Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
introduction to General pharmacology by : Dr Debasish PradhanDr Debasish Pradhan
Introduction to general Pharmacology, Routes of drug administration with their advantages and Disadvantages, Factors affecting routes of drug administration.
Briefly described by Dr. Nizar Muhammad, with a clinical perspective, for the students of Pharmacy and specially for nursing students, the data is taken from an american book, named as Clinical Pharmacology_anonim.
Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an obstructed airway.
The Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) algorithm is a systematic, evidence-based approach designed to guide healthcare providers in the urgent treatment of: Cardiac arrest. Arrhythmias. Stroke. Other life-threatening cardiovascular emergencies.
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. The most common is type 2 diabetes, usually in adults, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough insulin. In the past 3 decades the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels. Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin by itself. For people living with diabetes, access to affordable treatment, including insulin, is critical to their survival. There is a globally agreed target to halt the rise in diabetes and obesity by 2025.
Levels of Organization
1
An Introduction to the Human Body
2
The Chemical Level of Organization
3
The Cellular Level of Organization
4
The Tissue Level of Organization
Support and Movement
Regulation, Integration, and Control
Fluids and Transport
Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
Human Development and the Continuity of Life
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
Communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), are among the leading causes of death and disability in low-income countries and marginalized populations.
Nursing Mangement on occupational and industrial disorders [Autosaved].pptxDR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
What are the 5 types of occupational disease?
Occupational diseases in this registry system including Occupational lung diseases, occupational skin diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, diseases caused by chemical agents (poisoning), diseases caused by biological agents, occupational cancers and other occupational diseases
Acyanotic heart disease is where the blood contains enough oxygen but it's pumped abnormally around the body. Babies born with acyanotic heart disease may not have any apparent symptoms but, over time, the condition can cause health problems.
Congenital heart disease, also called a defect, refers to one or more problems with the heart structure that are present at birth. These abnormalities occur when the heart or blood vessels don't form correctly in utero. At least eight out of every 1000 infants born in the US each year have a heart defect.
Dialysis is a treatment for people whose kidneys are failing. When you have kidney failure, your kidneys don't filter blood the way they should. As a result, wastes and toxins build up in your bloodstream. Dialysis does the work of your kidneys, removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood
Urinary disorders with congenital anomalies of Kidney, ureter. UTIs are common infections that happen when bacteria, often from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra, and infect the urinary tract. The infections can affect several parts of the urinary tract, but the most common type is a bladder infection (cystitis).
Genitourinary disorders are conditions that affect the genitourinary system, which includes the urinary and reproductive systems. Some are congenital, and others are acquired later in life.
Large numbers of patients suffer from a variety of diseases in the genitourinary system, which is composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and genital organs. Genitourinary diseases include congenital abnormalities, iatrogenic injuries, and disorders such as cancer, trauma, infection, and inflammation.
The genitourinary system, or urogenital system, are the organs of the reproductive system and the urinary system. These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways, like the male urethra.
lymphatic system, a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. ... Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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3. TERMS AND DEFINITION
• DRUG
A drug defined as any substance or group of substance, which affect living tissue.
Or
It is defined as any substance used to prevent, diagnose or treat disease or to
prevent pregnancy.
• PHARMACOLOGY
It is the study of the actions and effects of drugs on living systems and their
therapeutic use.
4. PHARMACOKINETICS
It deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs.
TOXICOLOGY
It is the science of poisons. It includes the origin, chemical properties, toxic
actions etc.
POSOLOGY
It is the science of dosage. It deals with the amount of drug necessary to produce
a desired physiological, therapeutic, or prophylactic effect.
MINIMUM DOSE
The minimum dose is considered the smallest dose of drug that that produce the
therapeutic effect.
5. MAXIMUM DOSE
The maximum dose is considered the large dose of drug that can be safely
administered.
TOXIC DOSE
The toxic dose of a drug is considered the amount of drug that will produce noxious or
harmful effect.
LETHAL DOSE “LD50”
The lethal dose of a drug is the amount of substance that will cause death
SINGLE DOSE
It is the amount of that substance to be taken at one time.
