.
2. Area
• The Philippines is an archipelago of 7, 107 islands of which 2, 773 are named.
• It has a total land area of 115, 707 sq. miles or 299, 681 sq. km.
• Luzon has an area of 40, 814 sq. miles while Mindanao has 36, 906 sq. miles.
• Y’ Ami Isle is the northernmost point of the Philippines.
3. Shape
• Philippines is an inverted Y- shaped archipelago of numerous islands, islets, coral reefs,
abundant rivers, lakes and bays, mountains and valleys, cool plateaus, and scenic
volcanoes.
• Christian Scholars commented that Luzon is like a Helmet, Visayas and Mindanao is the
Arms and Legs, and Palawan is Spirit Sword.
4. Climate
• The Philippine climate is tropical and monsoonal in character.
• The two distinct seasons are dry season and wet season.
• The temperature varies from 21 degree Celsius to 32 degree Celsius.
Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
3. PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Be proud of being a Filipino!
SY2: 2008- 2009
• The coldest month is January and the Hottest is May.
5. Regions
• • Region 9- Zamboanga Peninsula
Region 1- Ilocos Region
• • Region 10- Northern Mindanao
Region 2- Cagayan Valley
• • Region 11- Davao Region
Region 3- Central Luzon
• • Region 12- SOCCSKSARGEN
Region 4A-
• Region 13- CARAGA
CALABARZON
• Region 4B- MIMAROPA • CAR- Cordillera Administrative Region
• Region 5- Bicol Region • NCR- National Capital Region
• Region 6- Western Visayas • ARMM- Autonomous Region of Muslim
• Region 7- Central Visayas Mindanao
• Region 8- Eastern Visayas
6. Natural Resources
• Soil is the most important natural resources in the Philippines primarily of most people
earn a living from tiling the land. Filipinos are fortunate of having a highly fertile land.
• The country has rich plant life. Agricultural experts believed that 8,120 species of plants
grow in the country, that is, about 1,000 varieties of orchids, 1,000 species of rice, and
3,000 species of trees.
• 850 species of birds are found in the Philippines. Carabao is the most useful animal for it
serves as farmer’s best friend.
• At least 2,000 species of fish are found in the waters of the Philippine archipelago.
• Philippine forest lands have a total area of 16,633,000 hectares which represents 55
percent of the total land area. The Philippines rank third in forest reserves.
• Philippines is one of Asia’s great gold producing regions.
• Energy in the Philippines is used to supply electricity and fuel to run factories, light
homes, and offices.
7. Beauty Spots
• The Banaue Rice Terraces was built more than 2,000 years ago by hardy Ifugaos using
only their bare hands and crude stone tools.
• The Mount Mayon is the Crowning Glory of the Philippine Natural Wonders.
• Manila Bay is one of the Enchanting Wonders of the Country.
• Other beauty spots are being rediscovered.
8. Historical Places
• Luneta Park- It was a beautiful setting built in honor of the Philippines greatest hero,
Dr. Jose P. Rizal. It is used to be called Bagumbayan Field where Rizal was executed by
a Spanish military firing squad at early dawn of December 30, 1896.
• Corregidor- It is a national shrine nicknamed as “The Rock”. This was the vlast bastion
to fall to the invading Japanese in 1942. Such made it the symbol of the determined
resistance of its Filipino and American defenders.
• Paoay Church- It was built in 1694 commissioned by the Augustinian friars led by Fr.
Antonio Estavillo. It was declared as one of the national treasures by former president
Ferdinand Marcos.
• Intramuros (Fort Santiago)- It was the old capital of Manila which was built in 1571. It
was used to be the seat of colonial powers of both Spain and the United States of
America. It was also a dreaded prison under the Spanish regime and the scene of
Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
4. PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Be proud of being a Filipino!
SY2: 2008- 2009
countless military police atrocities during the Japanese occupation. Here, too, Dr. Jose
Rizal spent his last hours before his execution at Bagumbayan.
• Aguinaldo Shrine- It was here where Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine
independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. This was where the Philippine flag first
raised.
• Cavite Shrine- It was in this place where Emilio Aguinaldo was declared the first
president of the Philippine republic. The republic of which the first in Asia.
• Barasoain Church- It was here where the constitution of the republican government was
drafted on September 15, 1898. this constitution was also known as the Malolos
Constitution because the church is located in Malolos, Bulacan.
• Mount Samat- It is situated at Pilar, Bataan. It is in this mountain that the gigantic cross
named as “Dambana ng Kagitingan” (Altar of Valor) was erected on April 1942. the
cross symbolizes the heroic and courageous defense made by fatigue, hungry, and sick
Filipino and American soldiers in regaing our freedom during world war II.
