IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
BIOLOGY OF DUGONG Dugong dugon, also known as sea cows is a marine mammal.
It is one of four living species of the order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees.
It is the only living representative of the once diverse family Dugongidae; its closest modern relative, Steller’s sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), was hunted to extinction in the 18th century.
Indus river system, Ashish sahu Kufos kerala Ashish sahu
he Indus System The Indus System is one of the largest river basins of the world. It is also known as the Sindhu, is the westernmost of the Himalayan rivers in India. It originates from a glacier near Bokhar Chu (31°15' N latitude and 81°40' E longitude) in the Tibetan region at an altitude of 4,164 m in the Kailash Mountain range.
The Indus River is one of the longest rivers in Asia. It flows through China, India and Pakistan. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of India, towards Gilgit-Baltistan and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. It is the longest river of Pakistan.
The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy – especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. The word Punjab means "land of five rivers" and the five rivers are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all of which finally flow into the Indus. The Indus also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan.
A presentation for Marine Biology about Estuaries which includes its origin, classifications, types, physical characteristics, ecosystems, and human impact. Examples of estuaries are also included in this presentation.
BIOLOGY OF DUGONG Dugong dugon, also known as sea cows is a marine mammal.
It is one of four living species of the order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees.
It is the only living representative of the once diverse family Dugongidae; its closest modern relative, Steller’s sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), was hunted to extinction in the 18th century.
Indus river system, Ashish sahu Kufos kerala Ashish sahu
he Indus System The Indus System is one of the largest river basins of the world. It is also known as the Sindhu, is the westernmost of the Himalayan rivers in India. It originates from a glacier near Bokhar Chu (31°15' N latitude and 81°40' E longitude) in the Tibetan region at an altitude of 4,164 m in the Kailash Mountain range.
The Indus River is one of the longest rivers in Asia. It flows through China, India and Pakistan. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of India, towards Gilgit-Baltistan and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. It is the longest river of Pakistan.
The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy – especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. The word Punjab means "land of five rivers" and the five rivers are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all of which finally flow into the Indus. The Indus also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan.
A presentation for Marine Biology about Estuaries which includes its origin, classifications, types, physical characteristics, ecosystems, and human impact. Examples of estuaries are also included in this presentation.
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
Classification of marine environment pptAshish sahu
The main divisions of the marine environment. The two primary divisions of the sea are the benthic and the pelagic. The former includes all of the ocean floor, while the latter includes the whole mass of water. ... The deep-sea system is divided into an upper (archibenthic) and a lower (abyssal-benthic) zone.
This ppt will help to understand the concept of water mass in the world ocean. It gives an overview of it's origin, formation, distribution etc. in the world. It is also helpfull for Fisheries Science students.
cultured shrimp are getting affected by various disease.some of them are acute and some chronic. and the curing is very harder for a farmer so it is better suggested for safety precaution and proper hygiene while culturing.and the affected shrimp in cured with antibiotics is not accepted by anyone in the export business. so, let yourself find out the various shrimp disease their cure and proper management in this seminar.
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
Classification of marine environment pptAshish sahu
The main divisions of the marine environment. The two primary divisions of the sea are the benthic and the pelagic. The former includes all of the ocean floor, while the latter includes the whole mass of water. ... The deep-sea system is divided into an upper (archibenthic) and a lower (abyssal-benthic) zone.
This ppt will help to understand the concept of water mass in the world ocean. It gives an overview of it's origin, formation, distribution etc. in the world. It is also helpfull for Fisheries Science students.
cultured shrimp are getting affected by various disease.some of them are acute and some chronic. and the curing is very harder for a farmer so it is better suggested for safety precaution and proper hygiene while culturing.and the affected shrimp in cured with antibiotics is not accepted by anyone in the export business. so, let yourself find out the various shrimp disease their cure and proper management in this seminar.
