Librax is a combination drug used to treat peptic ulcers and gastrointestinal spasms. It contains chlordiazepoxide and clidinium.
Chlordiazepoxide is a benzodiazepine that works by decreasing stomach acid secretions and relaxing the muscles in the stomach and intestines. Clidinium is an anticholinergic that works by blocking acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that increases stomach acid production and gastrointestinal motility.
By combining these two drugs, Librax provides both acid suppression and antispasmodic effects, helping to relieve symptoms of peptic ulcers like abdominal pain. It helps promote healing of ulcers by decreasing acid levels and reducing muscle spasms in the GI tract
introduction to General pharmacology by : Dr Debasish PradhanDr Debasish Pradhan
Introduction to general Pharmacology, Routes of drug administration with their advantages and Disadvantages, Factors affecting routes of drug administration.
introduction to General pharmacology by : Dr Debasish PradhanDr Debasish Pradhan
Introduction to general Pharmacology, Routes of drug administration with their advantages and Disadvantages, Factors affecting routes of drug administration.
This is a presentation on antihistamines. You will find out about their synthesis, storage, mechanism of action, and how they influence different phenomena within our system. The colorful tables and illustrations will help you to enjoy while reading. Feel free share your comments.
Emetics & Anti-emetics presentation for pharmacy studentsLokesh Patil
Emetics and antiemetics are drugs used to induce and prevent vomiting, respectively. Emetics, such as ipecac syrup and apomorphine, stimulate the vomiting center in the brain or irritate the stomach lining to induce vomiting, often used in cases of poisoning. Antiemetics, including drugs like ondansetron, metoclopramide, and promethazine, work by blocking neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and histamine, which are involved in triggering the vomiting reflex. They are commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by conditions such as motion sickness, chemotherapy, and postoperative recovery. Understanding the mechanisms and applications of these drugs is crucial for effectively managing emesis in various clinical scenarios.
1 - Konsep Dasar Interaksi Obat dan Makanan.pptxEmmyKardianasari
This is the first material of the Drug and Food Interaction for the 2nd year students of Department of Nutrition at Health Polytechnic of Pangkalpinang.
This is a presentation on antihistamines. You will find out about their synthesis, storage, mechanism of action, and how they influence different phenomena within our system. The colorful tables and illustrations will help you to enjoy while reading. Feel free share your comments.
Emetics & Anti-emetics presentation for pharmacy studentsLokesh Patil
Emetics and antiemetics are drugs used to induce and prevent vomiting, respectively. Emetics, such as ipecac syrup and apomorphine, stimulate the vomiting center in the brain or irritate the stomach lining to induce vomiting, often used in cases of poisoning. Antiemetics, including drugs like ondansetron, metoclopramide, and promethazine, work by blocking neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and histamine, which are involved in triggering the vomiting reflex. They are commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by conditions such as motion sickness, chemotherapy, and postoperative recovery. Understanding the mechanisms and applications of these drugs is crucial for effectively managing emesis in various clinical scenarios.
1 - Konsep Dasar Interaksi Obat dan Makanan.pptxEmmyKardianasari
This is the first material of the Drug and Food Interaction for the 2nd year students of Department of Nutrition at Health Polytechnic of Pangkalpinang.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Basic definitions
Pharmacology is a biomedical science concerned with the
study of drug action.
Drug means any substance which exerts a physiological
effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism. Drug effect on
the body may be either positive or negative.
Medicine, means any chemical substance used to prevent,
treat, cure, or diagnose a disease in proper dose. Morphine is a
medication if used for analgesic purpose. On the other hand, if
it is used for recreational purposes, then it acts as a drug. All
medicines are drugs, not all drugs are medicines.
Dose means the amount of medicine taken
Dosage form means the physical form of the medicines
(solids, liquids, gas etc.)
3. Basic definitions
• Over the counter (OTC)medicine means those medicines for which the physician
prescription is not required. For examples, analgesics
• Analgesic means those medicines which are used for pain
• Antipyretics means those drugs which are used for fever
• Pharmacodynamics means the mechanism by which the drug exerts its effect. For
example, how aspirin work as analgesic.
• Pharmacokinetics means the movement of drugs in the body, including the
processes of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion.
• Drug source means the origin of drug (natural, semisynthetic, synthetic etc. natural
sources of drug are plants, minerals, animals, and microbes.
• Iontophoresis means a technique which uses an electric current to deliver a
medicine. Common uses for iontophoresis are to decrease inflammation, decrease
pain, decrease muscle spasm, decrease swelling and edema.
