Pharmaceutical analysis first
•
3 likes•777 views
This document provides an introduction to pharmaceutical analysis. It discusses how pharmaceutical analysis involves extracting, preparing, and purifying chemical substances used in medicine. Various sources of substances used in pharmaceuticals are described, including plants, animals, minerals, and microorganisms. Analytical chemistry is introduced as the branch dealing with separating, identifying, and purifying samples of medicine. The significance of quantitative analysis in quality control, assaying, identification of compounds, determination of impurities, development of new products, diagnosis, farming, chemical research, and medical/biological research is outlined. Maximum yield and safeguarding public health are also discussed as applications of analytical techniques.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
over view of pharmaceutical analysis
This document discusses various analytical methods used in pharmaceutical analysis including titration, spectroscopy, chromatography, and calibrations. Titration methods covered include acid-base, redox, complexometric, and potentiometric titrations. Spectroscopy techniques discussed are UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. Chromatography methods covered are paper chromatography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. The document also discusses good manufacturing practices, quality assurance, quality control, and the importance of pharmaceutical analysis.
Introduction of pharmaceutical analysis and their scope
Pharmaceutical analysis involves identifying, quantifying, and purifying chemical substances and components in mixtures. There are two main types: qualitative analysis, which identifies whether a substance is present; and quantitative analysis, which determines the amount of a substance present. Common analytical techniques include volumetric analysis like titrations, electrochemical methods, spectroscopy, and chromatography. Pharmaceutical analysis is used in industries like pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and for disease diagnosis to ensure quality, purity, safety and accurate diagnosis.
Errors in pharmaceutical analysis
Errors in pharmaceutical analysis can be determinate (systematic) or indeterminate (random). Determinate errors are caused by faults in procedures or instruments and cause results to consistently be too high or low. Sources include improperly calibrated equipment, impure reagents, and analyst errors. Indeterminate errors are random and unavoidable, arising from limitations of instruments. Accuracy refers to closeness to the true value, while precision refers to reproducibility. Systematic errors can be minimized by calibrating equipment, analyzing standards, using independent methods, and blank determinations.
Precipitation titrations
This document discusses analytical chemistry techniques for precipitation titrations, specifically the determination of chloride ions. It describes two methods - Mohr's method and Volhard's method. Mohr's method titrates a chloride solution against silver nitrate using potassium chromate as an indicator. When all chloride ions are removed, the solution color changes from yellow to reddish brown. Volhard's method also uses silver nitrate but titrates any excess silver ions with ammonium thiocyanate, forming a reddish brown precipitate. The document provides step-by-step procedures for both methods to calculate the concentration of chloride ions in a water sample.
Polarography
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Pharmaceutical analysis introduction (2).pptx
Pharmaceutical analysis involves techniques to identify, quantify, and purify substances as well as separate mixture components. [1] It uses qualitative and quantitative methods like chemical, physicochemical, microbiological, and biological analyses. [2] Common chemical techniques include volumetric (e.g., acid-base titration), gasometric, and gravimetric analysis. [3] Instrumental methods rely on measuring properties like electrical conductance and optical density. Microbiological analysis examines microbial growth inhibition. Biological analysis estimates potency using animal or tissue samples. Pharmaceutical analysis has applications in quality control, research, pollution monitoring, and more.
Priamary & Secondary standard
Primary standards are very pure substances used to determine unknown concentrations, typically through titration. They are stable, anhydrous, and have a high molecular weight. Common primary standards include sodium carbonate, potassium hydrogenphthalate, and pure metals.
Secondary standards are standardized against primary standards for use in specific analyses. They have less purity and stability than primary standards but their solutions remain stable for long periods. Secondary standards are used to calibrate analytical methods and include substances titrated against a primary standard.
Introduction to Pharmaceutical analysis - I (HRB)
This document discusses pharmaceutical analysis, which involves identifying, quantifying, and purifying substances and mixtures. It describes various analytical techniques like volumetric, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic methods. It also discusses primary and secondary standards, methods of expressing concentration such as molarity and molality, sources of errors and how to minimize them, and pharmacopoeias which establish drug standards.
Recommended
over view of pharmaceutical analysis
This document discusses various analytical methods used in pharmaceutical analysis including titration, spectroscopy, chromatography, and calibrations. Titration methods covered include acid-base, redox, complexometric, and potentiometric titrations. Spectroscopy techniques discussed are UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. Chromatography methods covered are paper chromatography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. The document also discusses good manufacturing practices, quality assurance, quality control, and the importance of pharmaceutical analysis.
Introduction of pharmaceutical analysis and their scope
Pharmaceutical analysis involves identifying, quantifying, and purifying chemical substances and components in mixtures. There are two main types: qualitative analysis, which identifies whether a substance is present; and quantitative analysis, which determines the amount of a substance present. Common analytical techniques include volumetric analysis like titrations, electrochemical methods, spectroscopy, and chromatography. Pharmaceutical analysis is used in industries like pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and for disease diagnosis to ensure quality, purity, safety and accurate diagnosis.
