Pharmaceuticals are chemical substances intended for use in medical diagnosis, cure, treatment or prevention of disease. Key points: - Pharmaceuticals have been used for thousands of years, with early examples found in ancient Mesopotamia, India, and China. - Modern pharmaceutical manufacturing involves extracting active ingredients, combining them with vehicles for administration, and packaging. Major routes of administration include oral, intravenous, and topical. - Pharmaceuticals affect many biological systems and are classified by their therapeutic effects such as analgesics, antibiotics, antipyretics, etc. Common forms include tablets, capsules, ointments, and injections. - Strict regulations govern pharmaceutical production and prescription to ensure

1. PHARMACEUTICALS
Ankit Agarwal
Himanshu Bhomia
Dhruv Gandhi
Sanket Kosambia
Minjesh Patel
by: -
___ also referred to as medicine, medication or medicament

2. What are Pharmaceuticals ???
A pharmaceuticals are also referred to
as medicine, medication or medicament.
They are loosely defined as any chemical
substance intended for use in the medical
diagnosis, cure, treatment
or prevention of disease

3.  Babylonian’s demonstrate use of prescriptions and Medicinal creams and pills for
treatments.
 In Indian subcontinent, the Atharvaveda,2000 BC deals with medicine and laid
foundations of Ayurveda.
 Student of Āyurveda know the preparation and application of medicines, metallurgy,
pharmacy, analysis and separation of minerals, compounding of metals, and preparation
of alkalis.
 The first drugstores were created in Baghdad in the 8th century CE.
 The injection syringe was invented in 9th century Iraq.
____
nature’s boon
The Kahun Gynaecological
Papyrus, the oldest known
medical (1800 B.C)
Avicenna -- Father of modern
medicine, had reported 800 tested
drugs by 1025 CE. His contributions
led to separation
of medicine from pharmacology.

4. ____
Dawn of an Era
____
Dark age
This period saw only advances in surgery.
Only a few truly effective drugs existed,
beyond opium and quinine.
Surgical advances included basic use of antiseptics and
anaesthetics.
World war’s though devastating but gave new drugs in truck loads.
Anti-bacterials, antimicrobials , antibiotics, antipsychotics were introduced.
Aspirin and morphine for pain ,nitro-glycerine and quinine for heart disorders, insulin for
diabetes. Biological vaccines, and synthetic drugs became "the centre of medical practice".
As of today, thousands of approved drugs have been developed and biotechnology is
employed to discover biopharmaceuticals.
Medieval Surgical Tools

6. • Antipyretics
• Analgesics
• Antimalarial drugs
• Antibiotics
• Antiseptics
Chemical Properties
• Pills
• Tablets
• Capsules
• Injections
Mode/Route of Administration

7. • Digestive system
• Cardiovascular system
• Nervous System
• Muscular System
• Eyes and Ear
• Respiratory System
• Endocrine System
• Reproductive System
• Immune System
Biological System Affected
• Diagnostics
• Euthanasia
• Nutrition
• Infections
• Gynaecology
• Pain & Consciousness
Therapeutic Effect

8. Antipyretics :(against - pertaining
to fever)
• They reduce fever but will not
normally lower body temperature if
one does not have fever. These
cause the hypothalamus to override
an interleukin-induced increase in
temperature making the body to
work at lower temperature thus
reducing fever.
• Most common antipyretics are
ibuprofen and aspirin, which are
used primarily as pain relievers.
• NSAID’s like ibuprofen
• Aspirin related salicylates
• Paracetamol
• Quinine
Analgesic :(without - pain)
• Is any member of the group of drugs
used to relieve pain. These drugs act
in various ways on the peripheral
and central nervous systems to
relive from pain.
• They are different from
anaesthetics.
• Analgesics choice is done on
severity and response to other
medication and also by the type of
pain.
• Paracetamol
• NSAIDs like salicylates
• opioid like morphine and
opium