THE FILIPINO PEOPLE
A. Origin of the Filipinos
Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
5. PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Be proud of being a Filipino!
SY2: 2008- 2009
1. The Religious Sources(Friar- Historians Ideas)
• The ancestors of the Filipinos sprung out of the soil like wild plants.
• Filipinos were created by the sun.
• Filipinos were produced from base metals by the magic act of the ancient alchemist or
termed as herbolarios.
• Filipinos descended from the Adam of Asia; the other Adam being European Adam, for
whom the Spaniards and the Jews came from.
• Filipinos were descendants of Tarshish, one of Noah’s great grandsons, who settled in the
Philippines after the great flood.
2. Legends
• The first Filipino couple sprang out from bamboo nodules. They were named Lalake and
Babae or Malakas and Maganda.
• The second legend claims a racial superiority in the brown complexion of the Filipinos
that is Filipinos were baked by God named Bathala.
3. Theories
• Migration Theory- It was proposed by Professor H. Otley Beyer. Beyer believed that
Filipinos came from to the Philippines in different waves of migration. Such is explained
in the table:
Dawn Man Negritos Indonesians A Indonesians B Malays
Date of 250,000 years 25,000- 30,000 3,000- 4,000 1,500- 500 BC 20 BC
Migration ago years ago BC
Thickly Black skin tall shorter
Characteristics medium
5 ft tall slender bulky body
Haired height
Brawny dark kinky light dark slim but
hair complexion complexion well built
round black thin lips thick lips brown skin
high large nose
eyes black hair
flat noses
aquiline dark brown
nose eyes
He lived They had permanent dwellings.
Ways of Life Nomadic They
by means They lived They wore clothing and introduced
of through personal ornaments. iron metal,
They knew agriculture, mining,
gathering hunting, smiting,
wild fishing, and and copper tools. pottery
plants, by foraging for making,
fishing, wild plants. cloth
and They wore weaving,
hunting little and jewelry
clothing. making.
They have
crudest
religion.
They were
among the
world’s best
archers and
herbalists
• Critiques
Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
6. PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Be proud of being a Filipino!
SY2: 2008- 2009
a. Prof. Beyer used the 19th century scientific methods of progressive evolution
and migratory diffusion as the basis for his hypotheses, which have now been
proven to be too simple and unreliable to explain such theory.
b. The empirical archaeological data for this theory was based on surface finds
and mere conjecture, which lot of imagination and unproven data included.
c. There are no evidences of the existence of the Dawn Man. So far, the oldest
human fossil in the Philippines is the skull cap of a stone aged Filipino about
22,000 years ago which was excavated by Dr. Robert B. Fox inside Tabon
Cave in Palawan on May 28, 1962.
d. Undue credit is given to the Malays as the original settlers of the lowland
regions and the dominant cultural transmitters.
e. The migration theory does not agree with the real character of Filipinos, who
are adaptive and highly creative people because it suggests that the Filipinos
were only passive receptors of outside culture.
• Core Population Theory- The early inhabitants of the Philippines are treated as a unit,
consisting of a core population to which were added accretions of people who moved in
from the region, but the movements were erratic rather than sequential wave. The people
of Southeast Asia belonged with the same unit. This theory asserted that Filipinos were
not merely passive receptors of outside culture but adaptors and in some way initiators of
creative changes. It puts emphasis on the cultural integrity and adaptability of the
Filipinos which made this theory favored by modern scholars.
• Critiques
a. The core population theory is still evolutionist and assumes too many facts as
given where they are yet many gaps in the theory.
b. It is vague as opposed to the easily understood migration theory.
B. Filipino Traits
1. Strengths of the Filipino Character
• Family Orientation- It refers to a genuine and deep love for the family. For the
Filipinos, the family, as the basic social institution, includes not only the father, the
mother, their brothers and sisters, but also the grandparents, the aunts, the uncles, the
cousins, and even the ceremonial relatives. Concern for the family is eloquently
manifested in the honor and respect given to parents and the elders, in the care given to
children, the generosity extended to a kin in need, and in the great sacrifices one endures
for the welfare of the family.
• Hard Work and Industry- It refers to one’s willingness to risk taking jobs in a foreign
land with a different culture, not to mention the social cost.
• Flexibility, Adaptability, and Creativity- Filipinos have the capacity to adjust and to
adapt to conditions and circumstances in a given environment, both physical and social.
They have the ability to improvise and make use of whatever is on hand in order to create
and produce new things out of discarded scraps, for survival.
• Pakikipagkapwa- tao- It refers to a deep sense of concern for one’s dignity and respect.
This is manifested in a basic regard for justice and fairness to others. “Pakikiramay”, the
sensitivity to people’s feelings- “pakikiramdam” and “pagtitiwala” are bonds that
promote feelings of closeness to one another and become the foundation of unity.