DAILY DOSE
The daily dose of a drug is the amount of that substance to be taken in a 24 hour period.
6. MAINTAINCE DOSE
The maintenance dose of a drug is the amount of that substance taken to maintain or
continue a desired therapeutic effect.
7. Greek Word
Pharmacon Logos
Drug Science
Science of drugs- dealing with the study of Desirable and Undesirable
effects.
PHARMACOLOGY
9. What is PHARMACOLOGY ?
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics
What the body does to drug What the drug does to body
Pharmacotherapeutics Pharmacy
The study of the use of drugs Preparing suitable dosage forms
Toxicology
10. It is the science of:
• Identification
• Selection
• Preservation
• Standardization
• Compounding, and
• Dispensing of medicinal substances
PHARMACY
11. “ Drug is any substance or product that is used or is intended to be used
to modify physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of
the recipient .”
DRUG
12. NOMNECLATURE
• CHEMICAL NAME: provided by chemist{ ingredients based}
• GENRIC NAME: manufacture name { company based}
• OFFICIAL NAME: FDA {food drug administration}
• TRADE NAME: brand name
13. Chemical Name 1,4 benzodiazepine analog
Generic Name Alprazolam
Official Name Alprazolam, USP
Brand Name Alprax®
DRUG NAMES
14. • Mineral
• Animal
• Plant
• Synthetic
• Micro-organisms
• Drugs produced by genetic
engineering
• Liquid paraffin, magnesium sulfate, etc
• Insulin, Thyroid, etc.
• Morphine, Quinine etc
• Aspirin, Sulfonamides, etc.
• Penicillin & other antibiotics.
• Human insulin, human growth, hormone etc.
THE NATURE AND SOURCES OF DRUGS
17. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
1. Oral
2. Sublingual
3. Rectal
Enteral Parenteral
(injectable)
1. Intravenous
2. Intramuscular
3. Subcutaneous
Topical
1. Intranasal
2. Inhalation
3. Intravaginal
How the drug is given
18. • The study of what the body does to the drug
• It is the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
(ADME) of drugs
• “Fate of drug”
PHARMACOKINETICS
19. • Absorption
How the drug is moved into blood stream from the site of administration ?
• Distribution
How much drug is moved to various body tissues / organs ? Depends on blood flow through tissue
• Metabolism
How the drug is altered – broken down ?
• Excretion
How much of the drug is removed from the body ?
PHARMACOKINETICS
20. PHARMACOKINETICS : EFFECT OF DRUG ON BODY
• THERAPUTIC EFFECT
• LOCAL & SYSTEMIC EFFECT
• ADVERSE EFFECT
• SIDE EFFECT
• OR OTHERS EFFECT
21. THERAPUTIC EFFECT
• It is the effect which is desired. Therapeutic effect r the medication
desired & intentional effect.
• These effects vary with the nature of the medication, the length of time
the client has received.
• These effects also vary with the client physical conditions & interaction
with the other day.
22. LOCAL & SYSTEMIC EFFECT
• Local effect “ of drugs r expected when they applied topical
region on the skin or mucous membrane.
• Systemic effect “ must be absorbed in the blood stream.
They produced the systemic desired effect in the various
system of the parts of body.
23. ADVERSE EFFECTS
• ADVERSE EFFECTS “is any effect other than the
therapeutic effect. So e adverse effects r minor while some r
vary serious to health, for e.g. PCM= liver toxicity
• SIDE EFFECTS “minor adverse effects. These r the minor
adverse effect which r absorbed due to administration of
drug. It can be treated by nsg interventions. For e.g.
amoxicillin= nausea, vomiting.
24. ALLERGIC REACTION
• When the client body reacts towards drug of
recognized as a foreign body then the
effects are shown known as allergic effect.
• Effect on urinary system
• oliguria., anuria , hematuria, albumin urea
25. Effects on CVS
• Arrhythmia, HR=72b/m
• Rhythm= lub ,dup
• Hypotension
• Hypertension
• Effects on CNS system
• Tremors {involuntary movemnts}
• Insomnia
• Headache
• dizziness
26. Effects on GI
• Mucosal irritation, constipation, diarrhea.