9. Antimalarial :(prevent or cure
malaria)
• Currently in cases of malaria
combination therapy is employed,
as it offers various advantages like.
• Reduced treatment failure
• Reduced developing of
resistance
• enhanced convenience
• Reduced side-effects.
• It is practical to consider
antimalarial by chemical structure
since this is associated with
important properties of each drug.
• Quinine and related agents
• Pyrimethamine
• Clindamycin
Antibiotics/ Antibacterial :
• Compound that kills or slows down
the growth of bacteria but they
now denote many antimicrobial
compounds.
• Most of these are chemically
semisynthetic modifications of
various natural compounds.
• Antibacterial are classified
• on the basis of origin as :
• biosynthetic
• semisynthetic
• synthetic
• according to biological activity,
• bactericides
• bacteriostatic
• Beta-lactams - Penicillin
• Aminoglycosides
• Sulphonamides

10. Antiseptics :(against-putrefactive)
• Are antimicrobial substances that are
applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the
possibility of infection, sepsis, or
putrefaction.
• Antiseptics are different from antibiotics as
they are transported through the lymphatic
system to destroy bacteria within the body.
• Alcohols
• Quaternary ammonium compounds
• Boric acid
• Hydrogen peroxide
• Iodine
• Sodium chloride
• Sodium bicarbonate
• Turmeric

11. These are small, round, solid pharmacological oral dosage form that was
in use before the advent of tablets and capsules.
• Pills were made by :
i. mixing the active ingredients with an
excipient such as glucose syrup in a
mortar and pestle to form a paste
ii. then rolling the mass into a long
cylindrical shape and dividing it into
equal portions
iii. Which were then rolled into balls,
and often coated with sugar
Pills :

12. • Tablet are the most popular dosage form
in use today.
• It comprises a mixture of active substances
and excipients, usually in powder form,
pressed or compacted from a powder into a
solid dose sweeteners or flavours are added
to enhance taste.
• A polymer coating is often applied to make
the tablet smoother and easier to swallow
and to control the release rate of the active
ingredient.
Tablets in the shape of capsules, and are called "caplets".
They can be formulated to deliver an accurate dosage to a specific
site and are usually taken orally, but can be administered sublingually,
buccally, rectally or intravaginally.
Tablets :

13. Both of these classes of capsules are made from aqueous solutions of
gelling agents like:
1. Animal protein mainly gelatin
2. Plant polysaccharides or their derivatives
Capsules :
The two main types of capsules are:
1. Hard-shelled capsules : which are normally used
for dry, powdered ingredients or miniature
pellets or tablets
2. Soft-shelled capsules : primarily used for oils and
for active ingredients that are dissolved or
suspended in oil.
encapsulation of medicines in a relatively stable shell allowing them to be taken orally.
capsules are the most efficient method of taking medication.
Other ingredients can be added to the gelling agent solution like plasticizers such as
glycerine and/or sorbitol to decrease the capsule's hardness, coloring agents, preservatives,
disintegrants, lubricants and surface treatment.
--> Hard-shelled Capsules
Soft-Shelled Capsules

14. An injection follows a parenteral route of administration; that is, administered
other than through the digestive tract.
Injections :
It is an infusion method of putting fluid into the body, usually with a hollow needle
and a syringe which is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth for the material
to be forced into the body
There are several methods of injection or infusion :
• intradermal
• subcutaneous
• intramuscular
• intravenous
• intraosseous
• intraperitoneal

15. Biological System Affected
• Digestive system
–Upper digestive tract:
• Antacids,
• Reflux suppressants,
• Antiflatulents
–Lower digestive tract:
• Laxatives
• Bile acid sequestrants,
• Opioid
• Cardiovascular system
–General:
• Beta blockers
• Cardiac glycosides,
• Vasodilators,
–Affecting blood pressure :
• ACE inhibitors
• Α blockers
–Coagulation:
• Anticoagulants
• Antiplatelet drugs
• Haemostatic drugs
–Cholesterol inhibitors:
• Hypolipidaemic agents,
• Statins
• Nervous system
– Central nervous system :
• Hypnotics
• Anaesthetics
• Antipsychotics
• Antidepressants
– Movement disorder
• Stimulants
• Dopamine antagonists,
• Antihistamines,
• Muscular system
– Musculoskeletal disorders :
• Nsaids
• Muscle relaxants,
• Neuromuscular drugs