• Phonophoresis means the use of ultrasound to enhance the delivery of topically
applied drugs.
• Idiosyncratic means unexpected drug reaction
• Teratogenic means harmful effects of drugs on the fetus
• Synergism means when the combination of drugs increases the effects
• Antagonism means when the combination of drugs decreases the effects
4. Basic definitions
• Pharmacopoeia is an official publication, containing a list of medicinal drugs with their
effects and directions for their use. BP: British Pharmacopoeia. USP: United States
Pharmacopeia
5. • Active ingredient means biologically active substance which produce effect
• Efficacy means maximum effect that a drug can produce regardless of dose.
• Potency means amount of a drug that is needed to produce a given effect
6. • Bioavailability is the degree to which or the proportion of the drug that is available
to the site of action or target tissue to produce the desired effect.
• Half-life (t1/2) is the time taken by the plasma concentration of the drug to decrease
by 50%, or reach half of the original concentration
• Prophylactic agent is any drug that prevents a disease or illness from occurring
• Therapeutic effect : A drug is given to produce a desired effect on the body, either
to treat a disease or to relieve symptoms. This is referred to as a drug’s therapeutic
effect.
• Side effect is an unintended response to a drug
• Tolerance is a decrease in the pharmacological response to a drug that occurs with
continued administration
7.
8. Pharmacology of gastrointestinal drugs
Peptic ulcer disease: Peptic ulcer disease refers to sores in the lining of
the stomach or the duodenum.
Gastric ulcer means when the ulcer is in stomach
Common Causes
• Regular use of NSAIDs (aspirin, diclofenac
etc.)
•Bacteria (Helicobacter pylori)
Symptoms
•Burning pain in the middle or upper stomach
•Nausea or vomiting
•Weight loss
•Anemia
•Malena ( the condition in which the stool color
becomes black )
•Loss of apetite
9.
10. NSAIDs induce ulcers by suppressing gastric prostaglandin synthesis,
reduction of gastric mucosal blood flow.
Certain prostaglandins such as PGE2 and PGI2 inhibit gastric secretion and help
protect the stomach mucosa by stimulating gastric mucus secretion. Currently,
only misoprostol (Cytotec) is available for clinical use.
13. Drugs used peptic ulcer
Classification
• 1. Drugs which neutralize acid(Antacids): Antacids attempt to chemically neutralize
stomach acids. These drugs typically contain a base such as carbonate or hydroxide combined with
aluminum, magnesium, or calcium. The base combines with excess hydrogen ions (H) in the
stomach and thus increases the pH
14.
15. 2. Drug which provide a physical barrier
• Sucralfate (Carafate, Sulcrate). Sucralfate is a disaccharide that
exerts a cytoprotective effect on the stomach mucosa.
Sucralfate may form a protective gel within the stomach that
adheres to ulcers and shields them from the contents of the
stomach.
16. 2. Drugs which decrease acid secretion
a. Proton Pump Inhibitors b. H2 receptor blockers
17. Mechanism of action of PPIs
Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid secreted by the parietal cells. Hydrogen ions
are generated within the parietal cell from dissociation of water. Hydrogen ion is
pumped out of the cell, into the lumen, in exchange for potassium through the
action of the proton pump.
PPI drugs inhibit the H, K -ATPase enzyme responsible for secreting acid from gastric
parietal cells of the stomach.
Common adverse
effects
headache
nausea
diarrhea
abdominal pain
fatigue
dizziness
constipation
18.
19. Mechanism of action of H2 blockers
Histamine stimulates specific receptors on stomach parietal cells to
increase gastric acid secretion. These histamine receptors are
classified as H2 receptors. H2 antagonists, or blockers, prevent the
histamine activated release of gastric acid.
Side effects:
• headache
• nausea
• diarrhea
• abdominal pain
• dizziness,
• Constipation
• Cimetidine has been associated with gynaecomastia (breast
enlargement in men)and anti androgenic properties.
20. Treatment of H. Pylori
bid: bis in die or two times a day
tid:ter in die (three times a day)
qid:quater in die( four times a day)
Stat: urgent
sos: si opus sit, if needed
21. How to prevent ulcer
• Take NSAIDs with meals or medications that protect your
stomach lining, if you need NSAIDs.
• Avoid or limit caffeinated drinks and alcohol.
• Refrain from smoking.
• Take steps to reduce the stress in your life.
