This document provides an overview of pharmacognosy, including its definition, historical development, and modern applications. It discusses how pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals. Over time, the field has advanced from early empirical use of natural remedies to the systematic isolation and characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients using analytical techniques. Pharmacognosy continues to contribute to drug discovery and development through the study of natural products.
1. Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone or genin) portion. Upon hydrolysis, the sugar and non-sugar portions separate.
2. There are several types of glycosides based on the atom involved in the glycosidic linkage between the glycone and aglycone, including O-, C-, S-, and N-glycosides.
3. Two common cardiac glycoside drugs that contain glycosides are Digitalis and Aloe. Digitalis contains compounds like digitoxin and gitoxin that have cardiac effects. Aloe contains compounds like aloin that have laxative effects.
Volatile oils can be extracted through three main methods: distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Distillation involves boiling or steaming plant material to separate the oils, while solvent extraction soaks plants in solvents like alcohol. Mechanical expression ruptures oil cells without heat, as used for citrus peels.
Formulation and evaluation of multipurpos e herbal cream KiranRajput38
This document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of a multipurpose herbal cream. It describes extracting aloe vera gel, neem leaves, and tulsi leaves. The cream was formulated by heating the oil phase of liquid paraffin and beeswax, and the aqueous phase of borax and methylparaben in water. The herbal extracts were then added to the emulsion and fragrance was included. The formulated cream was stable at room temperature and showed significant activities from the herbal ingredients to provide multiple skin benefits.
Definition, history and scope of pharmacogonosy including indigenous system o...Shruti Tyagi
This document defines pharmacognosy as the study of crude drugs obtained from animals, plants, and minerals. It provides a brief history of pharmacognosy, noting its origins in ancient texts like the Ayurveda and descriptions of medicinal plants in Egypt in 1500 BC. Modern pharmacognosy began in 1815 with discoveries like the isolation of penicillin in 1922. The scope of pharmacognosy includes providing knowledge of plant and animal drugs, as well as plant taxonomy, pathology, breeding, and photochemistry. The document also summarizes several indigenous Indian medical systems - Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, Yoga, and Naturopathy - noting their philosophical bases and
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
The document discusses various modern extraction methods used to isolate active constituents from plants. It describes extraction as removing constituents using solvents, with the goal of separating medicinally active portions from inactive components. Several solvent extraction techniques are outlined, including maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasound extraction. Key factors in solvent selection and achieving an efficient extraction are also summarized.
In this power point presentation you will come to know about ISHABGULA/ plantago ovata, that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs. This is becomes important since it is MUCILAGINOUS containing seeds . Here the synonyms, biological sources (different species), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected) and methods to collect has been discussed in brief.
Video link :
https://youtu.be/rgb6BPbBxUg
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Ishabgula
2. Biological Sources of Ishabgula
3. Geographical Sources of Ishabgula
4. Cultivation and Collection of Ishabgula
5. Chemical Constituents of Ishabgula
6. Chemical Test of Ishabgula
7. Uses of Ishabgula
This document provides an overview of pharmacognosy, including its definition, historical development, and modern applications. It discusses how pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals. Over time, the field has advanced from early empirical use of natural remedies to the systematic isolation and characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients using analytical techniques. Pharmacognosy continues to contribute to drug discovery and development through the study of natural products.
1. Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone or genin) portion. Upon hydrolysis, the sugar and non-sugar portions separate.
2. There are several types of glycosides based on the atom involved in the glycosidic linkage between the glycone and aglycone, including O-, C-, S-, and N-glycosides.
3. Two common cardiac glycoside drugs that contain glycosides are Digitalis and Aloe. Digitalis contains compounds like digitoxin and gitoxin that have cardiac effects. Aloe contains compounds like aloin that have laxative effects.
Volatile oils can be extracted through three main methods: distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Distillation involves boiling or steaming plant material to separate the oils, while solvent extraction soaks plants in solvents like alcohol. Mechanical expression ruptures oil cells without heat, as used for citrus peels.
Formulation and evaluation of multipurpos e herbal cream KiranRajput38
This document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of a multipurpose herbal cream. It describes extracting aloe vera gel, neem leaves, and tulsi leaves. The cream was formulated by heating the oil phase of liquid paraffin and beeswax, and the aqueous phase of borax and methylparaben in water. The herbal extracts were then added to the emulsion and fragrance was included. The formulated cream was stable at room temperature and showed significant activities from the herbal ingredients to provide multiple skin benefits.
Definition, history and scope of pharmacogonosy including indigenous system o...Shruti Tyagi
This document defines pharmacognosy as the study of crude drugs obtained from animals, plants, and minerals. It provides a brief history of pharmacognosy, noting its origins in ancient texts like the Ayurveda and descriptions of medicinal plants in Egypt in 1500 BC. Modern pharmacognosy began in 1815 with discoveries like the isolation of penicillin in 1922. The scope of pharmacognosy includes providing knowledge of plant and animal drugs, as well as plant taxonomy, pathology, breeding, and photochemistry. The document also summarizes several indigenous Indian medical systems - Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, Yoga, and Naturopathy - noting their philosophical bases and
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
The document discusses various modern extraction methods used to isolate active constituents from plants. It describes extraction as removing constituents using solvents, with the goal of separating medicinally active portions from inactive components. Several solvent extraction techniques are outlined, including maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasound extraction. Key factors in solvent selection and achieving an efficient extraction are also summarized.
