This document discusses how various factors can modify the effects of drugs in patients. It describes how genetics, race, diet, environment, psychological factors, and concurrent diseases or medications can influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Specific examples are given of genetic polymorphisms that affect drug metabolism by enzymes like CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. It also explains concepts like tolerance, drug-drug interactions, receptor antagonism, and how conditions like liver or kidney disease can impact drug handling in the body. The lecturer concludes that considering these modifying factors is important for selecting appropriate drugs and doses for each individual patient.
A power point presentation on Pharmacodynamics (what drug does to the body) suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology
A power point presentation on Pharmacodynamics (what drug does to the body) suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. Pharmacodynamics is often referred to as “what the drug does to the body”.
In order to exert their effects, drugs usually interact in a structurally specific way with a protein receptor or act on physiological processes within the body. This activates a secondary messenger system that produces a physiological effect. Drugs do not create new action but they can only modify (alter) the functions of cells or tissues in body. The drug–receptor complex initiates alterations in biochemical and/or molecular activity of a cell by a process called signal transduction.
This presentation includes basic concepts about pharmacodynamics. It discusses about:
Definition of Pharmacodynamics
Types of drug tragets
Stay tuned for more!
Nasal decongestants and Respiratory Stimulants.pdfShaikh Abusufyan
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss definition and therapeutic uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of nasal decongestant.
B. Explain definition and uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of respiratory stimulants.
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology. Wish you all happy learning.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
For 6+ video lecture series on drugs act on Gastrointestinal tract refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYgHRHwuarKTt96bu_2L5WK
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
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Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. Pharmacodynamics is often referred to as “what the drug does to the body”.
In order to exert their effects, drugs usually interact in a structurally specific way with a protein receptor or act on physiological processes within the body. This activates a secondary messenger system that produces a physiological effect. Drugs do not create new action but they can only modify (alter) the functions of cells or tissues in body. The drug–receptor complex initiates alterations in biochemical and/or molecular activity of a cell by a process called signal transduction.
This presentation includes basic concepts about pharmacodynamics. It discusses about:
Definition of Pharmacodynamics
Types of drug tragets
Stay tuned for more!
Nasal decongestants and Respiratory Stimulants.pdfShaikh Abusufyan
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss definition and therapeutic uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of nasal decongestant.
B. Explain definition and uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of respiratory stimulants.
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology. Wish you all happy learning.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
For 6+ video lecture series on drugs act on Gastrointestinal tract refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYgHRHwuarKTt96bu_2L5WK
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
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www.linkedin.com/in/dr-aboobecker-siddique-p-a-200783a0
pharmacodynamics
What the drug does to the body.
Study of drug effects. How? And What?
Pharmacodynamics deals with the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
Pharmacology is a branch of medicine, biology and pharmaceutical sciences concerned with drug or medication action, where a drug may be defined as any artificial, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.
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This slide contains all the necessary detalis regarding the aspects of pharmacotherapy along with Clinical Pharmacology and explains the important steps undertaken during Drug Development.
This slide is a work of Dr Ankit Bairwa, 2nd Year at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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2. Question from last class
A 60 years female presented to General
Practice OPD with swelling of legs for last two
weeks, easy fatiguability for last one month.
After examination and investigations, she was
diagnosed as congestive cardiac failure and
was prescribed Tablet Digoxin 2 mg, orally,
once daily.
What are the special considerations in this
clinical situation?
