4. HistoryBackground
◦ History is the study of the past, with special attention to the written record of the activities of human
beings over time.
◦ Itis a field of research which uses a narrative to examine and analyze the sequence of events.
5. Why study Philippine History?
◦ The study of Philippine history is important in
understanding the present.
◦ To know the significance of why our heroes fight
for the freedom against the dominant foreigners.
◦ To know what is the values and aspects our ancestors
have tried to protect.
◦ To learn from the past in the decision making of today’s
leaders.
◦ As Filipinos, we should love and know our country as well,
studying history is the story of our country and its people.
6. THE PHILIPPINES
LOCATION AND AREA
◦ archipelago of 7,641 islands
◦ 7,107 in 1945, and was updated to
7,641 in 2017 after the
Philippine National Mapping and
Resource Information
Authority (NAMRIA)
◦ 2,773 are named
◦ 880 of which are inhabited
◦ total land area = 300,242.943 sq. km.
(115,830 sq. mi.)
◦ world's fifth largest island country
◦ larger than Great Britain,
Yugoslavia and Ecuador
◦ a little smaller than Spain or
Poland
◦ twice larger than Cuba or Greece
◦ about as large as Italy
8. ◦ 13th largest of about 35 countries in Asia
◦ approximately 1,000 of its islands are populated
◦ Eleven islands make up 95 percent of the
Philippine landmass
◦ fifth longest coastline of 36,289 kilometers
(22,549 mi)
◦ Exclusive Economic Zone of the Philippines
covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi), 200
nautical miles (370 km) from its shores
◦ 430’N and 2120’ N latitude
◦ 11655’ E and 12635’ east longitude
◦ N- Bashi Channel
◦ W- West Philippine Sea/South China
Sea
◦ E - Pacific Ocean
◦ S - Celebes Sea and Sulu Sea
Y’ami - northernmost island (104.65 km.
or 65 mi. southeast of Taiwan)
Saluag – southernmost island (48.3 km. or 30
mi. east of Borneo)
9. FYI..
◦ Philippine Trench - descends to a depth of 10,430 meters (34,220 ft) located off the coast of eastern Mindanao
◦ 115,661,699 = total live population as of 10/18/2022 (source: https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/philippines-population)
◦ 1591, first census was taken and a recorded population of 667,612 people (Japan had 8 million)
◦ estimated to be around 10.2 million Filipino people living abroad (source: NSO 2022)
◦ Ruy López de Villalobos, in 1542, named the islands of Leyte and Samar "Felipinas" after Philip II of Spain, then the Prince of
Asturias
10. Demographics
◦ Tagalog, 28.1%
◦ Cebuano, 13.1%
◦ Ilocano, 9%
◦ Bisaya, 7.6%
◦ Hiligaynon, 7.5%
◦ Bikol, 6%
◦ Waray, 3.4%
◦ Other, 25.3%
Ethnic groups Official languages
Religion
◦ Roman Catholics, 81%
◦ Other Christian
denominations, 11%
◦ Muslims, 5.6%
◦ Filipino
◦ English
11. Present boundaries & limits of the Phils. are defined by:
Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)
◦ Spain transferred its “ownership” of the Phils. to
the US for $20M
◦ Cartographic illiteracy did not include certain
portions of the Sulu archipelago
Treaty between US & Spain (November 7, 1900)
◦ US paid Spain another $100,000
◦ US acquired the group of islands known as
Cagayan Sulu and Sibutu and their
dependencies lying off the coast of Borneo
Treaty between the US and Great Britain (July 2, 1930)
◦ Turtle Islands and Mangsee Islands
◦ Defined the boundary between the Philippines
and North Borneo
12. Archipelago Doctrine – adopted in the New Constitution as a baseline in
determining the island and territorial waters of the country
Underlying principle:
◦ unity of the land, water
and people into a single
unit so that the
archipelago may not be
splintered into as many
islands as compose it, with
the consequent
fragmentation of the
nation and the state itself.
◦ will preserve unity and
identity as a single entity
of the land, water and
seabed enclosed within
the baselines
13. GENERAL
TOPOGRAPHY
◦ irregular coastline (17,468.5 kms. / 10,850 statute
mi.)