• Joy and Humor- It refers to propensity to cheer and laugh and have a fun loving
approach to the ups and downs of life. Laughing at themselves and the mess they are in is
an important coping mechanism.
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• Faith and Religiosity- Filipinos have a deep faith in God. Their innate religiosity
enables them to comprehend and genuinely accept reality in the context of God’s will and
plan. Filipinos live very intimately with religion and prayers have been important part of
their lives.
2. Weaknesses of Filipino Character
• Extreme Personalism- It refers to the extent to which one is able to relate personally to
things and people determines the recognition of their existence and the value attached to
them. This extreme personalism often leads to graft and corruption and other
malpractices in our government institutions.
• Extreme Family Centeredness- The extreme excessiveness of family centeredness
becomes detrimental to the welfare of a larger community. The use of one’s office and
power to promote the interest of one’s family results in the utter lack of concern for the
common good.
• Lack of Discipline- This results in the use of shortcuts or the “palusot” syndrome,
“nakaisa”, “nakalamang”, and “nakadaya”, in the Filipino vocabulary, words loaded with
implied values. In several instances, Filipinos are guilty of the “ningas- cogon” tendency.
They start their projects with full enthusiasm and interest, which abruptly die down,
leaving things unfinished. What a waste!
• Lack of National Consciousness- A proper understanding of one’s history is a very
important factor in the development of national consciousness because it will serve to
demonstrate how the present is influence by the past.
• Colonial Mentality- These conditions are attributed to two dimensions- lack of
patriotism and national integration and the strong preference for imported goods, foreign
ideas and ways.
• Passivity and Lack of Initiative- While it is true that Filipinos can adjust to
circumstances in a given environment and posses some creative talents; they are
generally passive and lacking in initiative. One has to be told what has to be done. They
can tolerate inefficiency, poor service, and even violation of human rights. In many ways,
it can be said that Filipinos are too patient for long suffering (“matiisin”), easily resigned
to one’s fate, even if they are oppressed or exploited.
• Kanya- kanya Syndrome- It refers to a selfish and self- serving attitude that generates a
feeling of envy towards others, particularly when one’s peer has gained honor or prestige
because of hard work. They demonstrate some hostile attitudes and feelings by
recoursing to unfounded and malicious criticism “tsismis” and “intriga” to bring others
down. This crab mentality that characterizes many Filipinos is counter productive. One
evident manifestation of kanya- kanya syndrome is one’s personal ambition and the drive
for power and status that is completely insensitive to the common good. It often results in
the non cooperation of members of the community.
• Lack of Exhaustive Study and Self-analysis- The Filipinos have a tendency to be
superficial and sometimes even somewhat flighty. Confronted with serious problems,
both personal and social, there seems to be no deliberate and intelligent alternative plan
to solve the problem. In most cases, they joke and laugh about serious problem affecting
them. Anyway, these problems are not mine alone. If there are strategies to solve these
problems, they are only panacea. They easily accept and are even satisfied with the
superficial explanations and hasty solutions to the problems. Another factor related to this
issue is that Filipinos give too much emphasis on form, “maporma” rather than on the
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substance. In most cases, they have a tendency to be satisfied with rhetoric and substitute
this for reality.
ASIAN HERITAGE
A. INDIANIZATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
• Indianization refers to the propagation of the Indian Civilization.
• This propagation was a two-way process, that is, the propagation of the Indian Civilization was
effected not only by the Indian Colonists and colonizers, but also by the Southeast Asians
themselves. These Southeast Asians, particularly the Malays, were bold navigators. Hence, visiting
the parts of India let them acquire Indian culture and brought them to their native countries.
Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
9. PHILIPPINE HISTORY
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1. The Sri Vijaya and Majapahit Empire
Sri Vijaya Majapahit
Other names Sin-fo-tsi(Chinese)
Zabagin(Arabian)
Nationality Malayan
Culture Indianized
Capital Palembang Majapahit
Capital Mahayana Buddhist Brahmanistic Hindu
The Philippines was never ruled by the Sri Vijayan and Majapahit Empire due to ff:
There are plenty of historical materials on Sri Vijaya as a maritime power and its
relation with China in the annals of Tang, Yuan, Sung, and Ming Dynasty. Of those
materials, there is no mentioned about Philippines being a vassal state of the Sri
Vijaya Empire.
Chau-ju-kua in his chronicles, listed fifteen vassal states of the Sri Vijaya and the
Philippines is not one of them.
Contemporary authorities on the history of Southeast Asia never claimed that
Philippines was a vassal state of the Sri Vijaya Empire.
The claim of Prapanca in his eulogistic poem, Negarakertagama, that ninety- four
vassal states of Majapahit Empire includes Solot which he referred as Sulu of the
Philippines is not real. Most likely, Solots are the tiny island in the lesser Sundas
which still bears the name Solot and the northeastern part of Borneo.