Errors in pharmaceutical analysis
Errors in pharmaceutical analysis can be determinate (systematic) or indeterminate (random). Determinate errors are caused by faults in procedures or instruments and cause results to consistently be too high or low. Sources include improperly calibrated equipment, impure reagents, and analyst errors. Indeterminate errors are random and unavoidable, arising from limitations of instruments. Accuracy refers to closeness to the true value, while precision refers to reproducibility. Systematic errors can be minimized by calibrating equipment, analyzing standards, using independent methods, and blank determinations.
Precipitation titrations
This document discusses analytical chemistry techniques for precipitation titrations, specifically the determination of chloride ions. It describes two methods - Mohr's method and Volhard's method. Mohr's method titrates a chloride solution against silver nitrate using potassium chromate as an indicator. When all chloride ions are removed, the solution color changes from yellow to reddish brown. Volhard's method also uses silver nitrate but titrates any excess silver ions with ammonium thiocyanate, forming a reddish brown precipitate. The document provides step-by-step procedures for both methods to calculate the concentration of chloride ions in a water sample.
Polarography
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Pharmaceutical analysis introduction (2).pptx
Pharmaceutical analysis involves techniques to identify, quantify, and purify substances as well as separate mixture components. [1] It uses qualitative and quantitative methods like chemical, physicochemical, microbiological, and biological analyses. [2] Common chemical techniques include volumetric (e.g., acid-base titration), gasometric, and gravimetric analysis. [3] Instrumental methods rely on measuring properties like electrical conductance and optical density. Microbiological analysis examines microbial growth inhibition. Biological analysis estimates potency using animal or tissue samples. Pharmaceutical analysis has applications in quality control, research, pollution monitoring, and more.
Priamary & Secondary standard
Primary standards are very pure substances used to determine unknown concentrations, typically through titration. They are stable, anhydrous, and have a high molecular weight. Common primary standards include sodium carbonate, potassium hydrogenphthalate, and pure metals.
Secondary standards are standardized against primary standards for use in specific analyses. They have less purity and stability than primary standards but their solutions remain stable for long periods. Secondary standards are used to calibrate analytical methods and include substances titrated against a primary standard.
Introduction to Pharmaceutical analysis - I (HRB)
This document discusses pharmaceutical analysis, which involves identifying, quantifying, and purifying substances and mixtures. It describes various analytical techniques like volumetric, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic methods. It also discusses primary and secondary standards, methods of expressing concentration such as molarity and molality, sources of errors and how to minimize them, and pharmacopoeias which establish drug standards.
Limit test
Limit tests are quantitative or semi-quantitative tests used to detect and limit small amounts of impurities in substances. They involve comparing the color or turbidity produced by the sample to a standard with a known concentration of impurities. Common limit tests include those for chlorides, sulfates, iron, heavy metals, and arsenic. These tests use chemical reactions to form precipitates or colors whose intensity indicates the concentration of impurities, allowing comparison to a standardized level. Limit tests provide a simple way to check if levels of harmful impurities meet defined specifications.
Pharmaceutical Analysis &Errors
This document discusses pharmaceutical analysis and errors. It begins by defining pharmaceutical analysis as methods for identification, quantitation, and purification of samples. It describes the scope of pharmaceutical analysis, which includes identifying and analyzing active pharmaceutical ingredients, determining drug stability and efficacy, and mixture analysis. Various techniques of analysis are also discussed, including qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as volumetric, gravimetric, electrochemical, instrumental, and biological techniques. Methods for expressing concentration like molarity, normality, and percentage are also defined. The document concludes by discussing primary and secondary standards used in preparing standardized solutions.
Non Aqueous Titration
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration including enabling the titration of organic acids and bases that are insoluble in water. Key types of non-aqueous solvents used in titration include aprotic, protogenic, protophillic, and amphiprotic solvents. Common indicators used in non-aqueous titration include crystal violet and oracet blue B. Example applications of non-aqueous titration include determination of active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations like ephedrine and codeine. Proper preparation and standardization of titrants such as perchloric acid in acetic acid or potassium methoxide in toluene-methanol is important for accurate non-aqueous tit
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS.pdf
This document discusses volumetric analysis and redox titration methods. It provides definitions of key terms like concentration, solutions, percentage compositions, and titration. It describes different types of titration including neutralization, non-aqueous, and redox titration. Neutralization titration can involve strong acid/strong base, weak acid/strong base, or weak acid/weak base reactions. Indicators are used to detect the endpoint of titrations. Redox titration involves oxidation-reduction reactions, and iodine is commonly used as an oxidizing agent in direct redox titrations.