In this power point presentation you will come to know about ISHABGULA/ plantago ovata, that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs. This is becomes important since it is MUCILAGINOUS containing seeds . Here the synonyms, biological sources (different species), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected) and methods to collect has been discussed in brief.
Video link :
https://youtu.be/rgb6BPbBxUg
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Ishabgula
2. Biological Sources of Ishabgula
3. Geographical Sources of Ishabgula
4. Cultivation and Collection of Ishabgula
5. Chemical Constituents of Ishabgula
6. Chemical Test of Ishabgula
7. Uses of Ishabgula
Cultivation, collection and processing of crude drugsodikig
This document provides information on the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. It discusses topics such as advantages and disadvantages of cultivation, methods of propagation (sexual and asexual), nursery preparation, factors affecting cultivation, pest control, collection and processing of crude drugs. The processing involves harvesting, drying methods, packing and storage/preservation of crude drugs. Asexual propagation techniques like cutting, layering and grafting are also explained.
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
This document discusses percolation, which is the process of extracting soluble constituents from a drug by slowly passing a solvent through the drug. It provides examples of percolation like extracting soluble compounds from coffee. The process of percolation involves comminution, imbibition, packing, maceration, and percolation. It also discusses modified percolation methods like reserved, continuous hot, and continuous cold percolation. Different types of percolators are used depending on factors like the drug properties and desired extraction method.
This document discusses the science of pharmacy and pharmacognosy. It defines pharmacy as dealing with the procurement, testing, storage, and conversion of drugs into suitable forms. Pharmacognosy is defined as the study of drugs from biological origins, including plants, animals, and minerals. The document outlines the scope of pharmacognosy, including isolation of phytochemicals, structure-activity relationships, cultivation of medicinal plants, and development of herbal formulations. Physical and chemical parameters used to evaluate crude drugs are also summarized, such as ash values, swelling factor, and extractive values.
The document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including morphological evaluation, microscopic/anatomical evaluation, physical evaluation, chemical evaluation, and biological evaluation. Morphological evaluation examines the gross features, sensory characteristics, and microscopic structures of drugs. Physical evaluation determines characteristics like moisture content, viscosity, and melting point. Chemical evaluation uses instrumental methods, chemical tests, and thin layer chromatography to identify active constituents. Biological evaluation is used when drugs cannot be fully evaluated by chemical means.
This document provides information about volatile oils. It begins by defining volatile oils as odorous and volatile products produced by plants. Volatile oils are composed of terpenes and their derivatives and are found in secretory tissues of plants. They can be extracted through various methods including water, steam, solvent extraction and expression. Common sources of volatile oils include leaves, flowers, bark and seeds. Tests can identify volatile oils in plants using reagents like Sudan III. Volatile oils have many pharmaceutical applications as fragrances, flavors and medicines due to their antimicrobial and other therapeutic properties.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It includes the isolation and analysis of phytochemicals from plants, studying the structure-activity relationships of compounds, using natural products as models for synthesizing new drugs, and investigating drugs used in traditional medicine. Some key areas are the isolation of active substances from plants, relating chemical structures to pharmacological effects, producing drugs through partial synthesis or biosynthesis of natural precursors, and exploring natural products' roles in drug discovery.
This document provides information about various plant-based fibers including cotton, jute, and hemp. It discusses the biological source, chemical composition, uses, and preparation processes for each fiber. Cotton fibers come from the seeds of cotton plants and are mainly used for absorbent cotton, surgical dressings, and filtering. The document outlines the ginning and scouring processes used to prepare cotton fibers. Jute fibers come from the stems of jute plants and are composed primarily of cellulose. They are used for wrapping bales. The retting process is described for extracting jute fibers from the stems. Identification tests are also listed to distinguish between different types of fibers.
The document discusses various Ayurvedic dosage forms including solid, semisolid, and liquid forms. It describes the classification and preparation methods of common dosage forms such as churna, gutika, asava, arishta, avaleha, and lehya. The document also covers parameters for standardizing different Ayurvedic formulations to ensure quality, purity, and therapeutic efficacy.
This presentation comprehensively tells about not only the classical methods of extraction but also the modern methods by which herbal products can be easily and efficiently extracted for further use in isolation and formulation
The document summarizes information about the plant Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Vinca or Periwinkle. It is native to Madagascar but cultivated in other tropical and subtropical regions. The plant contains important anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves and roots. Vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease while vincristine is used for childhood leukemia. The flowers may also be used as a gentle laxative or gargle.
The document discusses various concepts and techniques used in phytochemistry including modern extraction methods like maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. It also covers isolation and purification techniques like fractional crystallization, distillation and sublimation. Methods of separation like paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography and various spectroscopy techniques for identification are summarized.