2. Relations with the Orang Dampuans
• The Orang Dampuans or Men of Champa are group of immigrants who came in the
Philippines from Southern Annam (Modern Vietnam) between 900- 1200 A.D.
• They established a trading post in Sulu that resulted in a flourishing trade between Sulu
and Southern Annam.
• Their main interest is to have trade with Buranuns People of Sulu).
• Their increasing prosperity aroused jealousy of the Buranuns who in fit of anger,
massacred some Orang Dampuans.
• Having superior weapons, they took their bloody revenge on the Buranuns and having
leveled the enemy’s village to the ground, sailed to their homeland.
3. Relations with Bandjarmasin
• The Orang Bandjar (Men of Bandjarmasin) were immigrants from Bandjarmasin, Borneo
settled in Sulu and engaged actively in the rich pearl trade.
• They introduced the Indian influences in Sulu in which made Buranuns possessing Hindu
customs and worshipping vedic gods.
Evidences:
An evidence of the Philippine intercourse with the Indianized countries of southeast
Asian nations is found in the manuscript entitled, Suma Oriental, which was written
by Tome Pires. According to this Pire Codex, the Lucoes (People of Luzon) annually
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sent trading vessels to Borneo and Malacca and the Bornean traders used to sail to
Luzon to buy gold or food stuffs.
Relics Place Year Specifics
Gold Image of Wawa River near 1917 Tara (Beyer)
Agusan Esperanza, Agusan
Province
Bronze Image of Mactan, Cebu 1843 Hindu God Siva (Beyer)
Mactan Lokesvara (Francisco)
Copper Image of Mactan, Cebu 1843 Elephant God of Hindus
Ganesha
Clay Medallion Calatagan, Batangas 1958 Buddho- Siamese Art
of Calatagan (Francisco)
Gd Garuda Brooke’s Point, 1961 Mythical bird which served as
Pendant of Palawan a vehicle of Hindu god Vishnu
Palawan
Ceramics from Rizal province,
Cambodia, Batangas, Laguna,
Annam, and Siam Mindoro, Sorsogon
and palawan
4. Indian Influences in the Philippines
• Religious Beliefs
Bathala- Chief God of the Tagalogs who was derived from Bhattara- great lord.
Creator of the Universe
Protector of Men
Destroyer of Men
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11. PHILIPPINE HISTORY
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Also of Hindu origin was the belief of the ancient Filipinos that the universe is
alive with devas and hantus, good spirits and evil spirits or demons, through
whom all good and evil are done in this world.
• Mythology and Folk Literature
Bantugan, the mythological hero of the Maranaos and Lumawig, the legendary
savior of the Bontoc are identified with Indra of Hindu mythology.
The Darangan of Lanao, the Lam-ang of Ilokandia, and the Ibalon of Bicolandia
and the Ilim and the Hudhud of the Muontain Province were inspired by the
Mahabharata and other Hindu epics.
• Fables
The Tagalog story of the monkey and the turtle, the tale of the race between the
deer and the snail, and the Visayan anecdote of the hawk and the hen.
The hilarious adventures of Juan Tamad reveal traces of Hindu influences.
• Customs and Traditions
Placing of a fresh flower garland around the neck of the visitor upon his arrival or
departure, symbolic of hospitality and friendship.
Before marriage, a groom gives dowry to bride’s parents and renders personal
services in the house of his future parents- in- law.
After the wedding ceremony, the guests throw rice upon the bride and the groom.
The offering of a buyo (a mixture of betel nut, ikmo leaf, and lime) to a guest as
an expression of hospitality.
A childless couple goes on pilgrimage to a holy shrine, whose deity is believed to
have the power to grant the virtue of fertility to those not blessed with children.
• Superstitious Beliefs
A maiden who sings merrily before a stove while cooking will marry an old
widower.
A comet is a bad omen, for it is a harbinger of famine, war, or some other
calamity.
A pregnant woman who eats twin bananas will give birth twins.
When a cat wipes off its face with paws, a visitor is coming to the house.
If a sleeping person dreams that one of his teeth falls out, somebody close to him
will die.
• Mode of Dressing
Of Indian origin were putong (turban) of the men and sarong (lower garment) of
the women in pre-Spanish Philippines.
The Muslim men in Mindanao and Sulu wear tight- fitting trousers which
resemble the Indian putees and their women use embroidered shawls which are
suggestive of the Indian sari.
• Industries
Quicklime mining in Masbate
Boat building
Weaving of cotton clothes
Metal works
• Musical Instruments
Kudyapi (Guitar)
• Language
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Filipino Sanskrit English
Ama Ama Father
Asawa Atawa Spouse
Raha Raha King
Saksi Saksi Witness
Maharlika Mahardlika Noble
B. EARLY CONTACT WITH CHINA
• Sino- Philippine intercourse begun in 10th century A.D. during the Sung Dynasty.