Potentiometry
Potentiometry, working, electrode, ion selective electrods, modern pharmaceutical analytical techniques
Conductometry
It is an electrochemical method of analysis used for the determination or measurement of the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution by means of a conductometer.
Electric conductivity of an electrolyte solution depends on :
Type of ions (cations, anions, singly or doubly charged
Concentration of ions
Temperature
Mobility of ions
The main principle involved in this method is that the movement of the ions creates the electrical conductivity. The movement of the ions is mainly depended on the concentration of the ions.
The electric conductance in accordance with ohms law which states that the strength of current (i) passing through conductor is directly proportional to potential difference & inversely to resistance.
i =V/R
Different Techniques of Pharmaceutical Analysis
The document discusses different techniques of analytical chemistry. It defines analytical chemistry as applying processes to identify, quantify, or determine the structure of substances or chemical compounds. The document outlines various types of analytical chemistry based on sample size, including macro, meso, micro, submicro, and ultramicro analysis. It also distinguishes between qualitative analysis, which provides information on species or functional groups, and quantitative analysis, which determines the relative amount of analytes numerically. Several analytical methods are described such as chemical, physicochemical, microbiological, and biological methods. The document emphasizes the importance of pharmaceutical analysis for identification, determination of impurities, drug stability, strength, concentration, and structure elucidation.
Analysis
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical analysis. It defines pharmaceutical analysis as involving processes to identify, quantify, and purify substances in mixtures. It then describes several common analytical techniques including titration, which involves reacting a sample with a solution of known concentration to determine the sample amount. The document outlines different types of analysis like qualitative to identify substances and quantitative to measure amounts. It also categorizes various instrumental and non-instrumental methods used in pharmaceutical analysis like titrimetry, gravimetry, spectroscopy, chromatography, and more. In closing, it discusses applications of analysis in manufacturing and research.
Impurities in pharmaceutical substances
The document discusses impurities in pharmaceutical substances. It provides a history of pharmacopoeias and their role in setting standards for drugs. It then discusses sources and types of impurities that can arise during the manufacturing, purification, and storage of drugs. Impurities may come from raw materials, reagents, solvents, reaction vessels, intermediate products, or defects in the manufacturing process. The presence of impurities, even in small amounts, can influence the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products.
Polarography- Pharmaceutical Analysis
The earliest voltammetric technique
Heyrovsky invented the original polarographic method in 1922, conventional direct current polarography (DCP).
It employs a dropping mercury electrode (DME) to continuously renew the electrode surface.
Diffusion is the mechanism of mass transport.
When an external potential is applied to a cell
containing a reducing substance such as CdCl2,
The following reaction will occur:
Cd2+ + 2e + Hg = Cd(Hg)
The technique depends on increasing the applied
voltage at a steady rate and simultaneously
record photographically the current-voltage
curve (polarogram)
The apparatus used is called a polarograph .
When an external potential is applied to a cell
containing a reducing substance such as CdCl2,
The following reaction will occur:
Cd2+ + 2e + Hg = Cd(Hg)
The technique depends on increasing the applied
voltage at a steady rate and simultaneously
record photographically the current-voltage
curve (polarogram)
The apparatus used is called a polarograph .
Capillary tube about 10-15cm
Int. diameter of 0.05mm
A vertical distance being maintained betwwen DME and the solution
Drop time of 1-5 seconds
Drop diameter 0.5mm
The supporting electrolyte
is a solution of (KNO3, NaCl, Na3PO4) in which the sample (which must be electroactive) is dissolved.
Function of the supporting electrolyte
It raises the conductivity of the solution.
It carries the bulk of the current so prevent the
migration of electroactive materials to working
electrode.
It may control pH
It may associate with the electroactive solute as
in the complexing of the metal ions by ligands.
Limit test of Arsenic
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Scope, objectives & applications of instrumental methods of analysis
Scope, objectives & applications of instrumental methods of analysisAssociate Professor, B.Pharmacy College, Rampura, Godhra, Gujarat, India
This document discusses instrumental methods of analysis used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs. It describes the scope, objectives, types of analysis, and applications of instrumental analysis. The objectives are to understand interactions of matter with electromagnetic radiation and its applications in drug analysis, understand chromatographic separation and analysis of drugs, and perform quantitative and qualitative drug analysis using analytical instruments. Types of analysis include classical wet chemical methods and modern instrumental methods using techniques like chromatography, spectroscopy, and electrophoresis. Applications include biomedical analysis, pharmaceutical quality control, environmental monitoring, and forensic science.PA-I Redox titration.(HRB)
This document discusses redox titrations. It begins by defining oxidation and reduction reactions. It then discusses different types of redox titrations including cerimetry, iodimetry, iodometry, bromatometry, dichrometry, and titration with potassium iodate. For each type of titration, the document describes the basic principles and provides some examples of applications. The document is presented by Miss Harshada R. Bafna and contains information on concepts, types, and specific techniques for various redox titration methods.
