Levels of Organization
1
An Introduction to the Human Body
2
The Chemical Level of Organization
3
The Cellular Level of Organization
4
The Tissue Level of Organization
Support and Movement
Regulation, Integration, and Control
Fluids and Transport
Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
Human Development and the Continuity of Life
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Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an obstructed airway.
The Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) algorithm is a systematic, evidence-based approach designed to guide healthcare providers in the urgent treatment of: Cardiac arrest. Arrhythmias. Stroke. Other life-threatening cardiovascular emergencies.
Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an obstructed airway.
The Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) algorithm is a systematic, evidence-based approach designed to guide healthcare providers in the urgent treatment of: Cardiac arrest. Arrhythmias. Stroke. Other life-threatening cardiovascular emergencies.
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. The most common is type 2 diabetes, usually in adults, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough insulin. In the past 3 decades the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels. Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin by itself. For people living with diabetes, access to affordable treatment, including insulin, is critical to their survival. There is a globally agreed target to halt the rise in diabetes and obesity by 2025.
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
Communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), are among the leading causes of death and disability in low-income countries and marginalized populations.
Nursing Mangement on occupational and industrial disorders [Autosaved].pptxDR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
What are the 5 types of occupational disease?
Occupational diseases in this registry system including Occupational lung diseases, occupational skin diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, diseases caused by chemical agents (poisoning), diseases caused by biological agents, occupational cancers and other occupational diseases
Acyanotic heart disease is where the blood contains enough oxygen but it's pumped abnormally around the body. Babies born with acyanotic heart disease may not have any apparent symptoms but, over time, the condition can cause health problems.
Congenital heart disease, also called a defect, refers to one or more problems with the heart structure that are present at birth. These abnormalities occur when the heart or blood vessels don't form correctly in utero. At least eight out of every 1000 infants born in the US each year have a heart defect.
Dialysis is a treatment for people whose kidneys are failing. When you have kidney failure, your kidneys don't filter blood the way they should. As a result, wastes and toxins build up in your bloodstream. Dialysis does the work of your kidneys, removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood
Urinary disorders with congenital anomalies of Kidney, ureter. UTIs are common infections that happen when bacteria, often from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra, and infect the urinary tract. The infections can affect several parts of the urinary tract, but the most common type is a bladder infection (cystitis).
Genitourinary disorders are conditions that affect the genitourinary system, which includes the urinary and reproductive systems. Some are congenital, and others are acquired later in life.
Large numbers of patients suffer from a variety of diseases in the genitourinary system, which is composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and genital organs. Genitourinary diseases include congenital abnormalities, iatrogenic injuries, and disorders such as cancer, trauma, infection, and inflammation.
The genitourinary system, or urogenital system, are the organs of the reproductive system and the urinary system. These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways, like the male urethra.
lymphatic system, a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. ... Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
Professional development is learning to earn or maintain professional credentials such as academic degrees to formal coursework, attending conferences, and informal learning opportunities situated in practice. It has been described as intensive and collaborative, ideally incorporating an evaluative stage.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. INDEX
S.No. Content
1. Introduction to Physiology
2. Body fluids and electrolytes
3. Body cavities and membrane
4. Plasma membrane and Fluid Mosaic model
5. Sodium potassium pump
6. Illness and disease
7. Application in nursing
5. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology is the study of normal body function. It
explains how different systems of the body are
organized and how they interact with each other to
perform different functions. It also explains how
these functions are maintained by different
controlling mechanisms in normal conditions and
how they are adjusted when body tries to adapt to a
changing environment. The knowledge of
physiology extends from molecules to cell and
organs and finally to bodily systems.
7. BODY FLUIDS
Water is the most abundant compound of the human body, comprising
about 60–70% of adult body weight. Due to the specific arrangement
pattern of oxygen and hydrogen atoms, the water is a polar molecule
and can combine with a variety of negatively and positively charged
ions. Due to this property the water is considered as a universal solvent.
Various electrolytes of the body remain dissolved in the body water and
form the body fluid.
8. BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT
This is conceptualized as the total space present within all the cells. The
fluid presents in this compartment is termed as the intracellular fluid
(ICF).
EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT
This is conceptualized as the total space available outside the cells. The
fluid present in this compartment is termed as the Extracellular Fluid
(ECF). The extracellular space and the extracellular fluid within it are
further classified into three main divisions:
9. INTERSTITIALSPACE
This represents the total space present in between the cells. Accordingly,
the fluid present in this space is called interstitial fluid (ISF).
INTRAVASCULAR SPACE
This is the space present within the blood vessels. The fluid present in
this space represents the plasma portion of the blood.
TRANSCELLULAR FLUID
This represents the fluid present in different body spaces. About 5% is
the transcellular fluid. Usually, any increase in transcellular fluid
indicates a pathological condition.
10. DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FLUID IN RELATION TO FAT
AND MUSCLE TISSUE
Muscle cells hold more water; and fat cells have less water content. So,
when muscularity is increased, the body water content increases and
when body fat increases, the body water content is decreased. About
50% of body water remains in muscle tissue. Females have less amount
of total body water due to higher content of body fat. TBW bears a
constant relationship with the fat-free body mass also called lean body
mass (LBM) and it has been estimated that the total body water is 70%
of LBM, irrespective of age and gender.
11. ELECTROLYTES
Chemically, electrolytes are substances present in
body fluids, that become ions; either positively or
negatively charged in solution and acquire the
capacity to conduct electricity. Electrolytes in
body fluids include potassium (K), sodium (Na),
chloride (Cl), magnesium (Mg) and phosphate
(HPO4). Plasma concentrations of K+, Ca2+,
Mg2+, and phosphate are very low compared with
their concentrations in cells and bone.
13. CONCEPT OF HOMEOSTASIS
There is every possibility that the properties of ECF can change.
This is because the ECF represents an open system. It is exposed to
the external environment through the skin, lungs, and GI tract. So,
external changes will influence ECF. When there is increased
sweating due to increased environmental temperature, it can
deplete ECF volume and loss of sodium ions. Again, decreased
oxygen in atmosphere can reduce the normal oxygen level of the
blood leading to hypoxic (less oxygen supply to the cells)
condition. Furthermore, internal pathological conditions can also
alter ECF conditions. A close interrelation exists between ECF and
ICF, cell function and organ function.
14. CONCEPT OF FEEDBACK CONTROL
According to model of homeostatic control, the output from effectors
affects the initial change of the variable. This is called feedback
mechanism . It is of two types:
Negative feedback mechanism
Positive feedback mechanism
In the negative feedback mechanisms, the parameter if increased
initially is reduce back to normal, or if decreased initially is increased to
its original state by the effects produced by the effectors. Therefore, the
negative feedback mechanisms dampen the initial effects of the stimulus
or the stimulus itself.
15. In positive feedback, if initially, the parameter was increased it is
increased further or if initially it was decreased, it is decreased further.
Therefore, the positive feedback the effect produced by the effectors
intensifies the initial effects of the stimulus or the stimulus itself.
16. MEMBRANE AND GLANDS
MEMBRANES
Membranes are boundaries, Cell membrane acts as cell boundaries.
Similarly, membranes are present outside and inside of different organs,
and body cavities and tubes. Two basic membrane types are mucous
membrane and serous membrane.
21. CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTUREAND
FUNCTION
Membrane Structure
This membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its
surrounding environment.
Composition of Cell Membrane
Membrane is composed of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Proteins
are most abundant followed by lipids and carbohydrates. Membrane
lipids are composed of phospholipids (major amount) and cholesterol
(fewer amount).
24. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
Membrane transport is a collective term for various mechanisms by
which substances move in and out of the cell across the cell membrane.
Transport processes maintain intracellular (ICF) fluid volume and
composition that are vital for maintaining cellular function and hence
life.
25. DIFFERENT TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of solution from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration through a selective permeable
membrane which allows the solvent but not the solutes.
Diffusion
Diffusion is a passive transport mechanism and does not require any
carrier molecule. It is a process of spontaneous passive movement
(without requiring any energy) of molecules from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
45. Active Transport
Active transport, as the name implies, requires energy for transport.
Energy is required because movement occurs against the concentration
gradient. This process also requires a carrier protein molecule. Active
transport can be of two different types: Primary Active transport and
Secondary Active transport.
74. DISEASE AND ILLNESS
Disease is a state of the body characterized by altered normal structure
and function of the bodily systems with deleterious consequences. The
homeostatic imbalances are the root cause of diseases. In disease, the
feedback regulations become nonfunctional or they fail to normalize the
altered condition. A disease may be described in relation to the
following terms:
Etiology: Cause of the disease
Pathogenesis: The nature of the disease process and its effect on
normal body functioning
Complications: The consequences which might arise if the disease
progresses
Prognosis: The likely outcome of a disease
76. APPLIED ASPECTS (DISORDERS
RELATED TO MEMBRANES)
Peritonitis
This is the inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that
lines the digestive organs and the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Pneumothorax
A pneumothorax or collapsed lung occurs when air accumulates in the
pleural cavity surrounding the lings. This can cause due to trauma and
chronic lung disease.
77. APPLICATIONS IN NURSING
Intravenous (IV) therapy or IV infusion is the infusion of fluid directly
into the venous circulation of a patient, usually via a cannula. This therapy
is indicated when a patient suffers from dehydration, electrolyte imbalance
or blood loss due to haemorrhage.
Safe administration of intravenous fluid requires the knowledge of the role
of electrolytes and water in the body, the mechanism for movements
between different body compartments and how fluid balance is maintained.
78. Calculating the drip rate is an important step before IV administration.
The drip rate determines the speed at which the fluid is infused into
the patient’s venous circulation and it refers to the number of drops
that enters into the filling chamber per minute.
Intravenous fluids are based on their tonicity. They can be isotonic,
hypotonic and hypertonic. They can also classified as colloid or
crystalloid.