www.linkedin.com/in/dr-aboobecker-siddique-p-a-200783a0
pharmacodynamics
What the drug does to the body.
Study of drug effects. How? And What?
Pharmacodynamics deals with the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
Pharmacodynamics of Drugs: Introduction to PharmacologyAkash Agnihotri
Pharmacodynamics is one the basic unit to understand the pharmacology subject.
Pharmacodynamics (sometimes described as what a drug does to the body) is the study of the biochemical, physiologic, and molecular effects of drugs on the body and involves receptor binding (including receptor sensitivity), postreceptor effects, and chemical interactions.
This ppt will be helpful for MBBS, Pharmacy, and Nursing Students.
Pharmacodynamics of Drugs: Introduction to PharmacologyAkash Agnihotri
Pharmacodynamics is one the basic unit to understand the pharmacology subject.
Pharmacodynamics (sometimes described as what a drug does to the body) is the study of the biochemical, physiologic, and molecular effects of drugs on the body and involves receptor binding (including receptor sensitivity), postreceptor effects, and chemical interactions.
This ppt will be helpful for MBBS, Pharmacy, and Nursing Students.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Introduction
• Study of actions of the drugs on the body &
their mechanisms of action
• Drugs produce their effects by interacting
with physiological systems of organisms
• Drugs only modify rate of functions of various
systems; they cannot change the basic
functions of any physiological system
3. PHARMACODYNAMICS
• What the drug does to the body.
• Study of drug effects. How? And What?
• Pharmacodynamics deals with the study of
biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs and their mechanisms of action.
5. PRINCIPLES [Types] OF DRUG ACTION
1. Stimulation
– Adrenaline
– Pilocarpine
2. Depression
– Quinidine
– Morphine
– Barbiturates
3. Irritation
– Bitters
– Counter irritants
4. Replacement
• Insulin
• Iron
• Levodopa
5. Cytotoxic action
•Penicillin,
•Chloroquine
• cyclophosphamide
6. Modification of
immune status
•Vaccines
•Sera
6. Mechanism of Drug Action
Non-receptor mediated Receptor mediated
•Physical
•Chemical
•Enzymes
•Antibody
•Placebo
•Receptors on
the cell
membrane
•Receptors
inside the
cell
7. Mechanisms of drug action
Physical action:
• Physical property of the drug
is responsible
– E.g. mass: bulk laxatives
– Adsorptive : charcoal
– Osmotic activity: magnesium sulfate
– Radioactivity: radioactive iodine
– Radioopacity: barium sulfate
8. Mechanisms of drug action
Chemical action:
• Extracellular chemical interactions
–E.g. antacids neutralize gastric HCl
–Chelating agents used in poisoning
treatment
9. Mechanisms of drug action
Through enzymes:
• Stimulation: unusual
• Relevant to endogenous mediators
• E.g. adrenaline stimulates adenyl
cyclase
10. Mechanisms of drug action
• Enzyme inhibition:
–Non specific inhibition:
• Certain chemicals alter the tertiary
structure of any enzyme with which
they come in contact E.g. alcohol,
formaldehyde
11. Enzyme inhibition
–Specific inhibition:
• Competitive: Overcome by
increasing substrate conc.
– E.g. physostigmine &
neostigmine compete with
acetyl choline for
cholinesterase
• Non competitive: inhibitor
reacts with adjacent site &
not with catalytic site,
alters enzyme such that it
loses its catalytic activity
– E.g. aspirin & cyclooxygenase
12. Mechanism of Drug Action - Non-receptor
Mediated
Antibody production Examples
• Stimulation of
AB production
in body
• BCG against TB,
Polio vaccine
against Polio
13. Mechanism of Drug Action - Non-receptor
Mediated-Placebo effect
• Placebo: Dummy medicine without
Pharmacological effect
• Uses:
1. Relief of subjective symptoms- Eg .Anxiety
2. In Clinical trials to reduce bias
• Factors affecting
1. Pt factors-With neurotic symptoms
2. Drug factor-Injection, Capsules
3. Doctor factor-Personality, Fame, Dr - Pt
relationship
14. Mechanism of Drug Action - Receptor
Mediated
• Receptor:
Protein macromolecules
Present on cell wall or
Inside the cell
To which drug binds, interacts and
produces action
• Drug[D]+Receptor[R]↔D-R-Complex→Action
Eg. Adrenergic, Muscarinic
17. endocrine and the sensory systems.
References:
G-Protein coupled[GPCR]
Ligand gated ion channels
Nuclear receptors
Enzymatic receptors
Receptor Super Families
18.