Polarography Principle, instrumentation, Applications.pptx
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique that uses a dropping mercury electrode (DME) and measures the current between two electrodes when a gradually increasing voltage is applied. The current-voltage curve obtained is used to determine analyte concentration from the diffusion current and identify species from the characteristic half-wave potential. The Ilkovic equation relates diffusion current to analyte properties like concentration, number of electrons involved, and diffusion coefficient. Polarography finds applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis of metals, drugs, and organic compounds.
Precipitation Titration
This document discusses precipitation titration, which involves the formation of an insoluble precipitate during titration. It describes the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods for detecting the endpoint of precipitation titrations using different indicators like chromate, iron, and fluorescein. The Volhard method, which detects the endpoint potentiometrically by titrating excess silver with thiocyanate, is highlighted as being widely used. Limitations and ways to overcome problems of precipitation titration are also outlined.
Limit test for chloride
it will be having the limit test for chloride procedure as per Indian pharmacopoeia and practical hints
Dental products
Inorganic compounds used as dental products- anticaries agents, role of fluoride, dentifrices, desensitizing agents, zinc oxide eugenol cement
Polarography principle and instrumentation
Jaroslav Heyrovsky invented polarography in 1922 and won the Nobel Prize for it in 1959. Polarography involves using a dropping mercury electrode (DME) and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) to study the electrical properties of solutions through electrolysis. As mercury drops from the DME into the solution, the current is measured at different voltages to generate a polarogram curve and determine the concentration and nature of solutes present. The DME allows for a wide potential range and surface regeneration between drops.
Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions
1. Oxalic acid is used as a primary standard to standardize solutions of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide by titration.
2. Sodium hydroxide is standardized by titrating against potassium acid phthalate, which is a primary standard. The reaction between NaOH and KHP is used to calculate the concentration of the NaOH solution.
3. Hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulfate, sulfuric acid, ceric ammonium sulfate, and potassium permanganate are all standardized against primary standards using titration reactions. Their concentrations are calculated based on the titration results.
1)spontanious reporting schemes for biodrug adverse reactions
This document discusses sources of reports on adverse reactions to herbal drugs, herbal products targeted for safety monitoring, and reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions. The main sources of reports are healthcare professionals, consumers, and manufacturers. Herbal products can be categorized based on their regulatory status and marketing status. Only certain professionals can report adverse reactions, and reports should include identification information, herbal product details, adverse reaction data, other medication use, and the reporter's contact information. A single reporting form should be used to submit reports via various methods.
presentation.pptx
This document summarizes information about toxicokinetics and saturation kinetics studies presented by Shilajit Das. It discusses how toxicokinetics studies are used to evaluate systemic drug exposure in animals and relate it to dose levels and toxicity findings to assess human safety. It provides the objectives, goals and general principles of toxicokinetics studies including quantifying exposure, justifying sampling timepoints, and determining metabolites. It also discusses how saturation kinetics can cause non-linear pharmacokinetics when enzyme or carrier capacities are exceeded, and how this non-linearity can be detected by evaluating parameters like bioavailability and clearance at different doses.
WELCOME TO IIRT.pptx
The Institute for Industrial Research & Toxicology (IIRT) is a multi-disciplinary contract research organization established in 2007 that provides laboratory testing services for agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other products. IIRT has specialized facilities for small animal research, analytical testing, and toxicology studies. It conducts a variety of tests, including acute toxicity, genotoxicity, ecotoxicity, and product quality tests, to evaluate potential health and environmental risks. IIRT aims to advance scientific research and public health through reliable and cost-effective testing services.
More Related Content
What's hot
Limit test
Limit tests are quantitative or semi-quantitative tests used to detect and limit small amounts of impurities in substances. They involve comparing the color or turbidity produced by the sample to a standard with a known concentration of impurities. Common limit tests include those for chlorides, sulfates, iron, heavy metals, and arsenic. These tests use chemical reactions to form precipitates or colors whose intensity indicates the concentration of impurities, allowing comparison to a standardized level. Limit tests provide a simple way to check if levels of harmful impurities meet defined specifications.
Pharmaceutical Analysis &Errors
This document discusses pharmaceutical analysis and errors. It begins by defining pharmaceutical analysis as methods for identification, quantitation, and purification of samples. It describes the scope of pharmaceutical analysis, which includes identifying and analyzing active pharmaceutical ingredients, determining drug stability and efficacy, and mixture analysis. Various techniques of analysis are also discussed, including qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as volumetric, gravimetric, electrochemical, instrumental, and biological techniques. Methods for expressing concentration like molarity, normality, and percentage are also defined. The document concludes by discussing primary and secondary standards used in preparing standardized solutions.