• SYNERGIC EFFECTS” , “A combination of
2 drugs can some types cause an effect
that is greater than the sum of the
individual effect of each drug.
•
27. • Pharmacokinetics: The movement of drugs that is the appearance and disappearance in the
body.
• Molecular pharmacology: Study of the intraction of drugs such as DNA, RNA, enzymes.
•
• Chemotherapy: Treatment that destroy microorganism, paracytes, or malignant cells.
•
• Toxicology: Study of the harmful effect of drugs and chemicals. A toxicologist is also
interested in finding proper antidotes to harmful effect of drugs.
•
• Chemical Name: Is the chemical formula of the drug shows the structure of the drug.
•
• Generic Name / Official Name: Is a very less complicated name that is recognized as
identifying the drug for legal and scientific purposes. There is only one generic name for each
drug.
•
• Brand Name / Trade Name / Proprietary Name: Is a private property of an individual drug
manufacture.
28. • The study of what the drug does to the body
• It is the quantitative study of the biological and therapeutic effects of drugs.
PHARMACODYNAMICS
29. USE OF DRUGS
• To maintain health
• To reserve a disease process
• To relieve symptoms
• To prevent disease
• To prevent pregnancy.
31. Factors affecting drug response
• Pharmacological
– Dose & Route of administration
– Duration of treatment
– Time of administration
– Drug interaction
• Individual
– Age & Weight
– Gender
– Diet
– Tolerance
– -
32. Indication & Contraindication
• Indication:
A clinical circumstance indicating that the use of
a particular intervention would be appropriate
• Contraindication:
Any condition which renders a particular line of
treatment improper or undesirable.
33. What does the term adverse reaction refer to?
A. A life-threatening response to a drug
B. A drug-induced allergy
C. A harmful, noxious, unintended & undesirable response to a drug
D. An unpredictable response to a drug
Adverse drug reaction
34. Adverse drug reactions
Side effect
Toxicity – overdose
Allergic reaction
Physical dependence
Carcinogenic effect
37. Solid form
• Caplet : shape like a capsule and coated for easy swallowing
• Capsule: powdered, liquid or oily drug enclosed in a gelatin shell
• Pills: tablet containing one or more drugs shaped into ovoid or oblong form
• Tablet: powdered dose compressed into hard disk.
• LOZENGES: flat, Round form containing drug, flavoring sugar, or dissolves in mouth.
• SUPPOSITORY: solid dose form mixed with gelatin for insertion in the body cavity,
melts at body temperature , releasing the drug for absorption
Suppositories
38. LIQUID FORM
• INJECTIONS: Liquid drugs in the ampoule or vial for IM, IV, SC , ID use
• DROPS: liquid drug for instillation in eyes, ears, nose
• SYURP: drug dissolved in conc. sugar solution
• SUSPENSION: finely divided drug particles in a liquid medium.
• LOTION: drug in liquid suspension used externally on the skin
• TINCTURE: water or alcohol drug solution
• EMULSION: mixture of two liquids uniformly dispersed throughout each other
39. SEMI SOLID FORM
• OINTMENT: preparation made for external use usually containing one or more drugs
• PASTE: thick and stiff preparation absorbed through skin more slowly than ointment
• CREAM: a non greasy semi solid prepration used on the skin.
Ointment
Pastes
Creams
44. ANTIBIOTIC / ANTIVIRAL
Bacterio static drugs and bacterisideldry (kill the
bacteria) it inhibit to grow (stops) - Antifunguls,
antitrnurcules, antivirus, cephalosporin - (Bacterie sidle)
they kill, srythromycin (bacterio static) asitromycin,
penicillin (bacterio cidal), quilones (bacterie sidle) eg:
Ciprofloxcin, sulfomaides, sulpha drugs (bacterie sidal),
tetracyclin for plage (bacterio static).
45. ANTICOAGULANTS & ANTIPLATES
DRUG
prevent coagulation (clotting) of blood heparin is a
nature anticoagulant produces by liver cells. Other
anticoagulant produces warfarin (aspirin, coumadin,
dicumorol) are manufacture. Tissue type plasminogen
activator (tpA) is actually dissolve the clot.