Domestic wastewater effecting on physico chemical properties of bathi lake, d...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the present study, the work reveals about how the domestic wastewater is contaminating the Bathi lake, located in Davangere city also to know how it is effecting the physical and chemical parameters of the lake. They include pH, Electrical Conductivity, turbidity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, chloride, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Sodium and potassium. The work was carried out during January 2016 to April 2016 for four months. Four stations have chosen in the lake. Station 1 – Domestic wastewater entering the lake. Station 2 – Domestic wastewater joining the lake. Station 3 – Domestic wastewater diluted with the lake which is far away from station 2. Station 4 – The lake water is taken. The results were compared WHO standards and BIS and some of the parameters were crossing the desired limits. Hence the work concludes that the quality of lake is poor and is unsuitable for human consumption.
Domestic wastewater effecting on physico chemical properties of bathi lake, d...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the present study, the work reveals about how the domestic wastewater is contaminating the Bathi lake, located in Davangere city also to know how it is effecting the physical and chemical parameters of the lake. They include pH, Electrical Conductivity, turbidity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, chloride, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Sodium and potassium. The work was carried out during January 2016 to April 2016 for four months. Four stations have chosen in the lake. Station 1 – Domestic wastewater entering the lake. Station 2 – Domestic wastewater joining the lake. Station 3 – Domestic wastewater diluted with the lake which is far away from station 2. Station 4 – The lake water is taken. The results were compared WHO standards and BIS and some of the parameters were crossing the desired limits. Hence the work concludes that the quality of lake is poor and is unsuitable for human consumption
study of ground water quality of raichur in industrial zone in concernIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper gives the information of the groundwater quality of Raichur industrial area. Different areas were selected for the study and comparison. The parameters studied were temperature, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, total dissolved solids and conductivity. It was observed that there was a minor fluctuation in the physico-chemical parameters among the water samples studied from overall analysis. The groundwater is highly contaminated and account for health hazards for human use from the Comparison of the physico-chemical parameters of the water sample with WHO and ICMR limits.
A MULTI WATER QUALITY PARAMETER STUDIES FORM VELLAR RIVER, TAMIL NADUIAEME Publication
In recent days, environmental pollution caused by anthropogenic input into rivers has become a serious problem. Studies on physiochemical characteristics of water on major rivers in Tamil Nadu have been done. However, minor rivers such as Vellar have less attention. At the same time, studies on microbial diversity are useful for environmental monitoring. In this regard, we collected samples from the Vellar River to examine physiochemical characters and microbial diversity to understand the present state of the river. The result shows that physiochemical characters (pH, Temperature, Salinity, TDS, and EC) are varied spatially. Whereas, the microbial diversity studies suggest that the most of water samples contact with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria’s (Escherichia coli, streptococcus, salmonella typhi, bacillus sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungal diversity. The overall result suggests that the water quality of the Vellar River is classified in the D (poor) category. This is an alarming situation and immediate mitigative actions are needed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Standard water quality requirements and management strategies for fish farmin...eSAT Journals
A study on standard water quality requirements and management strategies suitable for fish farming is presented. The water quality criteria studied based on physical, chemical and biological properties of water include temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate- nitrogen, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness. Water samples from Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria, were analyzed based on the afore-mentioned criteria to assess its suitability as a source of water for fish farming. The results of the analysis compared with international standards revealed that the river temperature of 26.90C, nitrate-nitrogen value of 0.015 mg/l and total suspended solids of 18.60 mg/l fall within the acceptable range for fish farming. However, the pH of 5.82, total hardness of 5.8 mg/l, total dissolved solids of 13.60 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand of 0.6 mg/l all differed slightly from the standard recommended values. This study will aid fish farmers on the necessary treatment needed to effectively use water from this source for fish farming.
Keywords: Water quality criteria, Otamiri River, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended and total dissolved solids.
Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness...Hanieh Farzaneh
Sampling of the Physico-chemical factors from two stations on the surface water of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India was carried out biweekly over a period of 3 months of 2014. The aims were to determine some Physico chemical parameters of water pollution. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method while Phosphate was determined by Vendo Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method, measurements of total hardness by Complexometric Method. The result revealed that the major causes of water quality deterioration were related to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of the crop or releasing the sewage into the lake, due to cumulative effect of human activities where in sewage disposal oxygen is used in decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where was no serious upturns. As this Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore, and today is a house of different variety of birds, animals, plants and fishes it is very essential to stop sewage disposal and illegal excessive land encroachments to eliminate the eutropohication of the lake, which this results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful in the management of the lake for its water quality and fisheries.
Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness...Hanieh Farzaneh
Sampling of the Physico-chemical factors from two stations on the surface water of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India was carried out biweekly over a period of 3 months of 2014. The aims were to determine some Physico chemical parameters of water pollution. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method while Phosphate was determined by Vendo Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method, measurements of total hardness by Complexometric Method. The result revealed that the major causes of water quality deterioration were related to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of the crop or releasing the sewage into the lake, due to cumulative effect of human activities where in sewage disposal oxygen is used in decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where was no serious upturns. As this Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore, and today is a house of different variety of birds, animals, plants and fishes it is very essential to stop sewage disposal and illegal excessive land encroachments to eliminate the eutropohication of the lake, which this results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful in the management of the lake for its water quality and fisheries.
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
Zooplanktonic Diversity and Trophic Status of Pashupatinath Pond in Relation ...IOSR Journals
Present investigation were carried out to physico chemical characterstics and trophic status of
Pashupatinath pond Mandsour (M.P.).water sample were collected seasonal basis for a period of December
2008 to September 2010 using plastic container .standard procedure were followed during collection
,preservation and analysis of water sample for various physicochemical and biological parameter .
The water quality is remained moderately alkaline PH (8.11) while electrical conductivity (0.2176 ms/cm), TDS
(187ppm) chloride (22.123ppm), Hardness(139.166ppm) and alkalinity (75.33ppm) show low mean value
.Average dissolve oxygen levels were at (7.771 ppm) ,while average nitrate and phosphate The water remained
modertly alkaline PH (7.95) while electrical conductance (0.2165ms/cm),TDS (153.66ppm)chloride (22.83ppm)
hardness (138.66ppm )and alkalinity (62.166 ppm) showed low mean values .Average dissolved oxygen level
were at (7.58 ppm ) while average nitrate and phosphate level were (0.2126ppm) and (0.5868 ppm) respectely
.On the basis of water quality parameter .Mirzapur dam was found to be oligotrophic. A low density of
Zooplankton were also observed during the study period
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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Physico-chemical Characteristics of Water Quality for Culturing the Freshwater Mussel Lamellidens marginalis in Pond and Laboratory
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 10, Issue 6 Ver. II (Nov - Dec. 2015), PP 11-14
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10621114 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
Physico-chemical Characteristics of Water Quality for Culturing
the Freshwater Mussel Lamellidens marginalis in Pond and
Laboratory
Nirmala Natarajan1
and R. Susithira2
1
Associate Professor in Zoology, Periyar E.V.R. College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli - 620 023.
2
Teacher Educator, Urban Resource Center, SSA, Woraiyur, Tiruchirappalli - 620 003.
Abstract: Physicochemical characteristics viz., turbidity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, hardness
and alkalinity of water were studied in the pond and laboratory for culturing the Freshwater Mussel
Lamellidens marginalis. The optimal ranges for the survival of Mussels were detected for the culture
maintenance. The data on the ecological factors of the pond and laboratory water have been studied for a
period of one year (from July 2013 to June 2014) and discussed with the light of similar work. The findings of
the present study confirmed that the physico-chemical parameters appeared to be varied due to the nature of
water as well as season.
Keywords: Freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis, optimal ranges, physicochemical parameters.