Non Aqueous Titration
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration including enabling the titration of organic acids and bases that are insoluble in water. Key types of non-aqueous solvents used in titration include aprotic, protogenic, protophillic, and amphiprotic solvents. Common indicators used in non-aqueous titration include crystal violet and oracet blue B. Example applications of non-aqueous titration include determination of active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations like ephedrine and codeine. Proper preparation and standardization of titrants such as perchloric acid in acetic acid or potassium methoxide in toluene-methanol is important for accurate non-aqueous tit
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS.pdf
This document discusses volumetric analysis and redox titration methods. It provides definitions of key terms like concentration, solutions, percentage compositions, and titration. It describes different types of titration including neutralization, non-aqueous, and redox titration. Neutralization titration can involve strong acid/strong base, weak acid/strong base, or weak acid/weak base reactions. Indicators are used to detect the endpoint of titrations. Redox titration involves oxidation-reduction reactions, and iodine is commonly used as an oxidizing agent in direct redox titrations.
Potentiometry
Potentiometry, working, electrode, ion selective electrods, modern pharmaceutical analytical techniques
Conductometry
It is an electrochemical method of analysis used for the determination or measurement of the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution by means of a conductometer.
Electric conductivity of an electrolyte solution depends on :
Type of ions (cations, anions, singly or doubly charged
Concentration of ions
Temperature
Mobility of ions
The main principle involved in this method is that the movement of the ions creates the electrical conductivity. The movement of the ions is mainly depended on the concentration of the ions.
The electric conductance in accordance with ohms law which states that the strength of current (i) passing through conductor is directly proportional to potential difference & inversely to resistance.
i =V/R
Different Techniques of Pharmaceutical Analysis
The document discusses different techniques of analytical chemistry. It defines analytical chemistry as applying processes to identify, quantify, or determine the structure of substances or chemical compounds. The document outlines various types of analytical chemistry based on sample size, including macro, meso, micro, submicro, and ultramicro analysis. It also distinguishes between qualitative analysis, which provides information on species or functional groups, and quantitative analysis, which determines the relative amount of analytes numerically. Several analytical methods are described such as chemical, physicochemical, microbiological, and biological methods. The document emphasizes the importance of pharmaceutical analysis for identification, determination of impurities, drug stability, strength, concentration, and structure elucidation.
Analysis
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical analysis. It defines pharmaceutical analysis as involving processes to identify, quantify, and purify substances in mixtures. It then describes several common analytical techniques including titration, which involves reacting a sample with a solution of known concentration to determine the sample amount. The document outlines different types of analysis like qualitative to identify substances and quantitative to measure amounts. It also categorizes various instrumental and non-instrumental methods used in pharmaceutical analysis like titrimetry, gravimetry, spectroscopy, chromatography, and more. In closing, it discusses applications of analysis in manufacturing and research.
Impurities in pharmaceutical substances
The document discusses impurities in pharmaceutical substances. It provides a history of pharmacopoeias and their role in setting standards for drugs. It then discusses sources and types of impurities that can arise during the manufacturing, purification, and storage of drugs. Impurities may come from raw materials, reagents, solvents, reaction vessels, intermediate products, or defects in the manufacturing process. The presence of impurities, even in small amounts, can influence the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products.
Polarography- Pharmaceutical Analysis
The earliest voltammetric technique
Heyrovsky invented the original polarographic method in 1922, conventional direct current polarography (DCP).
It employs a dropping mercury electrode (DME) to continuously renew the electrode surface.
Diffusion is the mechanism of mass transport.
When an external potential is applied to a cell
containing a reducing substance such as CdCl2,
The following reaction will occur:
Cd2+ + 2e + Hg = Cd(Hg)
The technique depends on increasing the applied
voltage at a steady rate and simultaneously
record photographically the current-voltage
curve (polarogram)
The apparatus used is called a polarograph .
When an external potential is applied to a cell
containing a reducing substance such as CdCl2,
The following reaction will occur:
Cd2+ + 2e + Hg = Cd(Hg)
The technique depends on increasing the applied
voltage at a steady rate and simultaneously
record photographically the current-voltage
curve (polarogram)
The apparatus used is called a polarograph .
Capillary tube about 10-15cm
Int. diameter of 0.05mm
A vertical distance being maintained betwwen DME and the solution
Drop time of 1-5 seconds
Drop diameter 0.5mm
The supporting electrolyte
is a solution of (KNO3, NaCl, Na3PO4) in which the sample (which must be electroactive) is dissolved.
Function of the supporting electrolyte
It raises the conductivity of the solution.
It carries the bulk of the current so prevent the
migration of electroactive materials to working
electrode.
It may control pH
It may associate with the electroactive solute as
in the complexing of the metal ions by ligands.
