Urinary disorders with congenital anomalies of Kidney, ureter. UTIs are common infections that happen when bacteria, often from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra, and infect the urinary tract. The infections can affect several parts of the urinary tract, but the most common type is a bladder infection (cystitis).

2. S.No. Content
8 Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract
9 Renal cancer
10 Prostate Cancer
11. Wilm’s Tumor [ Nephroblastoma]
12. Urinary tract infection
13. Urethral Disorders
14. Epispadias
15. Urethral stricture

6. Congenital Kidney Anomalies
 Babies typically are born with two kidneys. The kidneys filter waste in the
blood, create essential hormones the body needs to regulate blood pressure
and help produce red blood cells. Here are some of the most common
kidney abnormalities in children:
 Horseshoe kidney: The kidneys may be fused together, forming a single
arched kidney
 Polycystic or multicystic kidney disease: One or both kidneys have fluid-
filled cysts
 Renal agenesis: Baby is born with one kidney, or baby is born without
kidneys
 Renal hypoplasia: Baby is born with one or two abnormally small kidneys
 Renal dysplasia: One or both kidneys have not formed as they should

22. Congenital Anomalies of the Ureters
Children can be born with anatomical differences that can
cause kidney issues, including:
•Duplicated ureter: One kidney drains to the bladder with
two ureters instead of one. This condition is called duplex
kidney, or duplicated collecting system.
•Ureteropelvic junction obstruction: A blockage in the area
where the kidney attaches to the ureter.
•Ureterovesical junction obstruction or ureterocele: A
blockage in the area where the ureter attaches to the
bladder.
•Vesicoureteral reflux: The ureters attach to the bladder in a
way that allows urine to flow back to the kidney.

27. Signs of Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract
Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract are most often detected in
a prenatal ultrasound. When found this way, pediatric nephrologists
and/or pediatric urologists can monitor the expectant mother for signs of
insufficient amniotic fluid. (Amniotic fluid is mostly made up of urine produced by
the baby.)
Should an anomaly go undetected before birth, a child may show symptoms in
infancy or childhood, including:
•Frequent urinary tract infections
•Lack of energy; persistent tiredness
•Loss of appetite
•Nausea
•Poor growth
•Swelling in the hands, feet or face near the eyes
•Swollen belly
•Unexplained fever
•Vomiting

28. Treatment
The pediatric nephrologists with Norton Children’s
Nephrology can work with you and your child to create a
unique treatment plan. Depending on your child’s type of
anomaly, treatment may include:
•Antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections.
•Observation: Children can outgrow some issues with
urine flow. Children also can live healthy lives with one
kidney missing or damaged.
•Surgery to address vesicoureteral reflux or urethra or
ureters blockages.
When these kinds of congenital anomalies are not
detected early or treatment is unable to prevent kidney
damage, a child may experience chronic kidney disease
or kidney failure that requires dialysis and kidney
transplantation.

101.  UTIs are classified by location and are further classified according to other
factors and conditions.
 Lower UTIs. Lower UTIs include bacterial cystitis, prostatitis, and
urethritis.
 Upper UTIs. Upper UTIs are much less common and include acute and
chronic pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis, and renal nephritis.
 Uncomplicated Lower or Upper UTIs. Most uncomplicated UTIs are
community-acquired and are common in young women but not usually
recurrent.
 Complicated Lower or Upper UTIs. Complicated UTIs usually occur in
people with urologic abnormalities or recent catheterization and are often
acquired during hospitalization.

113.  Nitrofurantoin is used to treat urinary tract
infections. This medicine is an antibiotic. It
works by killing bacteria or preventing their
growth.

115. URETHRAL
DISORDERS