Pharmacognosy studies drugs from natural sources including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. It aims to acquire knowledge about natural drugs from collection to extraction and identification of active chemical constituents. Pharmacognosy provides important information used in drug formulation, determining drug actions, prices, and isolating phytochemicals. It also studies biosynthetic pathways and plays a role in partial drug synthesis, using natural products as models for new drugs, and investigating drugs for various therapeutic uses. Pharmacognosy is an important link between pharmaceuticals and basic sciences as well as between allopathic and herbal medicine systems.
The document discusses various extraction methods used in pharmaceutics including infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, and digestion. It describes the process, equipment, and examples for each method. Water and alcohol are discussed as common solvents used in extraction due to their ability to dissolve different active pharmaceutical ingredients. The summary focuses on the key extraction techniques and solvents covered.
Ephedra contains amino alkaloids such as ephedrine, nor-ephedrine, and pseudo-ephedrine. It grows mainly in China, Pakistan, India, Australia, and parts of Europe at altitudes between 2500-3000m with annual rainfall under 50cm. The stems are collected after 4 years, dried, and stored away from light. Ephedra acts as a bronchodilator for treating asthma and hay fever due to its sympathomimetic effects.
1. Extraction is the process of removing active constituents from plant or animal tissues using a solvent. Common extraction methods include maceration, percolation, digestion, decoction, and infusion.
2. Galenicals refer to medicinal preparations produced by extraction methods. Common galenicals include tinctures, extracts, and spirits.
3. Tinctures are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of plant or animal materials. They are typically produced by maceration or percolation to extract active constituents from the raw materials.
Tragacanth is a gum obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of various Astragalus species found in the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. It is collected as an exudate that dries into thin, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellow in color. Tragacanth is composed of tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. It is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its high viscosity when dissolved in water.
This document discusses the classification of drugs according to their mechanism of action, physiologic effect, or chemical structure. It provides examples of common drugs classified as antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antihistamines, antiseptics, and many other groups. The purpose of drug classification is to ensure safe and effective use by identifying interactions and resistance. Over 30 specific types of drugs are defined and examples given.
Life style modification by ayurveda, reflexology, hydrotherapy, homeopathy.pptxRuth Honey Solomon
This presentation gives a plentiful information on Ayurveda treatment for acne, Reflexology treatment for Hormonal Imbalance, Hydrotherapy for joint (knee) pain, Homeopathy for menstrual disorders
Cultivation, collection and processing of crude drugsodikig
This document provides information on the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. It discusses topics such as advantages and disadvantages of cultivation, methods of propagation (sexual and asexual), nursery preparation, factors affecting cultivation, pest control, collection and processing of crude drugs. The processing involves harvesting, drying methods, packing and storage/preservation of crude drugs. Asexual propagation techniques like cutting, layering and grafting are also explained.
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
This document discusses percolation, which is the process of extracting soluble constituents from a drug by slowly passing a solvent through the drug. It provides examples of percolation like extracting soluble compounds from coffee. The process of percolation involves comminution, imbibition, packing, maceration, and percolation. It also discusses modified percolation methods like reserved, continuous hot, and continuous cold percolation. Different types of percolators are used depending on factors like the drug properties and desired extraction method.
This document discusses the science of pharmacy and pharmacognosy. It defines pharmacy as dealing with the procurement, testing, storage, and conversion of drugs into suitable forms. Pharmacognosy is defined as the study of drugs from biological origins, including plants, animals, and minerals. The document outlines the scope of pharmacognosy, including isolation of phytochemicals, structure-activity relationships, cultivation of medicinal plants, and development of herbal formulations. Physical and chemical parameters used to evaluate crude drugs are also summarized, such as ash values, swelling factor, and extractive values.
The document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including morphological evaluation, microscopic/anatomical evaluation, physical evaluation, chemical evaluation, and biological evaluation. Morphological evaluation examines the gross features, sensory characteristics, and microscopic structures of drugs. Physical evaluation determines characteristics like moisture content, viscosity, and melting point. Chemical evaluation uses instrumental methods, chemical tests, and thin layer chromatography to identify active constituents. Biological evaluation is used when drugs cannot be fully evaluated by chemical means.
This document provides information about volatile oils. It begins by defining volatile oils as odorous and volatile products produced by plants. Volatile oils are composed of terpenes and their derivatives and are found in secretory tissues of plants. They can be extracted through various methods including water, steam, solvent extraction and expression. Common sources of volatile oils include leaves, flowers, bark and seeds. Tests can identify volatile oils in plants using reagents like Sudan III. Volatile oils have many pharmaceutical applications as fragrances, flavors and medicines due to their antimicrobial and other therapeutic properties.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It includes the isolation and analysis of phytochemicals from plants, studying the structure-activity relationships of compounds, using natural products as models for synthesizing new drugs, and investigating drugs used in traditional medicine. Some key areas are the isolation of active substances from plants, relating chemical structures to pharmacological effects, producing drugs through partial synthesis or biosynthesis of natural precursors, and exploring natural products' roles in drug discovery.