Limit test of Arsenic
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Scope, objectives & applications of instrumental methods of analysis
Scope, objectives & applications of instrumental methods of analysisAssociate Professor, B.Pharmacy College, Rampura, Godhra, Gujarat, India
This document discusses instrumental methods of analysis used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs. It describes the scope, objectives, types of analysis, and applications of instrumental analysis. The objectives are to understand interactions of matter with electromagnetic radiation and its applications in drug analysis, understand chromatographic separation and analysis of drugs, and perform quantitative and qualitative drug analysis using analytical instruments. Types of analysis include classical wet chemical methods and modern instrumental methods using techniques like chromatography, spectroscopy, and electrophoresis. Applications include biomedical analysis, pharmaceutical quality control, environmental monitoring, and forensic science.PA-I Redox titration.(HRB)
This document discusses redox titrations. It begins by defining oxidation and reduction reactions. It then discusses different types of redox titrations including cerimetry, iodimetry, iodometry, bromatometry, dichrometry, and titration with potassium iodate. For each type of titration, the document describes the basic principles and provides some examples of applications. The document is presented by Miss Harshada R. Bafna and contains information on concepts, types, and specific techniques for various redox titration methods.
Polarography Principle, instrumentation, Applications.pptx
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique that uses a dropping mercury electrode (DME) and measures the current between two electrodes when a gradually increasing voltage is applied. The current-voltage curve obtained is used to determine analyte concentration from the diffusion current and identify species from the characteristic half-wave potential. The Ilkovic equation relates diffusion current to analyte properties like concentration, number of electrons involved, and diffusion coefficient. Polarography finds applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis of metals, drugs, and organic compounds.
Precipitation Titration
This document discusses precipitation titration, which involves the formation of an insoluble precipitate during titration. It describes the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods for detecting the endpoint of precipitation titrations using different indicators like chromate, iron, and fluorescein. The Volhard method, which detects the endpoint potentiometrically by titrating excess silver with thiocyanate, is highlighted as being widely used. Limitations and ways to overcome problems of precipitation titration are also outlined.
Limit test for chloride
it will be having the limit test for chloride procedure as per Indian pharmacopoeia and practical hints
Dental products
Inorganic compounds used as dental products- anticaries agents, role of fluoride, dentifrices, desensitizing agents, zinc oxide eugenol cement
Polarography principle and instrumentation
Jaroslav Heyrovsky invented polarography in 1922 and won the Nobel Prize for it in 1959. Polarography involves using a dropping mercury electrode (DME) and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) to study the electrical properties of solutions through electrolysis. As mercury drops from the DME into the solution, the current is measured at different voltages to generate a polarogram curve and determine the concentration and nature of solutes present. The DME allows for a wide potential range and surface regeneration between drops.
Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions
1. Oxalic acid is used as a primary standard to standardize solutions of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide by titration.
2. Sodium hydroxide is standardized by titrating against potassium acid phthalate, which is a primary standard. The reaction between NaOH and KHP is used to calculate the concentration of the NaOH solution.
3. Hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulfate, sulfuric acid, ceric ammonium sulfate, and potassium permanganate are all standardized against primary standards using titration reactions. Their concentrations are calculated based on the titration results.
1)spontanious reporting schemes for biodrug adverse reactions
This document discusses sources of reports on adverse reactions to herbal drugs, herbal products targeted for safety monitoring, and reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions. The main sources of reports are healthcare professionals, consumers, and manufacturers. Herbal products can be categorized based on their regulatory status and marketing status. Only certain professionals can report adverse reactions, and reports should include identification information, herbal product details, adverse reaction data, other medication use, and the reporter's contact information. A single reporting form should be used to submit reports via various methods.
What's hot (20)
Scope, objectives & applications of instrumental methods of analysis
Scope, objectives & applications of instrumental methods of analysis
Polarography Principle, instrumentation, Applications.pptx
Polarography Principle, instrumentation, Applications.pptx
Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions
Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions
1)spontanious reporting schemes for biodrug adverse reactions
1)spontanious reporting schemes for biodrug adverse reactions
Similar to Pharmaceutical analysis first
presentation.pptx
This document summarizes information about toxicokinetics and saturation kinetics studies presented by Shilajit Das. It discusses how toxicokinetics studies are used to evaluate systemic drug exposure in animals and relate it to dose levels and toxicity findings to assess human safety. It provides the objectives, goals and general principles of toxicokinetics studies including quantifying exposure, justifying sampling timepoints, and determining metabolites. It also discusses how saturation kinetics can cause non-linear pharmacokinetics when enzyme or carrier capacities are exceeded, and how this non-linearity can be detected by evaluating parameters like bioavailability and clearance at different doses.
WELCOME TO IIRT.pptx
The Institute for Industrial Research & Toxicology (IIRT) is a multi-disciplinary contract research organization established in 2007 that provides laboratory testing services for agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other products. IIRT has specialized facilities for small animal research, analytical testing, and toxicology studies. It conducts a variety of tests, including acute toxicity, genotoxicity, ecotoxicity, and product quality tests, to evaluate potential health and environmental risks. IIRT aims to advance scientific research and public health through reliable and cost-effective testing services.