46. ANTIPLATELETS DRUGS
Reduce the tendenes of platlets to stick together. eg:
aspirin.
ANTICONVULSANT
Prevents or reduces the frequency of convulsion.
The various types of epilepsy.
47. ANTIDEPRESSION
Feels symptoms of depression. They can elevate mood,
increase physical activity, and mental awareness, to
improve apitide and sleep. Many antidepressants are
also mild cedatives.
Drugs include:
tricylics (TCA) eg: Pamelor, amitriptyline, nortriptyline.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
Monoamine oxidec inhibitor (MAOI)
48. ANTIDIABETICS
2 types Type I, Type II.
Type I: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
Must receive injection of insulin. Insulin was obtained
from animals (pork, beef) now much purer insulin is
produced called rDNA (Humulin N). in younger age
Juvenile diabetes.
Type II: Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM). Are given oral antidiabetic drugs.
49. Antidiabetic drugs
sulfonylureas eg: Glucotrol XL (glipizide).
Biguanides eg: metformin (Glucofag)
Alphaglucozidase inhibitor eg: acarbose (precose)
Thiazolidirediones eg: troglitrozone (Risulina)
Meglitinides eg: Prandin
An insulin pump is a device strapped to the patient
waist that periodically deliveries the desired amount of
52. STORAGE AND CARE OF DRUGS
• All the drugs should be labeled properly, neatly and gently.
• The labeled should contain the name of drug, composition, strength and dose
• There should be separate cupboard for storing drugs
• There should be separate cupboard for storing poisonous drugs & should be under
lock and key.
• There should be separate compartments for storing different forms of drugs i.e.
tablets, mixtures, lotions, injections, drops etc.
• All the drugs should be kept alphabetically.
• A record should be maintained for accounts of drugs.
• A seprate record should be maintained for poisonus drugs to prevent their theft and
misuse.
• Emergency drugs should be kept in easy reach.
• .
53. • The expire date should be checked at regular intervals and replaced from the central
store.
• The drugs which get destroyed at room temperature e.g. vaccines, antibiotics, serum
etc should be stored in refrigerator.
• The oily medicine should be stored in water proof cover to prevent soiling.
• Do not take the medicine from the bottle or container which have illegible level.
55. RIGHTS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
• Right drug
• Right dose
• Right patient
• Right route
• Right preparations
• Right times
• Right handling
• Right storage
• Right expiry of date
• Right discard
• Right administration
56. • Right explanation
• Right documentation
• Right order
• Right patient chart
• Right universal precaution
57. Abbreviations
Abbrev. Meaning Latin (or New Latin) origin
a.c. Before meals ante cibum
q.o.d Every other day quaque otra die
a.m. Morning ante meridiem
b.i.d. (or bid) Twice a day/daily bis in die
gtt. Drop(s) gutta(e)
h. Hour hora
h.s. At bedtime hora somni
o.d. Right eye oculus dexter
o.s. Left eye oculus sinister
o.u. Both eyes oculus uterque
p.c. After food post cibum
p.m. Afternoon post meridiem
p.o. or po Orally per os
p.r. or pr Rectally per rectum
58. p.r.n. as needed pro re nata
q. every quaque
q.2.h. Every two hours quaque secunda hora
q.4.h. Every four hours quaque quarta hora
q.6.h. Every six hours quaque sexta hora
q.8.h. Every eight hours quaque octava hora
q.d. or qd Every day/daily quaque die
q.i.d Four times a day quater in die
q.h. Every hour, hourly quaque hora
q.s. A sufficient quantity quantum sufficiat
Rx or ℞ prescription recipe
Sig. or S. directions signa
Stat. Immediately, with no delay statim
t.i.d. or tid Three times a day ter in die
u.d. As directed ut dictum
59. Routes for Medication.
Term What it means?
Buccal Between cheek and gum
Sublingual Under the tongue
Topical On skin
Oral (p.o) Per Oral
Transdermal Patch form
Intra Aural In Ears
Intra Ocular In eyes
Intra Nasal In nose
IM (Intra Muscular) Injection in muscle
IV (Intra Venous) Injection in vein
Subcutaneous Injection in fatty tissue
GI Gastro Intestinal
NG Naso Gastric
60. Route of Drug Administration
By Abubakar salisu fago.