• The earliest known authentic data of the Sino- Philippine in 982 A. D. was recorded by a Chinese
chronicler, Ma- Tuan- Lin in his monumental work entitled, Wen Shiann Tung Kao (General
Investigation on the Chinese Cultural Sources)
• The following are the Chinese influences in the Philippines:
• Manufacturing/ occupations/ games
Gunpowder
The method of placer gold mining
The art of metallurgy
The use of porcelain, gold, silver, tin and other metals
Blacksmithing
Goldsmithing
Kite flying
Gambling- jueteng, kuwaho, pangginggi
• Manner of Dressing
The sleeved jackets (kangan) of the pre-Spanish Filipino males, the loose trousers
of the Muslim and the dresses of women of Sulu and Minadanao.
The use of slippers, bakya(wooden Shoes), fans and umbrellas.
Of Chinese introduction was the yellow garb of native nobility, the blue dress of
the commoners, and the wearing of white clothes for mourning.
• Culinary Art and Diet
Roasting of pigs for a delicious meat
Brewing of tea for drinking
Cooking of such dishes as lumpiya, pansit, mami, tsapsoy, and ukoy
Appetizers such as tahuri, heko, toyo
Edible vegetables including bataw, petsay, and upo
• Social Customs
Fixed marriage
Hiring of go-between in marital negotiations
Employment of professional mourners during the funeral and the veneration of
departed ancestor.
The filial respect accorded by children to their older brothers and sisters, parents
and elders.
The explosion of firecrackers on the advent of new year and other festivals
The collection of tong (percentage fee) by the owner of a gambling joint.
The haggling between the merchant and customer to arrive at the final fix price of
commodity
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The beating of gongs to celebrate a feast among pagan Filipinos of northern
Luzon, the Muslim Filipinos of Sulu and Mindanao.
• Language
Filipino Chinese English
Bakya Bak- kiah Wooden Shoes
Bantay Bang- tai Sentinel
Gunting Kan- ting Pair of scissors
Pinto Pin- to Door
Susi So- si Key
C. EARLY RELATIONS WITH JAPAN
• The regions settled by the Japanese during the pre- Spanish times were the delta of Cagayan River,
the Lingayen Gulf Region, and Manila.
• The town of Agoo in Lingayen Gulf was busy center of trade with Japan which was later called by
the Spaniards as Puerto de Japon.
• The following are the Japanese influences:
• Industries
Manufacture of arms and tools
The tanning of deer skins
Artificial breeding of ducks and fishes which is Japan’s greatest legacy to our
ancestors.
EARLY FILIPINO ANCESTORS
A. THE BARANGAYS
• Well organized independent villages.
• It originated from balangay, a Malayan word meaning “sailboat”.
• It is a self- sustaining community ruled by a datu.
• It consisted of from 30- 100 families while some having a population of more than 2,000.
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B. HOUSES AND DWELLINGS
• Bahay kubo (nipa hut)- houses which were made of wood and bamboo, roofed by nipa palm
leaves. It had a bamboo ladder that could be drawn up at night or when the family was out. It had a
gallery called batalan where big water jars were kept for bathing and washing purposes. Under the
house were kept the rice, firewood, and animals.
• Some lived in tree houses which were built on the top of trees for better protection against the
enemy.
• The badjaos (sea gypsies) of Sulu Sea still live in boat houses.
C. FOOD AND DRINKS
• Rice- staple food
• Earthen Jars/ bamboo tubes (Ilocano/Itawes- Banga) - where food are being placed for cooking.
• Banana Leaves (don bahat- Itawes)- serves as plates
• Coconut Shells (tahuk- Itawes)- used as drinking cups
• Makkammat(Itawes)/ Agkammet(Ilocano)- eating with the use of fingers
• Fire was used to cook food. Such were produced by rubbing two pieces of dry woods (hulu-
Itawes, bulu- Ilocano, Boho- Tagalog) which, when heated, produced a tiny flame.
• Angang (Itawes)/ Burnay (Ilocano)/ huge bamboo tubes- used to store drinking waters
• Wines were also drank by early Filipinos such are the following:
Tuba- wine taken from coconut sports
Basi- an Ilocano wine brewed from sugarcane
Pangasi- Visayan wine made from rice
Lambanog- Tagalog wine taken from coconut palm
Tapuy- Igorot wine taken from rice
D. MODE OF DRESSING
Men Women
Upper Garment Kangan Baro
Lower Garment Bahag Patadyong
Head Dress Putong Ipit (Itawes), punggos (Ilocano)
Accessories Kolombigas (gold armlets) Samul- Ilocano, Balitok- Itawes (gold
Samul- Ilocano, Balitok- Itawes between teeth), aritut- Itawes
(gold between teeth) (earrings), dusaru- Itawes (necklace),
purselas- Itawes (bracelet)
Footwear Barefooted
E. TATTOES
• It serve two purposes
a. To enhance their bodily beauty
b. To show their war record
• Men were more tattooed than women. Children were not tattooed at all.