◦ twice as long as the coastline of the US
◦ coastline is considered the longest discontinuous
coastline in the world
◦ San Juanico Strait – narrowest strait in the world
◦ Philippine Deep (northeast Mindanao)
– fourth lowest spot in the world
14. 4 Major Plains
◦ Central Luzon Plain – largest lowland
area in the country (Rice Granary of
the Philippines)
◦ Cagayan Valley (NE Luzon) – leading
tobacco-producing region in Asia
◦ Agusan – Davao Plain
◦ Cotabato Valley
2 principal plateaus:
◦ Lanao-Bukidnon Plateau
◦ Tiruray Tableland (Maguindanao)
15. Volcanoes
◦ Mayon (Albay)
◦ Makaturing (Lanao del Sur)
◦ Iraya (Batanes)
◦ Hibuk-Hibok (Camiguin)
◦ Taal (Batangas)
◦ Isarog (Camarines Sur)
◦ Banahaw (Quezon)
◦ Bulusan (Sorsogon)
◦ Apo (Davao del Sur)
Tectonic overview of the Philippines. Orange
shading represents the Palawan Microcontinental
Block; Grey shading represents the Philippine
mobile belt. The direction of triangles represents the
direction of subduction.
17. Lakes (59)
◦ Lake Dagatan (Quezon) – smallest
◦ Laguna de bay – fish and shellfish
◦ Lake Lanao (del Sur)
◦ Lake Taal (Batangas)
◦ Lake Mainit (Surigao del Norte)
◦ Lake Naujan (Oriental Mindoro)
◦ Lake Buluan (Sultan Kudarat)
◦ Lake Bito (Leyte)
18. MOUNTAIN SYSTEMS
◦ Luzon MountainRanges
◦ Caraballo del Sur – Central and Northern Cordillera
◦ Sierra Madre (Pacific Coast Range) – largest
continuous mountain range
◦ Caraballo de Baler – extends from baler (Aurora)
ends in the San Bernardino Strait (southeast tip in
Luzon)
◦ Mayon Volcano and Bulusan Volcano
(Sorsogon)
◦ Mindanao Mountain Range
◦ Diwata Mountains – eastern coast of the island
◦ Central Range – extends though the length of
Mindanao following western boundary of Agusan
and Davao
◦ the mountain ranges which form the backbone of
Zamboanga peninsula and Misamis Occidental
19. RIVER SYSTEMS
◦ LUZON:
◦ Rio Grande de Cagayan – drains the
Cagayan Valley
◦ Agno River – drains the rivers in Nueva
Ecija, Pangasinan and Tarlac
◦ Abra River – receives tributaries from
the Cordillera and drains Lepanto,
Bontoc and Abra
◦ Pampanga River – drains the rich valleys
of Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Bulacan
◦ MINDANAO:
◦ Rio Grande de Mindanao – largest river
system (fed by two large lakes and drains
the Central Mindanao region
◦ Agusan
20. CLIMATE
3 distinct seasons:
◦ Rainy – June to
November
◦ cool, dry season
– December to
February
◦ hot, dry season
– March to May
21. ANIMAL AND PLANT RESOURCES
The animals from the Philippines came from the heartland of Southeast
Asia; migrated by way of prehistoric land bridges
◦ 60 species of bats
◦ 3 species of deer
◦ 5 species of monkeys
◦ 750 species of birds
◦ various species of horses, carabaos, dogs, cats pigs, squirrels and goats
◦ monkey-eating eagle; tiny curved-beak sunbird; pheasant peacock
(Palawan); parrots; tipol (largest bird in the Philippines)
◦ 250,000 species of insects
◦ over 2,000 species of fish
◦ 10,000 species of shells
◦ 10,000 species of flower plants and ferns
22. ◦ unique animals:
◦ tarsier - Bohol
◦ pilandok (mouse deer) – Balabac Island, Palawan
◦ tamaraw – Mindoro
◦ Pandaca pygmea – Malabon River, Manila Bay
◦ sinirapan or tabios – Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur
◦ Gloria Maris cone
◦ Tridacna gigas (largest shell)
◦ pisidium (smallest shell)
23. Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines
◦ group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived
as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership since time
immemorial, occupied, possessed customs, tradition and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to
political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and culture, become historically differentiated
from the majority of Filipinos estimated 14- 17 million Indigenous Peoples (IPs)
24. Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines
◦ they were not absorbed by centuries of Spanish and United
States colonization of the Philippines, and in the process
have retained their customs and traditions110 ethno-
linguistic groups
◦ The term indigenous when applied to the Philippine
population can be a deceptive misnomer, connoting alien
migrant populations who have over time become the
majority ethnolinguistic and cultural group in the land and
thereby pushing indigens to the fringes of socio-cultural
inclusion, such as in the Americas, Middle East, Australia, or
New Zealand. Contrarily, the vast majority of people in the
Philippines descend from the same Austronesian ancestral
populations indigenous to the archipelago, regardless of
cultural, religious, ethnolinguistic or tribal affiliations.
25. Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines
◦ 134 ethnic groups
◦ Northern Luzon (Cordillera Administrative Region, 33%)
◦ Mindanao (61%)
◦ Visayas (6%)
◦ 135 recognized local indigenous Austronesian languages in the Philippines, of which one (Tagalog) is vehicular and each of the
remaining 134 is vernacular (Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino)
26. Languages
◦ there are 120 to 187 languages and
dialects in the Philippines, depending on
the method of classification
◦ almost all are Malayo-Polynesian
languages
◦ each of these languages has its history
and origin
◦ most of the languages spoken are
indigenous languages that have survived
through the centuries despite Spanish
and American rule
◦ A number of Spanish-influenced creole
varieties generally called Chavacano are
also spoken in certain communities
27. Languages
◦ English and Filipino (primarily based in Tagalog), are
the official languages of the country. Filipino is the
national language, and the official status of English is
a holdover from its time as a U.S. territory between
the years of 1898 and 1946.
◦ There are 183 living languages currently spoken in the
Philippines, the vast majority of which are indigenous
tongues (about 80 native languages and 142 dialects)
◦ Major languages are:
Tagalog
Pangasinan
Iloko
Pampangan
Sugbuhanon
Hiligaynon
Samarnon or Samar-Leyte and
Maguindanao
◦ English, a foreign tongue, is widely used for
educational, governmental, and commercial purposes
◦ Spanish actually became an official language again,
together with English, according to the Constitution
of 1935, but it was demoted to an “optional and
voluntary language” in 1987.
28.
29. History of the Languages
◦Pre-colonial period, no common language spoken in the
Philippines
◦16th century, Spanish became the official language of the
country
◦ Spanish remained the official language in the country for over 3 centuries after the Spanish colonizers came
to the Philippines in 1565
◦ Seven Years’ War in 1762, the British invaded Manila, which was the first time
when the Philippine people were confronted with the English language
◦ However, it gained more influence later on, in the period between 1898 and 1946, known as the American
rule
◦ 1897, Tagalog was the official language until 1987
◦ 1930s, the Commonwealth government decided that the Philippines should
have a national language
◦ no national language was chosen
◦ 1937, the Filipino language was proclaimed the national language of the
Philippines
30. History of the Languages
◦1946, Filipino declared an official language
◦ same year, the 20-letter Abakada alphabet was introduced and became the
standard of the country’s new national language
◦1970s, the debate on a national language reappeared.
This time, however, the government focused on
creating a national language called Filipino, which
would lay the grounds for ‘a new society’
◦ Linguists were assigned the task to modify and enrich the Tagalog language by
borrowing words from English, Spanish, Chinese, and Malay.
◦ A significant effort was put into replacing unsound Tagalog words with new ones
that sounded more melodious.
31. History of the Languages
◦1990s, R. David Paul Zorc was
the first linguist to propose to
include all the languages of the
Philippines and northern
Sulawesi into the so-called
group of the Philippine
languages
◦ this proposition was later supported by
another linguist, Robert Blust.
◦overall, Philippine languages are
quite diverse and different from
one another
R. David Paul Zorc
Robert A. Blust
32. The differences
between Filipino
and Tagalog
◦ Tagalog alphabet consists of 20 letters
◦ Filipino alphabet has 28 letters – 20 letters
from Tagalog and 8 letters from European
languages such as f, c, x, j, and z
◦ the two languages share the same
grammatical structures
◦ estimated that Filipino and Tagalog share up
to 90% of their vocabulary
◦ remaining 10% of Filipino vocabulary consists
of nativized words from English, Spanish, and
Chinese
◦ many English words are transliterated in
Filipino, meaning that they can be spelled as
the local people pronounce them
◦ ‘computer’ in Filipino is spelled ‘kompyuter’
while ‘driver’ is written like ‘drayber.’
33.
34. ◦ Major regional languages
◦ these languages belong to one parent stock which
was the Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian
language mostly indigenous languages belonging
to the Austronesian language family.