This document provides information about various plant-based fibers including cotton, jute, and hemp. It discusses the biological source, chemical composition, uses, and preparation processes for each fiber. Cotton fibers come from the seeds of cotton plants and are mainly used for absorbent cotton, surgical dressings, and filtering. The document outlines the ginning and scouring processes used to prepare cotton fibers. Jute fibers come from the stems of jute plants and are composed primarily of cellulose. They are used for wrapping bales. The retting process is described for extracting jute fibers from the stems. Identification tests are also listed to distinguish between different types of fibers.
The document discusses various Ayurvedic dosage forms including solid, semisolid, and liquid forms. It describes the classification and preparation methods of common dosage forms such as churna, gutika, asava, arishta, avaleha, and lehya. The document also covers parameters for standardizing different Ayurvedic formulations to ensure quality, purity, and therapeutic efficacy.
This presentation comprehensively tells about not only the classical methods of extraction but also the modern methods by which herbal products can be easily and efficiently extracted for further use in isolation and formulation
The document summarizes information about the plant Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Vinca or Periwinkle. It is native to Madagascar but cultivated in other tropical and subtropical regions. The plant contains important anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves and roots. Vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease while vincristine is used for childhood leukemia. The flowers may also be used as a gentle laxative or gargle.
The document discusses various concepts and techniques used in phytochemistry including modern extraction methods like maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. It also covers isolation and purification techniques like fractional crystallization, distillation and sublimation. Methods of separation like paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography and various spectroscopy techniques for identification are summarized.
Pharmacognosy studies drugs from natural sources including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. It aims to acquire knowledge about natural drugs from collection to extraction and identification of active chemical constituents. Pharmacognosy provides important information used in drug formulation, determining drug actions, prices, and isolating phytochemicals. It also studies biosynthetic pathways and plays a role in partial drug synthesis, using natural products as models for new drugs, and investigating drugs for various therapeutic uses. Pharmacognosy is an important link between pharmaceuticals and basic sciences as well as between allopathic and herbal medicine systems.
The document discusses various extraction methods used in pharmaceutics including infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, and digestion. It describes the process, equipment, and examples for each method. Water and alcohol are discussed as common solvents used in extraction due to their ability to dissolve different active pharmaceutical ingredients. The summary focuses on the key extraction techniques and solvents covered.
Ephedra contains amino alkaloids such as ephedrine, nor-ephedrine, and pseudo-ephedrine. It grows mainly in China, Pakistan, India, Australia, and parts of Europe at altitudes between 2500-3000m with annual rainfall under 50cm. The stems are collected after 4 years, dried, and stored away from light. Ephedra acts as a bronchodilator for treating asthma and hay fever due to its sympathomimetic effects.
1. Extraction is the process of removing active constituents from plant or animal tissues using a solvent. Common extraction methods include maceration, percolation, digestion, decoction, and infusion.
2. Galenicals refer to medicinal preparations produced by extraction methods. Common galenicals include tinctures, extracts, and spirits.
3. Tinctures are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of plant or animal materials. They are typically produced by maceration or percolation to extract active constituents from the raw materials.
Tragacanth is a gum obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of various Astragalus species found in the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. It is collected as an exudate that dries into thin, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellow in color. Tragacanth is composed of tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. It is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its high viscosity when dissolved in water.
This document discusses the classification of drugs according to their mechanism of action, physiologic effect, or chemical structure. It provides examples of common drugs classified as antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antihistamines, antiseptics, and many other groups. The purpose of drug classification is to ensure safe and effective use by identifying interactions and resistance. Over 30 specific types of drugs are defined and examples given.
Life style modification by ayurveda, reflexology, hydrotherapy, homeopathy.pptxRuth Honey Solomon
This presentation gives a plentiful information on Ayurveda treatment for acne, Reflexology treatment for Hormonal Imbalance, Hydrotherapy for joint (knee) pain, Homeopathy for menstrual disorders
Medicines can be classified into four main categories: those that prevent disease like vaccines; those that fight pathogens like antibiotics and antivirals; those that relieve pain and symptoms like analgesics and narcotics; and those that manage chronic conditions and regulate body systems like insulin, antidepressants, and cancer treatments. Medicines work in the body in different ways such as killing pathogens, preventing their reproduction, reducing inflammation and pain. People must be careful when taking medicines due to risks of side effects, addiction, resistance, and interactions.
Common daily terminology used in the practice of medicine (1) (1)ShwetaMishra115
This document provides information on common medical terminology used in pharmacy practice. It begins by classifying terminology into four categories: dosage forms, pharmacological glossary, Latin terms, and miscellaneous. Under dosage forms, it lists and defines various solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms. The pharmacological glossary section defines medical conditions, symptoms, and other terms. Common Latin abbreviations used in prescriptions are also explained. Finally, it briefly discusses generic drug names, brand names, over-the-counter drugs, and contraindications.
Medicines can be classified into four main categories: those that prevent disease through vaccines and antitoxins; those that fight pathogens like bacteria and viruses using antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals; those that relieve pain and other symptoms such as analgesics and narcotics; and those that manage chronic conditions and regulate body systems including allergies, insulin, antidepressants, and cancer treatments. Medicines are administered orally, topically, inhaled, or injected and can have additive, synergistic, or antagonistic interactions when taken together.