I. Introduction
Water is a soul of nature which covers seven tenth of the earth’s surface. Water is an elixir of life, a
precious gift of nature to mankind and millions of other species living on the earth. Water resources comprising
of surface water viz., rivers, lakes and ponds, ground water, marine and coastal waters, support all living beings
including human beings. India has vast fresh water resources in the form of both lentic and lotic ecosystems.
The perennial reservoirs play an important role for domestic, agriculture and aquaculture as a valuable water
resource. The lentic ecosystems have long attracted attention of ecologists, both for their importance as a source
of drinking water and the development of fisheries [1].
Therefore, the attention is given on the physico-chemical factors which affect the aquatic inhabitants
[2]. Wetlands are very productive ecosystems, which help in the regulation of biological cycles, maintenance of
water quality, nutrient movement and support for food chains. In addition, they provide refuge for endangered
species of plants and animals and economic benefits. The natural aquatic resources are causing heavy and varied
pollution in aquatic environment leading to pollute water quality and depletion of aquatic biota [3]. Pollution
refers to undesirable changes in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of our environment. This has
adversely affected the humans and other species of our biosphere directly or indirectly [4].
The Freshwater Molluscs constitute an important part of the ecosystem. Their participation in the way
of life in many organisms has made them significant partners in the ecological communities [5]. Freshwater
Mussels are widely distributed throughout the world occurring in both lotic and lentic systems [6]; [7]. In India ,
freshwater bodies show grate seasonal variations in the physicochemical factors which affect the natural
populations of Freshwater Mussels and consequently, transmission of disease. In view of the above, the present
study deals with the assessment of physic-chemical characteristics of a freshwater pond as well as the water
present in the laboratory for the cultural and survival of the experimental animal Freshwater Mussel, L.
marginalis.
II. Materials and Methods
The study was carried out in July 2013 to June 2014 in K. Sathanur, Moorthy Nagar pond located in
Tiruchirappalli of Tamil Nadu and in the laboratory tap water. Water samples were collected for physico-
chemical analyses in sterile bottles and taken to the laboratory aseptically. The collection was usually completed
during morning hours between 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. For each sampling event, odour (Odo), turbidity (Tur),
temperature (Tem), pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were monitored at the sampling sites while total dissolved
solids (TDS), salinity (Sali.), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and
potassium (K) were analyzed in the laboratory in accordance with the methods of FAO (1997) and APHA
(1998).
2. Physico-chemical Characteristics of Water Quality for Culturing the Freshwater Mussel…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10621114 www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
III. Results and Discussion
The Physico-chemical data of the pond water situated at K. sathanur and laboratory tap water for 13
physico-chemical parameters are presented in Table-1 and Table-2 respectively. The obtained results were
compared with Standard prescribed under APHA [8]. The two water samples of pond and laboratory are
colourless and also with no objectionable odour. The turbidity of water samples ranged between 2.6 – 4.2 NTU
for pond water and 5.0 – 7.0 NTU for laboratory water. Temperature is an important biologically significant
factor, which plays an important role in the metabolic activities of the organism. It also influences the metabolic
behavior of aquatic ecosystem [9]; [10]. The temperature was ranging from 25.40°C to 28.80°C during the study
period in pond water and 26.00°C to 30.00°C in lab water. Lowest water temperature (25.40°C) was observed in
December 2013 and highest temperature (30.00°C) value was observed in April and May 2013.
Table-1. Physico-chemical characteristics of pond water.