3. By the end of the class, MBBS
Ist year students will be able
to:
List the factors that can modify the action of a
drug
Describe the basis of modification of drug
action by various factors
Apply the information to modify the drug
prescription in clinical setting
4. Drug effects and race
Atropine/ephedrine to dilate pupil
Black population: higher concentration
Mongols: lower concentration
β blockers as antihypertensive
Afro-caribbeans: less effective
Chloramphenicol induced aplastic anaemia
Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy
5. Drug effects and genetics
All components of PK and PD are influenced
by genetic composition
Pharmacogenetics:
Study of genetic basis for variability in drug
response
Pharmacogenomics:
Use of genetic information to guide the
choice of drug and dose on an individual
basis
6. Drug effects and genetics
Genetic defects Drugs
implicated
Effects
Atypical
pseudocholinestera
se
Succinylcholine Prolonged
apnoea
G-6PD deficiency Primaquine,
chloroquine,
dapsone
Haemolysis
Low activity of
CYP2C9
Warfarin Increased
bleeding
7. Drug effects and genetics
Genetic
defects
Drugs
implicated
Effects
N-acetyl
transferase 2
polymorphism
Isoniazid,
hydralazine
Isoniazid
neuropathy,
Drug induced
lupus
CYP2D6
deficient
Codeine No analgesia
by codeine
Ryanodine
Receptor
Halothane Malignant
hyperthermia
8. Drug effects and
environment/time
Exposure to insecticides, tobacco smoke,
carcinogens induce drug metabolism
Type of diet (fatty, non-fatty)
Time:
Drug ingestion and meals
Morning dosing: corticosteroids
Evening: statins
Night: hypnotics
9. Drug effects and psychological
factors
Efficacy of drug affected by patient’s
psychological state
More applicable for centrally acting drugs
Nervous and anxious patient: more general
anesthetics
Anxious state (fear of punishment):
performance may improve by alcohol
10. Drug effects and psychological
factors
Placebo:
Inert substance which is given as a medicine
Acts by psychodynamic means
Individuals who easily respond to placebo:
placebo reactors
Prescribed in two situations:
In clinical trials as dummy medicine
In clinical practice
11. Drug effects and psychological
factors
Placebo:
Lactose tablets/capsules, water injection
• Multivitamins – misused as placebo
Placebo effects highly variable
Nocebo:
Negative psychodynamic effect evoked by
the pessimistic attitude of the patient, or by
loss of faith in the medication and/or
12. Pathological states and Drug
effect
Gastro-intestinal tract affections:
Gastric stasis(migraine): Retards
absorption of ingested drugs.
Achlorhydria: decrease aspirin
absorption
Effects of gastro-intestinal disease can
be complex, e.g. in Coeliac disease:
Amoxicillin absorption decreased
13. Pathological states and Drug
effect
Liver disease:
Altered metabolism:
Prodrugs- less
effective
Increased
bioavailability of drugs
with high first pass
metabolism
Decreased metabolism
and elimination of
14. Pathological states and Drug
effect
Liver disease:
Decreased protein synthesis:
Altered serum albumin:
• Increased unbound fraction of acidic drugs
Decreased clotting factors:
• Increased activity of anti-coagulants
15. Pathological states and Drug
effect
Liver disease:
Pharmacodynamic alterations:
Sensitivity of brain to depressant action of
morphine and barbiturates in cirrhotics
Brisk diuresis by diuretics:
• Mental changes in patients with impending
hepatic encephalopathy
16. Pathological states and Drug
effect
Kidney disease:
Nephrotoxic drugs
Clearance of drug
decreases parallel to
creatinine clearance
Maintenance dose needs
to be modified
Decreased/low plasma
proteins
17. Pathological states and Drug
effect
Kidney disease:
Increased permeability of blood-
brain barrier
Increased activity of opioids,
barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Accumulation of
drugs/metabolite:
Pethidine nor-pethidine
seizure
18. Pathological states and Drug
effect
Congestive heart disease:
Decreased absorption from gastro-intestinal
tract
Procainamide, hydrochlorothiazide
Altered volume of distribution
(increase/decrease)
Lidocaine, procainamide