19. Receptor Regulation
Downregulation Upregulation
• Prolonged use of agonists
[Salbutamol]
↓
Receptor no. and sensitivity
[β2 receptors] ↓ ↓
↓
Drug effect ↓ ↓
[Decreased effect on chronic
use]
• Prolonged use of
antagonists
[Propranolol]
↓
Receptor no. and sensitivity
[β2 receptors] ↑↑
↓
[Sudden withdrawal →
Increased sensitivity of
adrenoreceptors→ Angina
20. Receptor Mediated- Terms
Affinity: Ability of the drug to bind to
receptor
Intrinsic activity: Ability of drug to produce
pharmacological activity after binding
21. • Substance that binds & produces a
response similar to the physiological
signal molecule
Agonist
• Substance that binds to receptor &
prevents the action of agonist, but no
effect of its own
Antagonist
• Binds to receptor but has low intrinsic
activity, i.e. produces partial response
Partial agonist
Inverse agonist
•Activates receptor & produces a
response in the opposite direction to
that of agonist
Receptor mediated drug action
22. Dose response relationship
• Potency of drug: Amount of the drug required
to produce a response
– E.g 1 mg of bumetanide produces same diuresis as
50 mg of frusemide
– Less clinical significance
• Efficacy :
– Indicates maximum response that can be produced
by a drug
– E.g. Frusemide produces powerful diuresis which
cannot be produced by any dose of amiloride
– Great clinical significance
23. Dose response
• Dose-Response relationship: Relationship
between Pharmacological effect and dose
[Concn.of drug at site of action]
• Graded or quantitative: As the dose
administered in a single sub or tissue is
increased, response increases in a graded
fashion
Graded
• Quantal or all or none: frequency with
which any drug evokes a all or none
response in a population
Quantal
24. Therapeutic window phenomenon
• Optimal therapeutic effect exerted
only over a narrow range of plasma drug
conc.or drug doses; both below & above
this range, beneficial effects are
suboptimal
• E.g. Tricyclic antidepressants, Clonidine,
glipizide
25. Therapeutic index
Therapeutic index = median lethal dose
median effective dose
• Indicates safety margin of drug
• Drugs with low therapeutic index have
low safety margin
• E.g. digoxin, lithium
28. Combined effect of drugs
• When 2 drugs are administered together:-
1. They may be Indifferent to each other
2. One may increase the action of the
other- Synergism
3. Action may be decreased or abolished
Antagonism
29. Combined effect of drugs
Indifferent Synergism Antagonism
One facilitates
the action of
other
One opposes the
action of other
Additive
Supra-additive
[Potentiation]
Competitive
Non-
competitive
Physical
Chemical
Physiological
Receptor
30. Combined effect of drugs
Synergism : (Greek: Syn-together,
ergon-work)
• Action of one drug is facilitated or
increased by the other
• Additive: effect of drugs A + B = effect
of drug A + effect of drug B
– E.g. aspirin + paracetamol =
analgesic/antipyretic
31. Synergism
Supra additive: (potentiation)
• Effect is greater than individual
effects of components
• Effect of drug A+ B=> effect of drug A
+ effect of drug B
• E.g. acetyl choline + physostigmine
(inhibition of break down)
– Levodopa + carbidopa (inhibition of
peripheral metabolism)
32. Antagonism
• Drug decreases or inhibits the action of
another
• Effect of drug A + B< effect of drug A
+ effect of drug B
• Usually one drug is inactive as such;
decreases the effect of another
33. Physical antagonism
• Based on physical property of the drugs
• E.g. charcoal adsorbs alkaloids & can
prevent absorption
Chemical Antagonism:
Drugs react chemically & form inactive
product
e.g. KMnO4 oxidizes alkaloids: used for
gastric lavage in poisoning
34. In vitro chemical antagonism
• Drugs might react when mixed in same
syringe or infusion bottle
• E.g. thiopentone sodium + succinyl
choline
• Penicillin + succinyl choline
• Heparin + penicillin/
tetracycline/streptomycin
35. Physiological/ functional antagonism
• Two drugs act on different receptors or
by different mechanisms, but have
opposite effects on the same
physiological function
• Pharmacological effects in opposite
direction
• E.g. Histamine & adrenaline on bronchial
muscles & BP
36. Receptor mediated antagonism
• Antagonist interferes with the binding
of agonist with its receptor or inhibits
generation of response as a result of
binding
• Competitive & non-competitive
• E.g. acetyl choline & atropine
– Morphine & naloxone
– Diazepam & bicculline
37. Competitive[Surmountable] Noncompetitive[Unsurmountable]
1. Binds with the same site
on the receptor
2. Resembles the agonist
3. Surmountable by
incresing the concn. Of
agonist
4. Rightward shift of DRC
5. Eg.
Ach – atropine
Morphine - Naloxone
1. Binds to another site or
same site covalently
2. No resemblance
3. Not surmountable
4. Flattening of DRC
5. Eg.
Diazepam –Bicuculline
Phenoxybenzamine-
Noradrenaline
Antagonism