• The Visayans are the most tattooed Filipinos. They were called pintados or painted people.
F. NATURAL COURTESY AND POLITENESS
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• When two persons of equal rank met on the road, they removed their putong as a sign of courtesy.
• When a person addressed his superior, he took off his putong, put it over his left shoulder like a
towel, and bowed low. He addressed his superior with the word “po”, which is equivalent to “sir”.
• When a man and a woman walked together, the man was always behind the woman. It was
considered impolite for a man to walk ahead of his woman companion. Whenever the entire family
went out, the mothers and daughters walk ahead, while fathers and sons walk behind.
G. CLEANLINESS AND NEATNESS
• They bathed daily. Their favorite hour for bathing in the river was at sunset when they had finished
their daily toil.
• They washed their hair regularly with gugo and water. They anointed it with coconut oil (denu-
Itawes, Lana- Ilocano) and other lotions.
• They washed their mouths (makkulumummug- Itawes) and cleaned their teeth (ginat- Itawes: sand-
English was used to clean their teeth) upon waking up in the morning. They filed their teeth to
make it even. They chewed buyo which made their teeth colored but strong.
• They kept a vessel full of water at the door of every house, and every person, whether belonging to
the house or not, upon entering, take water from this vessel and wash his feet, especially during
rainy season.
H. FAMILY LIFE
• It is the basis of the society, hence, family ties, as they are today, was close and strong.
• The children were given considerable attention, affection and discipline by their parents. They
were trained to be loyal to the ancestral god, to respect the elders, to love their parents and to obey
the datu and barangay rules.
• The father was the head of the family, thus, his words were law to children.
• The mother was the housekeeper. She enjoyed the sole privilege of naming the children.
I. SOCIETY AND SOCIAL CLASSES
• The pre- Spanish society was divided into three social classes:
a. Maharlikas- nobles- they constituted the barangay aristocracy, the highest social class. This
class was composed of the affluent slave- owning families, including the datu, his family and
relatives and the rich people.
b. Timawas- freemen- they constituted the middle class in the barangays. They were free- born
persons and emancipated slaves. They formed the majority among the inhabitants of every
barangay.
c. Alipin- slaves- they belonged to the lowest social classes. The causes of slavery were the
following:
Birth
Captivity in war
Purchase
Failure to pay debts
Penalty for crimes committed
Kinds of Slaves
1) Aliping Namamahay- they lived in their houses. They owned their property. They could
marry without their master’s consent. They could not be sold.
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2) Aliping Saguiguilid- they owned no property. They lived in their master’s house. They
could not marry without their master’s consent. They could be sold anytime.
Slaves could emancipate themselves and become a freeman in various ways of emancipation as
follows:
1) Marriage
2) Purchase
3) Voluntary action of the master
Hence, a slave woman who married a freeman or a noble automatically becomes free. A slave
man could become free by paying his master a certain sum of gold. A slave- owner, according
to customary laws, might emancipate his slave for saving his life in the war or for having
served his family faithfully for many years.
• There was no caste system unlike in India. Hence, a noble could become slave, a freeman could
rise to nobility, and a slave could become a freeman.
J. WOMENS’ POSITION
• Tribal Laws and Customs recognized them as equal to men.
• They could own and inherent property.
• They could engage in trade and industry.
• If they were daughters of datus who had no sons, they could inherit the chieftaincy and rule
barangays.
• They had the exclusive privilege of naming their children.
• Many women were famous in songs and stories as follows:
Sibabae- the legendary first woman in the world
Lubluban- the legendary lawgiver of the Visayans
Lalahon- the Visayan goddess of fire and volcanoes
Kalangitan- the sultana of the Pasig and Lakandula’s grandmother
K. AMUSEMENTS
• They held banquets to celebrate a good harvest, a wedding, a religious sacrifice and a victory in
war. Such are celebrated with much eating, drinking, singing and dancing. Though they drink too
much, this does not mean losing their senses rather, they will only become talkative and livelier.
• They had games such as carabao races, wrestling, fencing, boat races and stone-throwing contests.
L. MUSIC
• They were lovers of music.
