This document provides an overview of general pharmacology topics including the routes of drug administration, mechanisms of drug action, and factors affecting drug absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion. It also summarizes key concepts in pharmacology including the divisions of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacotherapeutics. Examples are given for different types of drugs acting on various body systems like the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and respiratory system. Important terms related to the study and use of drugs are defined like drug tolerance, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and contraindications.

1. Annasaheb Dange College Of D.Pharmacy,
Ashta
Presented by-
Miss. Rani S. Dhole (Assistant Professor)

2. Chapter-I

3. • General Pharmacology: Introduction to Pharmacology,
Scope of Pharmacology.
• Routes of administration of drugs: their advantages and
disadvantages. Various processes of absorption of drugs and
the factors affecting them. Metabolism, distribution and
excretion of drugs.
• General mechanism of drugs action and their factors which
modify drugs action. Pharmacological classification of drugs.
• Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System
• Drugs Acting On Autonomic Nervous System
• Drugs acting on eye
• Drugs acting on respiratory system.

4. • Autocoids
• Drugs acting on Cardio vascular system.
• Drugs affecting on renal function.
• Hormones and hormone antagonists
• Drugs acting on digestive system
• Chemotherapy

5. • Basic concepts in Pharmacology and toxicology
• Pharmacology of drug acting on nervous system
• Autocoids and related drugs, NSAIDS
• Drugs acting on respiratory system
• Drugs acting on cardiovascular system
• Diuretics and Anti-diuretics

6. • Pharmakon -Drug
• Logos- Science
• Study of source, MOA, toxicity and ADME
• Interaction between exogenously administered chemical
substance with living system.
• DRUG

7. Divisions-
• Pharmacodynamics
 What Drug does to the Body
 Physiological and biochemical effects of drug.
 Eg -
Adrenaline
Adrenaline receptors
Activates cAMP (opens Ca channel)
Cardiac stimulation

8. Division:
• Pharmacokinetics
 What Body does to the Drug
 Study of movement & alteration of drug by body
 ADME of drug

9. Pharmacotherapeutics -
• Deals with cure of disease
• Application of p’cological information with
knowledge of disease for its prevention
Clinical Pharmacology -
• Scientific study of drug in men
• P’kinetic and P’dynamic investigation

10. Chemotherapy -
• Deals with study of drugs capable of destroying
infecting organism or malignant cells with no/minimal
effect on host cell
• Eg- Antibiotics, Sulphonamides
Pharmacy-

11. Toxicology -
• Study of poisonous effects of drugs / chemicals
• Detection, prevention and treatment of poisoning
• Study of adverse effects of drugs
Pharmacopoeia-

12. Pharmacoepidemiology -
Study of effects of drugs on large number of peoples
Pharmacogenomics -
• Scientific study of genetic material in drug response

13. Absorption -
• Movement of drug from its site of administration into
bloodstream
Distribution-
• Reversible transfer of drug between blood and
extra vascular fluids and tissues of body
• Distributed- Interstitial and intracellular fluids
Metabolism -
• Sum of all chemical processes that occur in body
Elimination-
• Process of removal of drug from body

14. Adverse Drug Reaction -
• Any noxious or unintended effect of drug which
occurs at doses normally used in man for
prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of disease
• Eg- Kidney stone- Sulphonamides
Renal failure- NSAID’s (Diclofenac, Ibuprofen)
Side effect-
Any effect of a drug, chemical that is in addition to its
intended effect, that effect is either therapeutic or
harmful.
Eg- Omeprazole – Mild diarrhea
Nimesulide - Dizziness
Paracetamol – Loss of appetite

15. Drug Tolerance-
• Decrease in responsiveness to pharmacological effect
drug after its repeated administration.
Drug interaction -
• Alteration in effect of one drug by another drug when
they are administered simultaneously
• Aspirin + Antacid
• Insulin + Aspirin
Contraindication-
• Specific situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery
should not be used because it may be harmful to the
person
• Eg- Hypertension- Adrenaline
MAO inhibitor- Cheese,milk

16. Antibacterial-
• Anything that destroys bacteria or suppresses their
growth or their ability to reproduce.
• Eg- Sulphonamide, Azithromycin
Antiseptic-
• a substance that are applied directly to living tissues to
inhibit the growth of microorganisms
• Eg- Iodine, Formaldehyde, Hydrogen peroxide
Drug Abuse-
• Use of drugs other than therapeutic purposes mainly for
addiction and dependence
• Eg- Cocaine, Nicotine, Diazepam

17. Analgesic-
• Group of drugs used to achieve analgesia
• Eg- Diclofenac, Ibuprofen
Antineoplastic -
• Drugs used to prevent or inhibit the development of a
neoplasm (tumor)
• Eg- Vincristine, vinblastin, Methotrexate
Antidote -
• Substance that stops the harmful effects of a poison.
• Eg- Activated charcoal- Oral toxins
Chelators - Heavy metal poisoning
100% Oxygen- Carbon monoxide poisoning
Atropine- organphosphorus poisoning

18. Sedative-
• Drugs that reduces excitement and calms
subject(Individual) without inducing sleep
• Eg- Phenobarbitone, Diazepam,
Laxative -
• Drugs that promote evacuation of bowels
• Used to treat constipation
• Eg- Isapghula, Methylcellulose, Castor oil, Sodium CMC
Hypnotics-
• Drugs that induce sleep similar to natural sleep

19. Antagonism-
• When one drug decreases or abolishes action of other drug
• Phenomenon of opposite actions of two drugs on the same
physiological system
• Eg- Histamine + Adrenaline
Charcoal + Alkaloids
Synergism -
• Phenomenon where action of one drug is facilitated by other drug
at same time
• Eg- a. Levodopa + Carbidopa - inhibition of peripheral metabolism
b. Nitrous oxide + Halothane- as general anasthetic
c. Codeine + aspirin - as analgesics

20. Therapeutic index
• Therapeutic index=
Where
LD50 = Median lethal dose
ED50 = Median effective dose
ratio between the dose of a drug that causes a lethal
effect and the dose that causes a therapeutic effect
LD50
ED50

21. Sources of Drug
• Minerals
• Animal
• Plant
• Synthetic
• Micro-organism

22. Nature of Drug
• Alkaloid
• Glycoside
• Fixed oils
• Volatile oils
• Gums
• Tannins