Pharmaceuticals are chemical substances intended for use in medical diagnosis, cure, treatment or prevention of disease. Key points:
- Pharmaceuticals have been used for thousands of years, with early examples found in ancient Mesopotamia, India, and China.
- Modern pharmaceutical manufacturing involves extracting active ingredients, combining them with vehicles for administration, and packaging. Major routes of administration include oral, intravenous, and topical.
- Pharmaceuticals affect many biological systems and are classified by their therapeutic effects such as analgesics, antibiotics, antipyretics, etc. Common forms include tablets, capsules, ointments, and injections.
- Strict regulations govern pharmaceutical production and prescription to ensure
The document provides a broad classification of various types of drugs. It lists and describes several categories of drugs including analgesics, anesthetics, anthelmintics, antipyretics, antidotes, anti-infectives, anti-inflammatories, anticoagulants, antihistamines, antacids, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, anti-diarrheals, antitussives, anti-asthmatics, androgens, antipruritics, antiphlogistics, antiseptics, antifungals, antispasmodics, antiemetics, antituberculars, antirheumatics, astringents, bronchodil
This document provides information about Ganoderma therapy and Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi mushroom). It discusses Dr. Lim Siow Jin's research and theories on Ganoderma, including how it supports the body's natural healing abilities. The document also outlines the stages of Ganotherapy and summarizes research on the health benefits of Ganoderma, such as supporting immune function, cardiovascular health, and cancer prevention or treatment.
This document discusses drugs that act on the gastrointestinal tract. It covers anti-emetic drugs, which are used to treat nausea and vomiting. It describes how they work by blocking receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the brain. It also discusses laxatives and their classifications including stimulant, saline, bulk forming, and emollient laxatives. Finally, it covers anti-diarrheal drugs like adsorbents, anti-cholinergic drugs, and opiates which decrease intestinal motility to treat diarrhea.
PHARMACOLOGY Chapter 8__Drugs Acting on Gastro Intestinal Tract_.pdfSumit Tiwari
The document summarizes drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract including anti-ulcer drugs, anti-emetics, laxatives, anti-diarrheal drugs. Anti-ulcer drugs are classified as anti-secretory agents which reduce gastric acid secretion like H2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors, antacids which neutralize gastric acid, and ulcer protective and healing drugs. Anti-emetics are used to treat nausea and vomiting from conditions like motion sickness and chemotherapy and work by targeting neurotransmitters involved in controlling nausea. Laxatives are used to treat constipation and are classified as bulk forming, stool softeners, stimulants, and osmotic purgatives. Anti-diarrheal
It is science of medicine from plants. It is far different from homeopathy and have various advantages over conventional medicine. Various traditional medicine system existed in past.
Panchakarma – Rejuvenating
Detox
Introduction
Panchakarma is a Sanskrit word that means “five actions” or “five treatments”. This is a process
used to clean the body of toxic materials left by disease, poor nutrition and environmental toxins.
Normally the body has the innate ability to efficiently process and remove these waste materials,
including the vitiated doshas. However, due to one’s repeated dietary indiscretions, poor exercise
patterns, lifestyle, and genetic predisposition, the digestive enzymes, metabolic co-factors,
hormones, and agnis which regulate the body’s internal homeostasis become disorganized. This
can lead to the accumulation and spread of toxins throughout the physiology resulting in disease.
This waste matter is called ama in Ayurveda. Ama is a foul-smelling, sticky, harmful substance that
needs to be completely evacuated from the body.
Five Panchakarma Therapies
1. Vaman
2. Virechan
3. Basti
4. Nasya
5. Raktamokshan
Vaman
In this treatment, a patient is given inside and outside oleation and fomentation treatments for few days
which includes therapies and some ayurvedic medicines. Once the toxins get melted and accumulate in
upper cavities of body, the patient is given emetic medicines and decoction. This enables vomiting and
helps in disposing of the poisons from the body tissues. Vaman treatment is particularly suggested
basically for kapha-dominated conditions, such as weight gain, asthma and hyperacidity.
Virechan:
In virechan, purgation or disposal of toxins happens through the clearing of the bowels. In this treatment too,
the patient is given inside and outside Oleation and fomentation treatments. From that point onward, the
patient is given a natural purgative to encourage clearing of the guts that aides in purifying the body of
toxins. Virechan treatment is prescribed fundamentally for pitta -dominated conditions, such as herpes
zoster, jaundice , colitis, celiac infection etc.
Basti:
Managing medicated substances through enema is Ayurveda's exceptional commitment to the therapeutic
world. The treatment has huge advantages, particularly in convoluted and chronic diseases. According to
the nature of disease, home grown decoctions, oils, ghee or milk are managed into the rectum and this
has incredible positive effects. This treatment is to a great degree powerful against vata-dominated
conditions, such as arthritis, piles and constipation .
Nasya:
This treatment is extremely effective in clearing and purging the head area. At the beginning of the
treatment, the head and shoulder areas are given a delicate massage and fomentation. After that,
nasal drops are regulated in both the nostrils. This achieves the cleaning of the whole head area and
diminishes different sorts of cerebral pain, headache, hair issues, sleep disorder, neurological
disorders, sinusitis , chronic rhinitis and respiratory ailments.