• They had various musical instruments as follows:
1) Kudyapi- Tagalog guitar 4) Tultogan- Visayan bamboo drum
2) Kalaleng- Tinggian nose- flute 5) Silbay- Ilocano reed flute
3) Kulintamg- Muslim xylophone 6) Suracan- Subanun cymbal
• They had plenty of folk dances such as:
1) Kumintang- Tagalog love dance 3) Dandansoy- Visayan tuba dance
2) Mahinhin- Tagalog courtship dance 4) Kinnoton- Ilocano ant’s dance
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5) Panjalay- Muslim wedding dance 6) Tadek- Tinggian love dance
• Their songs expressed all aspects of life. Among these are the following:
1) Tagumpay- Tagalog song of victory 5) Dal-lot- Ilocano ballad song
2) Dallu- Negrito religious song 6) Kuilay- kuilay- Tinggian wine song
3) Ayeg- klu- Igorot serenade song 7) Tudob- Agusan harvest song
4) Bactal- Tagbanua death song
M. MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
• Before marriage, the groom gave a dowry to the family of the bride (bigaykaya). It consisted of
gold, land, slaves or anything else of value. The groom had to work in the house of his bride for a
certain period of time to do the following:
Carrying water and firewood to the house
Assisting the bride’s father in plowing the field
Assisting in the planting and harvesting of rice
• Other dowries were in the form of the following:
Panghimuyat: the amount of money given to the bride’s parent, the mother for the
nocturnal efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood.
Bigay- suso- the payment given to the girl wet- nurse who fed the bride during
infancy with milk from her breast.
Humaraw- the amount given to the bride’s parents as reimbursement for the amount
spent in feeding the bride during infancy.
Sambon- the amount given to the bride’s relatives.
• The state of courtship immediately before marriage is called Pamumulungan or Pamamalae.
• For Muslims (Mindanao):
Panalanguni- betrothal or engagement
Pedsungud- settlement of dowry
Pegkawing- marriage ceremony
• They also practiced divorce with the aforementioned grounds:
1) Adultery on the part of the wife 4) Cruelty
2) Desertion on the part of the husband 5) Insanity
3) Loss of affection 6) Childlessness
N. BARANGAY GOVERNMENT
• Barangays were virtually independent village- kingdoms.
• Each barangay was ruled by a chieftain called Datu. The rulers of bigger barangay kingdoms
assumed the title of raha, hari or lakan.
• Datu- he was the chief, executive, legislator, and judge of the barangay and in time of war, he was
the commander of the barangay warriors. He obtained his position by inheritance, being a son or
daughter of a datu. In case the datu died without any legitimate son or daughter, the people of
barangay choose their new datu who should be the strongest, richest, or wisest man in the
barangay. Despite his great powers, he was not an absolute ruler. The datu should consult the
barangay elders in their approval of the following matters:
Declaration of war with the enemy barangay
The marriage of the barangay lakan (prince) or lakambini (princess)
The negotiation of a political alliance with another barangay.
Making new laws for the barangay.
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• The barangay elders also took part in judicial trials of persons accused of certain crimes and the
datu’s decision could not be binding without their approval.
• There were also confederations of barangays. The causes of these emergence were the following:
For better protection against enemies
The marriage of a lakan of a barangay with the lakambini of another barangay
O. BARANGANIC RELATIONS
• Barangays concluded treaties of alliance and friendship with each other, sealed by a traditional
ceremony of the blood compact called sandugo (one blood).
• Sometimes wars broke up between barangays. Such according to Captain Miguel Loarca were
caused by the following:
When one goes to another village and was put to death without any reason
When one’s wives were stolen from them
When one went to any village and he was badly treated or aggrieved
P. LAWS
• The early Filipinos had both oral and written laws.
• The oral laws were their customs (ugali) which had been handed down orally from generation to
generation.
According to legend, the lawgiver of the pre- Spanish Philippines was a woman
named Lubluban, the great granddaughter of the first man and the first woman of the
world.
• The written laws were promulgated by datus with the help of the barangay elders and announced to
the people by a barangay crier known as umalohokan.
• Take note that the much known Kalantiaw Code of the Philippines has been proven to be suspect
of origin and contents. Hence, it should be believed in.
Q. RELIGION
• The early Filipinos were pagans except that of Moros in Minadanao and Sulu.
• The following were their gods and goddesses:
Bathala- supreme god and the creator of heaven and earth
Idianale- Tagalog goddess of agriculture
Lakampati- Tagalog god of harvest
Sidapa- Visayan god of death
Apolaki- Pangasinan war god
Kidul- Kalinga god of thunder
Dal’lang- Ilocano goddess of beauty
Malyari- Zambal god of power and strength
Poko- Tagbanua god of sea
Kolyog- Ifugao god of earthquakes
• They worshipped ancestral spirits called anitos (Tagalog) or diwatas (Visayan). To these anitos
the sacrifices called, maganito, were offered. The ritual was performed by a priest or priestess
called katalona or babaylan.
• They also worshipped nature in the belief that such natural objects were the habitats of the spirits.
• They also believed in life after death. The good soul would go to heaven, called kaluwalhatian
(Tagalog) or Ologan (Visayan), while the bad soul would go to hell called, kasamaan (Tagalog) or
Solad (Visayan).