61. ADMINISTRAION OF MEDICATION
• The administration of medication is a chief responsibility of the nurse. The practice of
administering medication involves providing the patient with a substance prescribed and
intended for the diagnosis treatment, or prevention of a medical illness or condition.
• Drugs are introduced into the body by several routes
62. • They may be taken by mouth (orally); given by injection into a vein (intravenously), into a
muscle (intramuscularly), into the space around the spinal cord (intrathecally), or beneath the
skin (subcutaneously); placed under the tongue (sublingually); inserted in the rectum (rectally)
or vagina (vaginally); instilled in the eye (by the ocular route); sprayed into the nose and
absorbed through the nasal membranes (nasally); breathed into the lungs, usually through the
mouth (by inhalation); applied to the skin (cutaneously) for a local (topical) or bodywide
(systemic) effect; or delivered through the skin by a patch (transdermally) for a systemic effect.
Each route has specific purposes, advantages, and disadvantage.
63. Important factors which govern the choice of route of drug administration are
a. Physical and chemical properties of drugs ( solid/liquide/gas/stability/PH / irritancy
b. Site of desire action- localized and approachable and generalized and nonapproacheable
c. Rate and extent of drug absorption
d. Effect of digestive juice and first pass metabolism of drugs
e. Rapidity at which response is desired
f. Accuracy of dose required
g. Condition of patients
64. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
1. Oral
2. Sublingual
3. Rectal
Enteral Parenteral
(injectable)
1. Intravenous
2. Intramuscular
3. Subcutaneous
Topical
1. Intranasal
2. Inhalation
3. Intravaginal
How the drug is given
67. II. Routes of Drug
Administration
- Determined primarily by the properties
of the drug
2 MAJOR ROUTES OF DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
1. Enteral
2. Parenteral
69. Routes of Drug
Administration
• 1. ENTERAL
A. ORAL
- most common route of administration
- Most variable
- most complicated pathway
- Cheapest
- Non - invasive
[NOTE: most drugs are absorbed in the GIT & encounter
the liver before they are distributed into the general
circulation]
70. Oral Dosage Forms
• Common dose forms for oral administration
– tablets
– capsules
– liquids
– solutions
– suspensions
– syrups
– elixirs
71. Routes of Drug
AdAministration
• 1. Enteral
B. SUBLINGUAL
- Placement under the tongue
- Allows the drug to diffuse into the capillaries & therefore to enter the systemic
circulation
Advantage: the drug bypasses the intestine & liver & thus avoids 1st pass metabolism
72. SUBLINGUAL ROUTE
ADVANTAGES
• ECONOMICAL
• QUICK TERMINATION
• FIRST-PASS AVOIDED
• DRUG ABSORPTION IS QUICK
DISADVANTAGES
• UNPALATABLE & BITTER DRUGS
• IRRITATION OF ORAL MUCOSA
• LARGE QUANTITIES NOT GIVEN
• FEW DRUGS ARE ABSORBED
73
73. BUCCAL ROUTE
• Buccal
administration is
where the dosage
form is placed
between gums and
inner lining of the
cheek (buccal
pouch)
– absorbed by
buccal mucosa
74. BUCCAL ROUTE
ADVANTAGES
– Avoid first pass effect
– Rapid absorption
– Drug stability
DISADVANTAGES
– Inconvenience
– advantages lost if swallowed
– Small dose limit
75. Routes of Drug
Administration
1. Enteral
c. Rectal
- Useful if the drug induces vomiting if given orally or if the patient is already
vomiting
- Drainage of the rectal region bypasses the portal circulation
- Similar to the sublingual route, it prevents the destruction of the drug by
intestinal enzymes or by the low pH in the stomach
[note: commonly used to administer anti – emetic ] By Suppository or Enema
76. RECTAL ROUTE
ADVANTAGES
USED IN CHILDREN