Bioanalysis significance 12 oct 2022.ppt
Bioanalysis is the quantitative measurement of drugs, metabolites, and biological molecules in biological systems. It plays an important role in drug discovery and development by supporting pharmacokinetic studies. The drug development process involves preclinical and clinical stages where bioanalysis is used to determine safety, identify metabolites, and understand pharmacokinetics. Techniques like liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are commonly used for bioanalysis of small molecules and large molecules during drug development.
Bioanlytical method development
it is important method for determination of concentration of drug and its metabolite present in biological fluids.
Herbal formulation
The document discusses standardization of herbal formulations, which is essential to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy. It outlines various techniques used for standardization, including authentication of raw materials, assessment of identity, purity, and content/assay. Key aspects of standardization addressed are quality control procedures, stability assessment and shelf-life determination, and safety and efficacy evaluation. The World Health Organization provides guidelines for quality control of herbal drugs and standardized herbal formulations.
analsis1.pptx
1. Pharmaceutical analysis involves identifying and quantifying drugs in raw materials, dosage forms, and biological fluids using physical, chemical, biological, and other methods.
2. It is important for ensuring safety, efficacy, stability, and quality of pharmaceutical products. Analytical methods are used to determine identity, purity, content, impurities, and shelf life.
3. Sources of error in pharmaceutical analysis include inaccurate sample preparation, instrument malfunctions, and systematic or random errors in analytical procedures. Validating methods helps ensure accuracy and precision.
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validation
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
Rachana_PPT.pptx
This document presents the development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for the collective analysis of meropenem and amoxicillin. The method was developed to address the need for a cost-effective treatment option for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis using a combination of meropenem and amoxicillin. The objectives were to develop an alternative analytical method for estimating the drugs in combination and to validate the chromatographic method. The developed and validated method can be used to analyze samples containing meropenem and amoxicillin.
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Remdesivir in Bulk and Pharma...
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Remdesivir in Bulk and Pharma...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document describes the development and validation of an analytical method for quantifying remdesivir and its metabolite GS-441524 in human plasma using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (RP-UHPLC-MS/MS). Remdesivir has shown promise for treating COVID-19. The method involves protein precipitation of plasma samples followed by dilution and injection into a UHPLC-MS/MS system. Chromatographic separation is achieved using a C18 column with a gradient of water and acetonitrile containing formic acid. The method was validated according to regulatory guidelines and showed suitable selectivity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effects and stability, making it useful for studying the pharmacHerb drugs standardization
This document provides a review of standardization techniques for herbal formulations. It discusses the importance of standardizing herbal drugs to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy. Various parameters for standardization are described, including authentication of raw materials, assessment of purity, content/assay, stability testing, safety evaluation, and efficacy assessment. Techniques used for standardization include pharmacognostic evaluation, physico-chemical analysis, chemical characterization, chromatographic methods, toxicity testing, and clinical trials. The World Health Organization guidelines for quality control of herbal drugs are summarized. Several examples of standardized Indian herbal formulations are also mentioned. Overall, the document outlines the key factors and analytical methods used in the standardization of herbal medicines.
Quality Control methodologies for standardization of herbal medicines: an ass...
This document discusses quality control methodologies for standardizing herbal medicines. It outlines several key procedures for standardization, including authentication of the plant species, assessment of physical parameters, quantitative and qualitative chemical analysis, and microbiological and toxic contaminant testing. The World Health Organization has established guidelines for herbal drug standardization that reference identity, physicochemical characteristics, pharmacological properties, toxicity, and microbiological quality. Proper standardization of herbal medicines is important to ensure their safety, efficacy and consistency from batch to batch.
Role of instrumentation in Pharmacology
This is the presentation on Role of advancement in instrumentation in pharmacodynamic evaluation of drugs
in clinical trials.
CONTENTS
Concept of medical instrument and instrumentation
Centrifuge
PCR
HPLC
Flow cytometry
Mass SPECTROMETRY
Minimally invasive technologies in PD
Conclusion
Evaluation of herbal drugs
The document discusses the evaluation of herbal drugs. It explains that evaluation is necessary to identify herbs, determine quality and purity, and detect adulteration. Various evaluation methods are described, including organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Standards and limits are set by organizations like WHO to ensure the safety of herbal medicines with regards to contaminants and residues. Proper identification, testing, and storage of herbal drugs is important for stability and quality.
Quality control and quality assurance
This document discusses quality control of herbal drugs. It begins by defining quality control and quality assurance, noting that QA aims to prevent defects by focusing on the production process, while QC focuses on identifying defects in the final product. Several parameters for quality control of herbal drugs are then outlined, including organoleptic evaluation, microscopic evaluation, ash value testing, determining heavy metal contamination, testing for microbes and aflatoxins, screening for pesticides and fumigants, and checking for radioactive material. The document stresses the importance of quality control to ensure herbal drugs are efficacious and safe.