Raktamokshan:
This treatment is useful for cleaning of blood and viable against ailments caused because of imp
Brief intro of Panchakarma (Bio-Purification)Dr.Shalu Jain
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that aims to maintain health and treat disease. Panchakarma is a core part of Ayurvedic treatment and involves five purification therapies - vomiting, purgation, enema, nasal therapy, and bloodletting. Each therapy is used to treat specific health conditions by purging toxins and restoring balance. Panchakarma treatment follows three phases - preparation, the main purification procedure, and post-treatment recovery. It provides benefits like detoxification, rejuvenation, and improved digestion and immunity.
This document discusses Constac, an herbal laxative developed by Healing Hands Herbs for the treatment of constipation. It provides an overview of Constac's ingredients, which are derived from natural sources and have laxative, digestive, and detoxifying properties. Clinical studies demonstrate Constac's safety, efficacy, and tolerability in treating chronic constipation. Constac aims to restore normal bowel function through its herbal components and represents a holistic alternative to conventional constipation medications.
Are you looking for Liver Cirrhosis Cure by Herbs? Contact us now we provide, regular nutritional support for your liver with herbs such as milk thistle.
The document discusses the classification and administration of drugs. It begins by defining different routes of drug administration and how drugs can be classified based on their location or target of action. It then discusses the basic knowledge a nurse needs regarding drugs, including their names, classifications, routes of administration, principles of action, dosages, and more. The document provides examples of how drugs are classified based on their chemical composition and clinical actions, such as analgesics, anaesthetics, antibiotics, and more. It also discusses classification according to functional health patterns.
“Panchakarma” is an ayurvedic treatment methodology which specialises in intensive waste elimination from our body at a cellular level.
Panchakarma is not something that you do only when you have a diagnosed health condition, it is also something you do in order to protect and sustain a healthy condition. Today, everything in our society and lifestyle is designed to make us consume more, get addicted to the consumption and stay in the loop. Our lifestyles stack up against one unhealthy habit over another and Panchakarma holds immense benefits to help us recover.
Nursing responsibilities in MEDICATION-ADMINISTRATION.pptxQMMCEA2021Qawani
The document discusses safe medication administration. It defines key terms and outlines objectives related to administering medication properly. It discusses factors that affect drug action, legal implications, common abbreviations, and calculating dosages. The document also covers medication assessment, types of medication orders, routes of administration, and safety measures like the "five rights" to prevent errors.
Librax is a combination drug used to treat peptic ulcers and gastrointestinal spasms. It contains chlordiazepoxide and clidinium.
Chlordiazepoxide is a benzodiazepine that works by decreasing stomach acid secretions and relaxing the muscles in the stomach and intestines. Clidinium is an anticholinergic that works by blocking acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that increases stomach acid production and gastrointestinal motility.
By combining these two drugs, Librax provides both acid suppression and antispasmodic effects, helping to relieve symptoms of peptic ulcers like abdominal pain. It helps promote healing of ulcers by decreasing acid levels and reducing muscle spasms in the GI tract
final ppt of pharmaceutical compounds mcnl 1.pptxgyanaraja2002
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical compounds and their importance. It discusses how chemistry has led to the development of synthetic drugs that can treat diseases. Some key points covered include:
- Pharmaceutical drugs act by binding to proteins in the body and causing physiological changes like cell death in the case of anticancer drugs.
- Drugs are classified as natural or synthetic and can be antibacterial, antiviral, antiseptics, analgesics, or act on the central nervous system.
- Important drug classes discussed include antipyretics, analgesics, antimalarials, and antibiotics. Specific drugs mentioned include aspirin, chloroquine, penicillin, and streptomycin.
This document provides information on the plant Althaea officinalis Linn, commonly known as Marsh Mallow. It details the plant's various names, parts used which include the root, seeds and flowers. The document describes the plant's temperament as warm and balanced. It also outlines the plant's actions and pharmacology, indicating it has emollient, demulcent, expectorant and mucilaginous properties. The document lists the plant's traditional uses such as for cough, bronchitis, gastric and skin irritations. It provides dosage information and cautions that long term use of large doses may harm the stomach.
This document summarizes information about Adhatoda vasica Nees, commonly known as vasaka, Malabar nut, or adusa. It is native to northern India and used in Ayurvedic medicine. The leaves and flowers are used medicinally and have bitter taste. It contains volatile oils and quinazoline alkaloids. Pharmacologically, it is an expectorant, antispasmodic, alterative, diuretic, and germicide. It is used to treat cough, asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis, fever, and rheumatism. The fresh leaf juice is taken with honey and long pepper for cough and phthisis. It should be used with care in pregnancy and large doses
Acacia arabica, also known as babul, kikar, and samagh arabi, is a plant indigenous to parts of Africa and Asia. Its bark, gum, and fruits are used medicinally. It has astringent, styptic, and tonic properties. It is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhage, and inflammations of the mouth and throat. The dosage is 1-7g of bark or gum, up to 3 times daily. Large doses can cause indigestion and constipation.