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R. BURIAL AND MOURNING CUSTOMS
• The corpse was embalmed and was buried near his home, in a cave or on headlands overlooking
the sea. Clothes, foods, weapons and, sometimes slaves were buried with the dead.
• The relatives of the dead wore rattan bands around their neck, arms, and legs; used white garments;
and abstained from eating meat and drinking wine during the period of mourning.
• Mourning for a dead man is called maglahe, for a dead woman it was termed morotal; and for a
datu, larao. When a datu died, a herald announced the event and the larao were then observed. No
colored clothes were worn by the grieving people. All wars and quarrels were suspended. Singing
in boats returning from sea was prohibited. All warriors carried their spears with points downward
and their daggers with hilts reversed.
S. SUPERSTITIONS
• Early Filipinos believed in witches as follows;
Asuang- assumed the form of a dog, a bird, or any animal and devoured human flesh
Mangkukulam- caused people to die or be sick by pricking a toy with his magic pin
Tianak- sucked the baby’s entrails by means of his elongated proboscis
Tigbalang- appeared in a form of a dog, a horse or an old man to deceive his victims.
• They believed in the magical power of amulets and charms such as;
Anting- anting- believed to make its possessors invulnerable
Gayuma- a love potion which can arouse an adamant woman’s affection
Odom- Bicol magic herb which makes its possessor invisible to the human eye
Uiga- Visayan charm which enables any man to cross a river without getting wet
• They also had superstitious beliefs which until now are surviving as follows:
The appearance of a comet is an ill omen, for it is harbinger of war, pestilence or
calamity.
If a pregnant woman cuts her hair, she will give birth to a hairless child.
A pregnant woman should not eat twin bananas, otherwise she will give birth to
twins.
A girl who sings before the stove while cooking will marry an old widower.
When a cat wipes its face with its paws, a visitor is coming to house.
T. LANGUAGES
• The early Filipinos had different languages and dialects which were originated from a common
linguistic form, the Malayo- Polynesian language.
• Tagalog was regarded by the early Spanish writers as the best.
U. WRITING
• The ancient Filipinos had their own writing system following their alphabet called baybayin which
was originated from the asokan alphabet of India.
• A sharp- pointed iron instrument called sipol was used as pen.
• They engraved words in a bamboo tubes, wooden boards, or leaves of plants which were used as
paper.
• The ancient writing is still preserved by the Mangyans of Mindoro and the Tagbanuas of Palawan.
V. LITERATURE
Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
20. PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Be proud of being a Filipino!
SY2: 2008- 2009
• Early Filipino literature consisted of bugtong (riddles), awit (songs), salawikain (proverbs), myths,
legends and poetry.
• The following folk epic have been preserved:
Ifugao Alim and Hudhud
Ilocano Lam-ang
Bicol Handiong
Kalinga Ullalim
Maranao Bantigan
Maguinadanao Indarapatra and Sulayman
Illanon Agyu
Taosug Parang Sabil
W. EDUCATION
• Early Filipino education was both academic and vocational.
• The father trained his sons to be warriors, hunters, fishermen, miners, lumbermen, and
shipbuilders. The mother, on the other hand, trained her daughters in cooking, gardening, sewing,
and other household chores.
• There was an ancient barangay school in Panay termed as Bothoan under the charge of a teacher,
usually an old man. 3R’s were taught in this school- arithmetic, reading, and writing
X. ARTS
• Architecture was expressed in the bahay- kubo style of dwelling.
• They early painting was that of tattoo.
• Sculpture was manifested in their anitos.
Y. SCIENCES
• Filipinos had knowledge of medicine since they knew the curative power of many medicinal
plants. There were herbalists.
• There was some crude knowledge of astronomy such as:
Tala (morning star) by the Tagalog
Poyo poyo (Pleiades) by the Bagobos
Monbunkol (Dipper) by the Ifugaos
Mamacta (astrologer) by the Ilokanos
• They also knew Mathematics
• They had native terms for numericals;
Isa- one
Puo- ten
Daan- hundred
Libo- thousand
Yuta- one hundred thousand
Angao- one million
Kati- ten million
Bahala- one hundred million
Z. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
21. PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Be proud of being a Filipino!
SY2: 2008- 2009
• Early Filipinos had their own weights and measures. They used talaro a kind of balance with
scales.
• Their measure of capacities were the ff;
Kaban- 25 gantas
Salop- one ganta
Kaguitna- one half ganta
Gating- one chupa
• Their measures for length were the ff;
Dipa- the length of the outstretched arms
Tumuro- the length between the tip of the thumb and that of the forefinger when
extended.
Sandamak- the width of the hand with the five fingers pressed together
Sandali- the width of one finger
AA.CALENDARS
BB.
Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz