presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari. SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY(0813).

1. Vakratund Education Society’s
GENESIS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, RADHANAGARI.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY
SUBJECT: PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
SUBJECT CODE: (0813)
CHAPTER: INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF
PHARMACOLOGY
Presented by:
Miss. Prajakta D. Sawant
Lecturer,
Guided by:
Mr. Shobhraj B. Malavi
Principal,
Genesis Institute of Pharmacy Radhanagari.

2. Pharmacology and Toxicology Introduction and scope of Pharmacology
Miss.Prajakta.D.Sawant Page 1
Basic terminologies in pharmacology
INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF
PHARMACOLOGY
Physiology :- It is the branch of
science which deals with the study
of fuctions of all the body systems
of living body .
Disorders :- it is the
condition of alteration of
normal physiology .
Disease :- It is the
condition caused by some
pathogens.
Drug :-It is derived from French word Drogue means dry herb
“ Drug is the chemical or therapeutic substance which is used
for diagnosis ,prevention,cure & treatment of disorders
/diseases.”
Accordind to WHO :- “Drug is the substance /product that is
used / intended to be used to modify and explore physiological
system /pathological state for the benefit of recipient
Pharmacy :- It is the art and science of
preparing a drug /drug combination in a
suitable dosage form fit for administration to
the patient.

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Classification of drugs
 BASED ON CHEMICAL NATURE :-
Drugs are classified on the basis of the chemical nature of drug either it is organic /
inorganic .
 BASED ON TARGET ORGAN:-
Drugs are classified on the basis of organ on which we are targeting the drug .
Eg :- Drugs acting on CNS :- Diazepam
Drugs acting on GIT :- Omeprazole ,Pantaprazole ,Rabeprazole
 BASED ON MODE OF ACTION:-
Drugs are classified on the basis of the mechanism of the action .
Eg :- Drugs acting on CNS :- Diazepam
Drugs acting on GIT :- Omeprazole ,Pantaprazole ,Rabeprazole
Drugs Obtained from substance which are
inorganic in nature.
Drugs Obtained from substance which are
organic in nature.
Example: metals and there salts .
Magnesium sulphate ,Ferrous sulphate
.
Example:Alkaloids- Morphine
Glycosides –Digoxin
Proteins- insulin
Inorganic Organic
Pharmacology :-
Derived from greek word Pharmakon means drug
and logos means to study. “Phamacology is the science of
drug which include study of sources of drugs
,absorption,distribution,metabolism ,excretion,mechanism of
action and toxicity of drugs .”
OR
“pharmacology is the study of interation that occurs
between a living organism and exogeneous chemical( drug).”

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 BASED ON THERAPEUTIC USE:-
Drugs are classified on the basis of the therapeutic use of the drug .
:-Eg:- Antimicrobial :- Penicillin ,Streptomycin
Antiemetic :- Domperidone,metochlopramide,Meclizine .
 BASED ON PHYSICAL EFFECT;-
Drug are classified on the basis of the physical effect of the drug.
Eg:- Emollient :- Lanolin ,Vaseline
Demulcecnt ;- Zinc oxide
 BASED ON SOURCE;-
Drugs are classified on the basis of the from which soure drugs are obtained .
Plants source :- Drugs obtained from plants or parts of plant.
Eg: morphine , Quinine.
Animal source:-Drugs obtained from animals or any parts of animals insulin
,Heparin .
Mineral source:- drugs obtained from the minerals. Eg : magnesium sulphare .
Microorganism source:- Drugs obtained from the microorganisms .eg :
Penicillin is obtained from penicillium notatum
 Semisynthetic
drugs
 Synthetic drugs  Biosynthetic drugs
Drugs obtained from the
chemical modification
on natural drugs.
Drugs obtained from
chemical processing .
Drugs obtained from the
recombinant DNA
technology or biosynthetic
method .
 Natural :-
Drugs Obtained from natural sources like plants ,animals,minerals,microorganisms .

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SOURCES OF DRUG INFORMATION
Sources of drug in formation is received by pharmacopoeia that is the book which contain a list
of established & officially approved drugs with description of physical and chemical properties
,identification tests and storage conditions.
Example :- Indian Pharmacopoeia (I.P)
British Pharmacopoeia (B.P)
United state pharmacopoeia (U.S.P.)
NOMENCLATURE OF DRUG
 Chemical name :- It is given by chemical moiety present in the drugs .
 Non proprietary name :- Also called as generic name .which is given by scientific body
authority i.e. USAN (United state accepted names ),
BAN ( british accepted names )
 Proprietary names :- Also called as abrand names . which are decided by manufacturer .
Example : Paracetamol
Chemical name :-N-acetyl para amino phenol
Non proprietary name :- Paracetamol
Proprietary name :- Crocin, Dolo, Panadol, Fepanil,Calpol.

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HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY
Knowledge of drugs and there uses in disease are as old as history of mankind .primitive man
gather the knowledge of healing& medicines by observing nature noticing the animals while ill
and personal experience after consuming plant herbs.
 Hippocrates (460- 375BC )
He is called as a Father of medicine .He is a greek physician introduce use
of metallic salts for the treatment of disease .
 Paracelsus ( 1493 – 1541 AD)
He is called as a grandfather of the pharmacology who introduced use of chemicals
for the treatment of disease .
In the 18th
century the animal experiments were started & isolation of active
constituents from plants were started .
 Francois Megendie (1783-1855 )
He developed the experiment to elucidate physiological process and
action of drug on the body .
 Rudolf Buccheim
Founded first institute of pharmacology in 1847 in Germany.
 Ostwald Schmiedeberg (1838-1921)
Known as a Father of pharmacology . They gives some fundamental
concepts in association with the J.Langley,T.Frazer. they studied chemical poisons to the
heart causing vomiting & those causing passing urine ,hypnotics ,venoms & metals .
SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY
The scope of pharmacology is rapidly expanding in following areas
 Pharmacokinetic
 Pharmacodynamics
 Pharmacotherapeutics
 Clinical pharmacology
 Chemotherapy
 toxicology
 pharmacovigilanie
 neuropharmacology
 cardiovascular pharmacology
 behavioral pharmacology

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 -pharmacokinetics (kinetic-movement)
“ It is the branch of pharmacology which deals with what body does to drug.”it includes study
of Absorption ,distribution ,metabolism & excretion of drugs .
Example : Aspirin
Absorption- stomach ,small intestine
Distribution- 80% plasma protein bound
Metabolism –conjugated with glycine in liver
Excretion –Kidney, by tubular secretion
 Pharmacodynamics (Dynamic –Force/ power )
It is the branch of pharmacology which deals with what drug does to body.”It
includes biochemical & physiological effect of drug on living system along with it’s mechanism
of action.
Fig : Above diagram is explaining concept of Pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamics.

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 Clinical pharmacology –
It is a branch of pharmacology which involves scientific study of drug in man i.e efficacy
&safety of drug is studied in patients & healthy volunteers.
 Chemotherapy-
It is a branch of pharmacology which Deals with effect of drug on microorganisms &parasites
which occur in living organism . Also includes treatment of common diseases like malaria ,,T.B.
OR
It is branch of pharmacology which Deals with drugs capable of destroying causative organism
without destroying host cells.
 Pharmacotherapeutics-
It is a branch of pharmacology which Deals with use of drug for curing diseases &releiving
there symptoms.
 Toxicology-
It is a branch of pharmacology that deals with effects of poisons, methods for their
detection ,diagnosis & treatment .
So,it is also called as science of poisons .
 Pharmacovigilance
It is also known as a drug safety .
“ It is a pharmacological science relating to a collection, detection, assessment, monitoring &
prevetion of adverse events associated with the drugs administration, including adverse drug
reaction ,toxicities ,side effects that rises as a consequence of short or long term use of the drug
.”
 Neuropharmacology
It is a branch of pharmacology which deals with the action of drug on a component of nervous
system including brain,spinal cord and the nerves .
Neuropharmacologist probes new way to use drugs in the treatment of a specific disease state of
nervous system.

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 Cardiovascular Pharmacology
It is the branch of pharmacology which concern effect of drug on heart ,the vascular
system & those parts of nervous and endocrine system that participate in regulating
cardiovascular functions .
Cardiopharmacologist observe the effect of drug on the arterial pressure ,blood flow
in specific vascular beds etc.
 Behavioral pharmacology
It is the branch of pharmacology which deals with the effect of drugt on the behavior .for
example effect of psychioactive drugs on the phenomenon of learning , memory,wakefulness,
sleep & drug addiction.