Aklanon Tagalog
Basian Kapampangan
Bikol Kinaray-a
Cebuano Waray
Chavacano (a Spanish-based creole) Maguindanao
Hiligaynon Pangasinan
Ibanag Sambal
Ilocano Surigaonon
Ilonggo Tausug
Ivatan Yakan
Maranao
35. Cebuano
◦ also referred to as Binisaya (or
Visayan in English), is widely
spoken on the Cebu Island as
well as in the central and
southern parts of the
Philippines.
◦ 27.5 million native Cebuano
speakers in the country.
◦ Austronesian language that
stems from Cebu Island.
◦ the language with most native
speakers in the Philippines,
despite it not being taught at
schools and universities
36. Ilocano
◦ 8.1 million Ilocano speakers
◦ third most-spoken language in the
country
◦ an Austronesian language that is
closely related to Indonesian,
Malay, Hawaiian, Fijian, Maori,
Malagasy, Samoan, Tahitian,
Chamorro, Tetum, and Paiwan.
◦ speakers are mainly situated in
northwest Luzon, the Babuyan
Islands, Cordillera Administrative
Region, Cagayan Valley, northern
parts of Central Luzon, Mindoro,
and scattered areas in Mindanao
(the Soccsksargen region in
particular).
◦ indigenous script called kur-itan.
37. Hiligaynon
◦ also known as Ilonggo, is an
Austronesian language
widely spoken in the
Western part of the
Philippines
◦ approximately 9.3 million
Hiligaynon speakers
◦ speakers are concentrated
in the provinces of Iloilo,
Negros Occidental, and
Capiz, in the provinces of
the Panay Island group, as
well as in many parts of
Mindanao.
38. Waray-waray
◦ comes from a commonly
used word, meaning “none,”
“nothing,” or “not”
◦ another name for the Waray-
waray language is Winaray or
Lineyte-Samarnon
◦ related to Cebuano and
Hiligaynon
◦ 3.6 million Waray speakers
39. Kapampangan
◦ an Austronesian language that
is primarily spoken in the
province of Pampanga,
southern Tarlac, in parts of
Kapampangan, in northeastern
Bataan, as well as in the
municipalities of Bulacan,
Nueva Ecija, and Zambales
◦ also spoken by a few Aeta
groups in the southern part of
Central Luzon
◦ 2 million Kapampangan
speakers
40. Bikol
◦ group of Central Philippine
languages primarily spoken on
the Bikol Peninsula of the
island of Luzon, parts of
Catanduanes and Burias
Islands, and in parts of the
Masbate Province
◦ four main dialect groups are
Northern Bikol, Southern
Bikol, Northern Catanduanes,
and Bisakol
◦ 2.5 million Bikol speakers
41. Pangasinan
◦ also called Pangasinese,
belongs to the Malayo-
Polynesian branch of the
Austronesian language
family
◦ spoken mainly in the
province of Pangasinan
by over 1 million people.
Pangasinese is very
similar to Ilocano and
Tagalog and is closely
related to the Ibaloi
language, spoken in
regions north of
Pangasinan
42. Maranao
◦ Austronesian language spoken by the
people of Lanao (Lanao is a
predominantly Muslim region on the
island of Mindanao) as well as the
Maranao people in the provinces of
Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur
◦ less than 800,000 speakers
Maguindanao
◦ Austronesian language spoken by the
majority of the population of the
Maguindanao province in the Philippines
◦ there are around 1.1 million speakers in
the country
◦ It is also used in different parts of
Mindanao, such as the cities of
Zamboanga, Davao, and General Santos,
and the provinces of North Cotabato,
Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato,
Sarangani, Zamboanga del Sur,
Zamboanga Sibugay, and Metro Manila
Maranao
◦ Austronesian language widely spoken in
the Sulu Province as well as in Malaysia
and Indonesia by the Tausug people
◦ around 1 million speakers.
◦ “tau” is colloquially used to refer to a
person, while “sug” stands for Sulu.
43. Kinaray-a
◦ Austronesian language and is spoken mainly
in the Antique Province in the Philippines, in
Iloilo province, the south of Capiz province,
and certain villages in Mindanao by less than
half a million people.
◦ Kinaray-a stems from the word “iraya,”
whose equivalent in Tagalog is “ilaya,” which
refers to a group of people living in the
mountain areas of the province
◦ Kinaray-a and Hiligaynon are often mistaken
for dialects due to the high degree of mutual
intelligibility. These are separate languages
that belong to related subgroups.
◦ Generally, Kinaray-a is mainly spoken in most
towns, while Hiligaynon is spoken primarily
in Iloilo City.