LITTLE OR NO FIRST PASS EFFECT
USED IN
VOMITING/UNCONSCIOUS
HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS RAPIDLY ACHIEVED
DISADVANTAGES
INCONVENIENT
ABSORPTION IS SLOW AND ERRATIC
IRRITATION OR INFLAMMATION OF RECTAL MUCOSA
CAN OCCUR
77
80. Routes of Drug Administration
2. Parenteral
a. IV / intravascular
- IV injection is the most
common parenteral route
- For drugs which are not absorbed orally
- Bypasses the liver
- Permits a rapid effect and a maximal degree of
control over the circulating levels of the drug
- Can introduce bacterial contamination at the site
- Can cause hemolysis
81. INTRAVENOUS
ADVANTAGES
• BIOAVAILABILITY 100%
• DESIRED BLOOD
CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVED
• LARGE QUANTITIES
• VOMITING & DIARRHEA
• EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
• FIRST PASS AVOIDED
• GASTRIC MANUPALATION
AVOIDED
DISADVANTAGES
• IRRITATION & CELLULITIS
• THROMBOPHELEBITIS
• REPEATED INJECTIONS NOT ALWAYS
FEASIBLE
• LESS SAFE
• TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE REQUIRED
• DANGER OF INFECTION
• EXPENSIVE
• LESS CONVENIENT AND PAINFUL
82
82. Routes of Drug Administration
2. Parenteral
b. IM / intramuscular
drug administerd aqueous sol’n
specialized depot preparations
83. INTRAMUSULAR ROUTE
ADVANTAGES
• ABSORPTION
REASONABLY UNIFORM
• RAPID ONSET OF ACTION
• MILD IRRITANTS CAN BE
GIVEN
• FIRST PASS AVOIDED
• GASTRIC FACTORS CAN BE
AVOIDED
DISADVANTAGES
• ONLY UPTO 10ML DRUG GIVEN
• LOCAL PAIN AND ABCESS
• EXPENSIVE
• INFECTION
• NERVE DAMAGE
84
84. Routes of Drug Administration
2. Parenteral
c. SC / subcutaneous
- This route of
administration like IM
requires absorption &
somewhat slower than
the IV route
85. SUBCUTANEOUS
• Injected under the skin.
• Absorption is slow, so action is prolonged.
IMPLANT :a tablet or porous capsule is inserted
into the loose tissues by incision of the skin,
which is then stiched up.
example : certain hormonal drugs
86. INTRA-ARTERIAL
• Rarely used
• Anticancer drugs are given for localized effects
• Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral vascular
diseases
88. INTRADERMAL
• drug is given within skin layers
(dermis)
• Painful
• Mainly used for testing sensitivity to
drugs.
e.g. penicillin, ATS (anti tetanus
serum)
INOCULATION :administration of
vaccine (like small pox vaccine )
89. Topical Routes of Administration
• Topical administration is the application of a drug directly to the
surface of the skin
• Includes administration of drugs to any mucous membrane
– eye – vagina
– nose – urethra
– ears – colon
– lungs
90. Topical Dosage Forms
Dose forms for topical administration include:
• Skin:
– creams
– ointments
– lotions
– gels
– transdermal patches
– disks
• Eye or ear:
– solutions
– suspensions
– ointments
• Nose and lungs:
– sprays and powders
91. Routes of Drug Administration
3. Others
a. Inhalation
- Provides a rapid delivery
of a drug across a large
surface area of the
mucus membranes of
the respiratory and the
pulmonary epithelium
- Effect is as rapid as IV
injection
- For gaseous drugs
92. Routes of Drug Administration
3. Others
b. Intranasal
- Through the nose
eg. : desmopressin, salmon
calcitonin, cocaine
93. Routes of Drug Administration
. Others
c. Intrathecal, intraventricular
- Introducing drugs directly into the
cerebrospinal fluid / CSF
Eg., amphotericin B
94. Routes of Drug Administration
• 3. Others
d. Topical
- Is used when a local effect of a drug
is required
- Eg., clotrimazole, atropine
95. Routes of Drug Administration
3. Others
e. Transdermal
- This route of administration
achieves systemic effects by
application of drugs to the skin,
usually by using a transdermal
patch.
- Rate of absorption varies markedly
- Eg., nitroglycerin