New drug discovery and development (Part - 1)
The document discusses the process of new drug discovery and development. It begins with definitions of key terms like drug, discovery phase, and development phase. It then describes the various stages of drug discovery and development, including target identification, lead identification, lead optimization, preclinical testing, clinical trials, and regulatory approval. The process takes 12-15 years and costs $900 million to $2 billion on average due to the need to test thousands of potential drug candidates. Characterization, formulation, preclinical safety testing, and clinical trials are described as important steps to develop a new drug for patients.
An Analysis on the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry Method
In the pharmaceutical industry, quality control is a necessary process. Pharmaceutical medicinal products must be advertised as safe, therapeutically active formulations with predictable qualities and performance. The main aim of the study is an analysis on the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry Method. UV spectroscopy was performed on Shimadzu 1700 uv spectrometer, 1cm cell quartz cuvette. Mode was set as UV mode and Detector wavelength was kept at 231 nm and 276 nm. A simple, rapid, accurate, sensitive and cost economical methodology for simultaneous estimation and precise ultraviolet radiation methodology has been developed and valid as per ICH guidelines for simultaneous Estimation of MET and AGP in Their Combined dose form.
Standardisation of medicinal plants
75%-90% of the population in developing nations rely on herbal medicine as their only health care.
Medicinal herbs are sold alongside vegetables in village markets.
Practitioners of herbal medicine undergo extensive training to learn the plants, their uses, and preparation of remedies.
Similar to Pharmaceutical analysis first (20)
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validation
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validation
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Remdesivir in Bulk and Pharma...
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Remdesivir in Bulk and Pharma...
Quality Control methodologies for standardization of herbal medicines: an ass...
Quality Control methodologies for standardization of herbal medicines: an ass...
An Analysis on the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry Method
An Analysis on the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry Method
Recently uploaded
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
Types of Herbal Cosmetics its standardization.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Top five deadliest dog breeds in America
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdHow to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit
Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit - NGV Pavilion Concept Design
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar KanvariaRecently uploaded (20)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Pharmaceutical analysis first
- 1. Mohammad Ali jauhar University Rampur Uttar Pradesh Pharmaceutical Analysis - first Introduction Pharmaceutical Analysis
- 2. Introduction of Pharmaceutical Analysis The Pharmaceutical Analysis involved the science of extraction preparation and purification of chemical substances use in the preparation of medicine and pharmacy. The Substance used in the preparation must be in the purist form available such substances used as Pharmaceutical are abtained from verious sources liks.
- 3. From Plant Animals Minerals Microrganism Synthesis in laboratory etc
- 4. Introduction about Analytical chemistry It may be defined as the branch of practicale chemistry which deals with the separation, Identification and Purification of given sample ofmadecine
- 5. Significance of Quantitative analysis in Quality control. Importance of Analysis can be discusrsed under fallawing handing Quality control Analysis is important in the quality control to cnsured it's essential components are present with in a predetermined range of composifion,
- 6. Assaying Analysis is perform to establish the proportion of the decential component of the Raw Material and this method is called Assaying. Identification of compound Analysis is curried aut to obtained the details regarding the presents or obtaints of one or male components in the drug.
- 7. Determination of impurities With the devlabment of sophisticated instrument analytical techneq can be used to determined troces of impurition at the part per million (PPM)lebels. Development of new product The development of new products can also requirds the to service of analytical chemistry.
- 8. Diagnosis In haspital chemical analysis is witelr used to assist in the diagnosis of lenses and in monitoring the conditions of patint . Pharming It Pharming the natare of and elebel of firtilisure Application (APK)is based on intermined it's contained of the essential plant nutriont nitrogen phosphorus and potassium and the trace element required for heathy plant grow.
- 9. Chemical research Chemical research it pleced of significance rale in chemical research as indirectly data obtained by applying techneques of analytical chemistry. Medical and biologycal reascarch Medical and biologycal reascarch programme depends on chimical analysis which provides usefull information that enhancis our understanding of vital processes and helps in developing medicines to cored veriaus diseases.
- 10. Maximum Yield Analytical technique are applied frequently in industry in connection with problem such as quality control and quality assurance and in as certaining most appropriate experimental condition for obtain maximum yield of a ferticular product.
- 11. Safeguard and Public health To Safeguard public health there is a constunt checking of the food drug cosmetics,water, supply etc. Different techniques of analysis An analytical technique is a method that is used to determine the concentration of a chemical compound or chemical element.[1] There are a wide variety of techniques used for analysis, from simple weighing (gravimetric analysis) to titrations (titrimetric) to very advanced techniques using highly specialized instrumentation. The most common techniques used in analytical chemistry are the following:
- 12. Mohammad Ali jauhar University Rampur Uttar Pradesh Name .Dilshad B.Pharm first year 2016 First semester Thank you PH 8630495536 dilshadansari975@gmail.com