Alpinia galanga is a plant indigenous to China and entered Europe via India and Arabia in the Middle Ages. Its dried rhizomes have a pungent, spicy taste and aromatic odor similar to ginger. Traditionally, it has been used to treat dyspeptic complaints, loss of appetite, painful abdominal syndrome, sluggish digestion, liver and gallbladder complaints, fevers, colds, cough, bronchitis, and mouth/pharynx inflammation. Modern research has found it has anti-inflammatory properties useful for rheumatism and contains compounds with antibacterial effects. Large doses over long periods may adversely affect the cardiovascular and urinary systems.
Pharmacology of Cholinergic Drugs. It contains a detailed elaboration of Cholinergic Agents, Cholinomimmetics, Cholinergic Antagonists, Synthesis of Ach, Receptors, Classification, Mechanism of Action, Pharmacokinetics and Dynamics, Dosage and Adverse effects
Glossary of Terms Commonly Use in Pharmacologyshayanfatima
Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body processes a drug while pharmacodynamics is how a drug acts in the body. Phytopharmaceuticals are herbal medicines that have been clinically tested while phototherapeutics are herbal medicines that have not been sufficiently clinically tested. The document also provides information on the number of plant species worldwide and those used traditionally for food and medicine.
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a defect in the wall separating the left and right ventricles of the heart. There are four main types of VSD based on location. A VSD allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, overloading the right ventricle and lungs. Symptoms depend on the size of the shunt but can include heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and abnormal heart sounds. VSDs are typically diagnosed via echocardiogram and may close on their own, though large defects often require surgical closure to prevent complications later in life. With treatment, long-term prognosis is excellent.
This document discusses fever of unknown origin (FUO) in children. It begins by explaining how the body regulates temperature and what causes fevers. FUO is defined as a fever over 38.3°C for at least 8 days without diagnosis. Common causes are listed which are often infectious diseases, connective tissue diseases, and neoplasms. Specific infectious etiologies like brucellosis, cat scratch disease, and tuberculosis are explained. The diagnostic approach and evaluations for FUO are outlined including history, physical exam, initial labs, additional testing, and imaging. Empiric treatment is generally not recommended to avoid delaying diagnosis. Herbal treatments used in unconventional medicine for FUO and tuberculosis are also mentioned
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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1. 1 | S h a y a n F a t i m a A z a d / S a n a K h a n
S.NO. TERMS URDU MEANING DEFINITION
1. Corrosive اکال A substance that tends to destroy body tissues and membrane
as it come to contact.
2. Pruritis حکہ Unpleasant sensation, provokes to itch.
3. Caustic کاوی A drug or substance capable of burning, corroding or
destroying living tissue.
4. Roughening فخشن A drug that tends to cause rough surface.
5. Tonics مقویات A medicine that use to help restore tone and invigorate
systems in body or promote general health.
6. Blood purifier خون مصفی A drug that purifies blood to promote health.
7. Hemostatic الدم بس حا A drug that is capable of stopping flow of blood. A drug which
stops bleeding.
8. Anti-Nauseatic غثیان دافع A drug that keep away nausea and vomiting.
9. Appetizer مشتہی A drug that increase appetite/urge to eat food.
10. Hepatic Tonic کبد مقوی A drug that promote healthy functioning of liver.
11. Brain Tonic دماغ مقوی A drug that promote healthy functioning of brain.
12. Nervine Tonic اعصاب مقوی A medicine that acts therapeutically upon nerves particularly
same as sedative.
13. Fattening مسمن Substance that is liable to make person overweight and fatty.
14. Cardiac Tonic قلب مقویات A drug that increases the efficiency of heart and improve the
contraction of heart.
15. Tonic for vital
organ
رئیسہ اعضائے مقویات Drugs vital for heart, brain, kidney, liver and lungs.
16. Viscous مغلظ Those which improves viscosity of secretion.
17. Anti-inflammatory اورام محلل A drug tends to resolve inflammation.
18. Glutinous مغری Those having capability of sticking like gum.
19. Mucilaginous دار لعاب Those drugs having a viscous or gelatinous consistency.
20. Alexipharmic یاق تر Those drugs which act as antidote.
21. Bilious Concoctive صفرا منضج Drugs having ability to cooked out bile.
22. Atrabilious
Concoctive
سودا منضج
Drugs having ability to cooked out atrabilious humor.
23. Anti-pyretic حمیات دافع Drugs use to prevents or reduces fever.
24. Anti-tussive سعال دافع Drugs use to prevent or relieve cough.
PHARMACOGNOSY TERMINOLOGIES
2. 2 | S h a y a n F a t i m a A z a d / S a n a K h a n
25. Expectorant بلغم منفث A drug that excrete out the phlegm.
26. Emesis آور قے A drug that induces vomiting.
27. Laxative مسہل A drug that increases GIT movement (peristalsis) but less loss
of electrolytes & high potent.
28. Emollient مرخی A drug that softens the skin and membrane of organs.
29. Desiccative مججف Those drugs that dry the humors.
30. Demulcent ملطف Those drug that lighter the 2 humor and only for respiratory
tract.