16. • Eye and Ear
– General:
• adrenergic neurone blocker
• ocular lubricant
– Diagnostic:
• Topical anaesthetics
• cycloplegics
– Anti-bacterial, antiviral, anti-fungal,
anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, anti-
glaucoma, antiseptics
• Respiratory System
– Bronchodilators
– Antitussives
– Steroids
• Endocrine System
– Human growth hormone
– Insulin and other antidiabetics
– thyroid and antithyroid drugs
– Vasopressin analogues
• Reproductive System
– Antifungal
– Antibiotics
– Fertility medications
– Contraception :
• Hormonal contraception
• Ormeloxifene
• Spermicide
• Immune System
– Vaccines
– Immunoglobulins
– Immunosuppressants
– Monoclonal antibodies

17. • Diagnostics
– Contrast media
• Euthanasia
– An euthanaticum is used
for euthanasia and physician-assisted
suicide
– Euthanasia is not permitted by law in
many countries, and consequently
medicines will not be licensed for this
use in those countries.
• Nutrition
– Tonics
– Electrolytes
– Parenteral nutritional supplements
– Vitamins
– Anti-obesity drugs
• Infections
– Antibiotics
– Antifungals
– Antileprotics
– Antivirals
• Gynecology
– NSAID’s
– Antifibrinolytics
– Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
– Bone regulators
– Progestogen and oestrogen
– Prostaglandins
• Pain & consciousness (analgesic
drugs)
– NSAID’s
– Opioids
– Orphans
• Paracetamol
• Anticonvulsants

18. Manufacturing
• Drugs can be extracted from
natural products
(pharmacognosy) or
synthesized through chemical
processes.
• The drug's active
ingredient will be combined
with a "vehicle" such as
a capsule, cream, or liquid
• Then it will be administered
through a particular route of
administration
– Oral
– Intravascular
P.S : Child-resistant packaging will likely be used in the ultimate package sold to the consumer.
__
the process by which a drug is created.
Manufacturing of Tablets

19. Trade name Company Sales(billion $)
Lipitor Pfizer 12 (2007)
Plavix Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis 5.9 (2005)
Lovenox or Clexane Sanofi-Aventis
Celebrex Pfizer 2.3 (2007)
Losec/Prilosec AstraZeneca 2.6 (2004)
Nexium AstraZeneca 3.3 (2003)
Telfast/Allegra Aventis 1.87 (2004)
Seroquel AstraZeneca 1.5 (2003)
Seloken/Toprol AstraZeneca 1.3 (2003)
Pulmicort/Rhinocort AstraZeneca 1.3 (2003)
“In the pharmaceutical industry, a blockbuster drug is one that achieves acceptance by
prescribing physicians as a therapeutic standard for, most commonly, a highly prevalent
chronic condition and Patients often take the medicines for long periods”
- more than $1 billion/year of revenue to owner

20. Prescription Practice
Drugs are prescribed only to regulate their effects as they
can impose adverse effects and should not be used unless
necessary.
• Medical guidelines and clinical trials are often done to
approve a Drug these trial help doctors' prescription of
these drugs.
• *Errors include in Prescription:
– over prescription and polypharmacy
– misprescription
– contraindication (Side Effects-Reactions)
– lack of detail in dosage and administrations instructions.
*Never Take a Drug without prescription form a Doctor

21. • Water contamination
– Through human consumption and
excretion (major source)
• These are filtered ineffectively
by treatment plants as they are not
designed to manage them.
– Through improper disposal, runoff
from sludge fertilizer and reclaimed
wastewater irrigation or leaky sewage.
Eco-pharmacology
It’s concerned with the entry of
chemicals or drugs into the
environment through any route and at
any concentration disturbing the
balance of ecosystem.
Methods of PPCP entry into
the environment
Pharmaco-environmentology
It’s the branch
of pharmacology which deals entry
of chemicals or drugs into the
environment after elimination from
humans and animals post-therapy.

22. The Future ahead
• Effectiveness of Drugs will
increase with minimum side
effects and Generic Drugs will be
the main area of focus.
• Increasing use of Nanotechnology
is sure to recolonize the industry.
• Biotechnology increased role will
boost the research in the area.
• The ongoing research in drugs for
disease like Cancer, AIDS and
Muscular Dystrophy promises
better results in future due to
marriage of nanotechnology and
biotechnology
Application of Nanotechnology