Slower drug elimination
19. Pathological states and Drug
effect
Thyroid disease:
Hypothyroidism:
More sensitive to digoxin,
morphine and CNS depressants
Hyperthyroidism:
Relative resistant to inotropic
action of digoxin, but more prone to
its arrhythmogenic action
20. Pharmacological variables and
Drug effect
Cumulation
Occurs when rate of
administration is more than
rate of elimination
Slowly eliminated drug
more likely to cause
cumulative toxicity
• Chloroquine retinal
toxicity
21. Pharmacological variables and
Drug effect
Tolerance
Adaptive biological phenomenon
Can be:
• Natural: inherently less sensitive
• Acquired: occurs by repeated use of a
drug in an individual who was initially
responsive
More easily seen with CNS depressants
22. Pharmacological variables and
Drug effect
Tolerance
Tolerance for different effects of a drug can
vary
• Chlorpromazine: tolerance to sedative
action but not antipsychotic action
• Phenobarbitone: tolerance to sedative
action but less to antiepileptic actions
• Morphine: tolerance to constipation, miotic
action more
23. Pharmacological variables and
Drug effect
Tolerance
Cross tolerance
• Tolerance to pharmacologically related
substance
• Closer the drugs, more complete is the
tolerance
• Morphine-barbiturates vs morphine-
pethidine
24. Pharmacological variables and
Drug effect
Tachyphylaxis
Rapid development of tolerance when doses
of a drug repeated in quick succession result
in marked reduction in response
Seen with ephedrine, tyramine, nicotine
25. Pharmacological variables and
Drug effect
Drug resistance
Tolerance of micro-organisms to inhibitory
action of antimicrobials
Can be natural or acquired
• Natural: Cell wall of gram negative
bacteria
• Acquired: Mutation and Gene transfer
26. Pharmacological variable and
drug effects: Drug-Drug
Interaction
Synergism: Action of one drug is increased by
other drug
Can be:
Additive: Effect of two drug in the same
direction and simply adds up
Eg; Effect of drug A + Effect of drug B = Effect
of drug A + B
• Aspirin + Paracetamol = Analgesic/antipyretic
effect
27. Pharmacological variable and
drug effects: Drug-Drug
Interaction
Synergism: Action of one drug is increased by
other drug
Can be:
Supra-additive (potentiation): Effect of
combination of two drug is greater than the
individual effect of drugs
Effect of drug A + Effect of drug B < Effect of
drug A + B
• Sulfonamide + Trimethoprim effective against
wider range of bacteria
28. Pharmacological variable and
drug effects: Drug-Drug
Interaction
Antagonism:
Action of one drug is abolished by other
drug
Effect of drug A + Effect of drug B > Effect of
drug A + B
29. Pharmacological variable and
drug effects: Drug-Drug
Interaction
Antagonism: Types
Physical antagonism
• Charcoal and alkaloids
Chemical antagonism
• Chelating agents, Nitrites
Physiological antagonism
• Glucagon and insulin on blood sugar level
Receptor antagonism
30. Pharmacological variable and
drug effects: Drug-Drug
Interaction
Antagonism: Types
Receptor antagonism
• One drug (antagonist) blocks the receptor
action of the other drug (agonist)
• Is selective
• Can be competitive or non-competitive
32. Pharmacological variable and
drug effects: Drug-Drug
Interaction
Non-competitive antagonism (allosteric
antagonism):
Diazepam & Bicuculline
33. Post-Test
A 40-year female patient was diagnosed as a
case of tuberculosis and was started on first
line antitubercular drugs.
Later she presented to follow-up OPD
complaining about tingling sensation over her
hands and feet. This could have been due to:
What could be the reason for this complain?
34. Conclusion
Modification of drug action can occur due to
multitude of reasons affecting each step from
the drug being prescribed to the effects of
drugs on the patient
Factors can be physiological, psychological,
genetic, pathological, environmental,
pharmacological
Choice of drug and the dose of drug needs to
be modified if any of these factors are present
in an individual
35. Next class…
Tuesday, 19 December (11am -12 pm)
Topics:
Adverse Drug Reaction
Any queries?
Thank you!