31. Digestive ہاضم Drugs that promotes digestion.
32. Hemoptysis الدم نفث Blood comes from the source of respiratory tract.
33. Hematemesis الدم قے Blood comes in vomiting from GIT source.
34. Concoctive منضج Drug that cooked the 3 humors
35. Phlegmatic
concoctive
بلغم منضج Drug that cooked the phlegm.
36. Carminative ریاح کاسر Drug that breaks/removes excessive gases.
37. Stomach tonic معدہ مقوی The drug that gives strength to stomach.
38. Spasmodic تشنج Drugs that able to create hardness in muscles
39. Anti-spasmodic تشنج دافع Drugs that relieves spasm and relax muscles.
40. Diaphoretic معرق A drug that promotes Sweat.
41. Febrifuge حرارت دافع Drugs that are subside the fever. (antifever)
42. Corrigent کرنا اصالح Substances balance the temperament of drug, decrease the
toxicity, enhances drug effect, decreases adverse effect of drug.
43. Tenedium بدل Alternative of a drug
44. Sedative مسکن A drug that reduces excitability and calm the person.
45. Hypnotic منوم Psychoactive drugs that induce sleep to treat insomnia.
46. Anesthetic مخدر Drugs that is used for temporary loss of sensation or
awareness.
47. Nausea غثیان ۔ ابکای State before vomiting
48. Diuretic بول مدر Those drug that Increase urination.
49. Emmenagogue طمث مدر Drugs that increase the menstruation. Those enhances
menstrual blood to flow.
50. Rheumatoid
arthritis
مفاصل تحجر Swelling around the joint with fever. It is an autoimmune
disorder.
51. Astringent قابض Drugs that constrict any vessel, ducts and intestine.
3. 3 | S h a y a n F a t i m a A z a d / S a n a K h a n
52. Repercussive رادع Repellent OR able to driven back
53. Cholagogue صفراہ مدر Dugs that increase the excretion of yellow bile
54. Amenorrhea طمث احتباس Cessation of menstruation.
55. Dysmenorrhea الطمث عسر Pain full menstruation.
56. Dysuria البول عسر Pain in urination.
57. Enteritis سحجامعاء Inflammation of intestine.
58. Gastritis معدہ ورم Inflammation of stomach
59. Uterine tumor رحم سرطان Outgrowth of uterus, either benign or malignant.
60. Stimulant محرک A drug that raises levels of physiological or nervous
activity in the body.
.
61. Exhilarant القلب مفرح Drug that give comfort in cardiovascular system.
62. Gout نقرص Pain in small joints, i.e.; Carpel joint, metacarpal joint.
63. DE obstruent تسدد دافع Drugs having the power to clear or open the natural ducts
of the fluids and secretions of the body.
64. Analgesic الم مسکن Drugs that are administered to relieve pain without
causing the loss of consciousness.
65. Arthritis المفاصل وجع Pain in large joints.
66. Ant-helminthic شکم کرم قاتل Drugs that destroy the parasitic worms/intestinal worms.
67. Aphrodisiac باہ مقوی Drug that increase the sexual ability in both sexes.
68. Sialagogue لعاب مدر Drug that increases salivation.
69. Galactagogue شیر مدر Drug that enhances ability to produce milk or lactation.
70. Bronchitis شعب الھتاب Inflammation of bronchus.
71. Pleurisy ذاتالجنب Accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity.
72. Dyspnea النفث ضیق It is condition of difficult or labored breathing, and it's
commonly called shortness of breath.
73. Hemorrhage الدم نزف Bleeding from any part of human body.
74. Menorrhagia طمث کثرت Heavy bleeding during menstruation
75. Cystitis مثانہ ورم Inflammation of urinary bladder.
76. Lithotriptic حصات ساز خرد Drugs those break the calculi
4. 4 | S h a y a n F a t i m a A z a d / S a n a K h a n
77. Stomatitis قالع Inflammation of mucous membrane of mouth.
78. Mouth thrush آنا/چھالے منہ Infection of the mouth and throat caused by the fungus
Candida albicans.
79. Burning micturition بول جلن Hyperacidity in urine
80. Anodyne الم مسکن Lighter pain killer
81. Tracheitis قصبتہ ورمالریہ Inflammation in trachea
82. Oliguria البول تقطیر Drop wise urination
83. Cardiac debility قلب ضعف Cardiac weakness
84. Conjunctivitis چشم اشوب Inflammation of the membrane covering the surface of
the eyeball. It can be a result of infection or irritation of
the eye.
85. Detersive جالی Cleansing agents that burn and to remove out.
86. Vermifuge شکم کرم مخرج Drugs those excrete out the worms from body (intestine)
87. Anti-septic آفونت دافع Those that preventing the growth of disease-causing
microorganisms
88. Specific action خاص نفع To give direct effect on a disease
89. Pharmacological
action
افعال کلیاتی Action of drug on specific molecular target, to produce
effect on patient.
90. Medicinal uses افعال معالجاتی Action in medicine to cure disease.
91. Debility ضعف State of weakness refers to as loss of ability of normal
functioning.