Period Odo Tur
NTU
Tem
o
C
pH DO
mg/l
TDS
mg/l
Sali.
mg/l
TA
mg/l
TH
mg/l
Ca
mg/l
Mg
mg/l
Na
mg/l
K
mg/l
July’13 U 3.2 27.5 7.4 5.9 280 282.5 560 275 61.4 80.2 45.7 5.6
Aug’13 U 4.0 26.4 7.1 6.2 320 294.2 488 320 67.5 99.5 40.8 6.3
Sept’13 U 2.8 26.8 7.7 6.8 270 267.9 519 240 71.2 84.7 35.4 5.8
Oct’13 U 2.6 27.1 7.5 5.8 360 250.8 399 310 64.3 72.1 39.6 5.0
Nov’13 U 3.1 26.0 7.2 6.4 345 269.1 423 280 60.9 86.9 43.3 6.1
Dec’13 U 3.4 25.4 7.8 6.0 310 257.5 572 295 63.1 64.8 37.5 5.3
Jan’14 U 2.8 26.2 7.4 5.8 285 274.6 496 260 59.0 85.6 43.2 5.9
Feb’14 U 2.6 25.8 7.9 5.4 270 298.3 534 270 58.9 80.9 37.4 6.2
Mar’14 U 3.5 27.3 7.2 6.5 325 283.7 401 300 64.2 71.4 44.6 5.4
Apr’14 U 3.1 28.6 7.5 5.3 350 251.9 578 275 69.7 69.8 40.7 4.9
May’14 U 4.2 28.8 7.8 5.9 310 282.3 594 265 63.7 94.2 44.8 5.6
Jun’14 U 3.3 27.4 7.3 6.2 280 250.6 428 310 68.4 98.5 41.7 6.2
[[[[[[[
pH is a term used universally to express the intensity of the acid or alkaline condition of a solution.
Most of the water samples are slightly alkaline due to presence of carbonates and bicarbonates. pH of bore water
influenced by geology of catchment area and the buffering capacity of water. The pH variation is mostly due to
diurnal interplay of photosynthesis and community respiration of the biota and also is one of the most important
single factors, which influences aquatic production [11]. The pH values of water samples varied between 7.1 to
7.9 and 6.8 to 7.2 respectively were found for pond and lab water. In the pond water the values were more than
7.0 and impart the alkaline nature where as in lab water the hydrogen ion concentration was in acidic condition
but within the limit prescribed. Dissolved Oxygen in water is essential for life. Deficiency of dissolved oxygen
gives bad odour to water due to anaerobic decomposition of organic waste [12]. Dissolved Oxygen in this study
ranges from 5.3 mg/l to 6.8 mg/l in pond water and 5.0 mg/l to 5.6 mg/l in the lab water. In any aquatic
ecosystem the level of dissolved oxygen depends on the factors like temperature of water, concentration of
dissolved solids and biological activity of all life. Total dissolved solids denote mainly the various kinds of
minerals available in the water. In natural waters dissolved solids are composed mainly of carbonates,
bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron [13].
In the present investigation maximum value of total dissolved solids was recorded in October 2013
(360 mg/l) at pond water and minimum value of (155 mg/l) was observed in April 2014 at the laboratory water
sample. The chloride concentration or salinity serves as an indicator of pollution by sewage. People accustomed
to higher chloride in water are subjected to laxative effects [14]. In the present analysis, chloride concentration
was found in the range of 250.6 mg/l to 298.3 mg/l in pond water. In laboratory water the minimum quantity
was recorded as 114.8 mg/l in the month of March 2014 and the maximum of salinity was observed as 129.5
mg/l in the laboratory tap water in the month of July 2013. The pattern has also been recorded [15]; [16]. This
again implies that all the waters studied were all of satisfactory quality in terms of their chloride contents and
that chloride does not contribute to problems of taste in some of the waters. Alkalinity of water is its capacity to
neutralize a strong acid and it is normally due to the presence of bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide
compound of calcium, sodium and potassium [17]. Total alkalinity was recorded as the range between 399.00
mg/l to 594.00 mg/l for pond water and 42.00 mg/l to 93.00 mg/l for laboratory water.
Hardness is the property of water which prevents the lather formation with soap and increases the
boiling points of water. Hardness of water mainly depends upon the amount of calcium or magnesium salts or
both [17]. Total hardness values of pond and laboratory water were studied and they vary between 240.00 mg/l
to 320.00 mg/l and 69.00 mg/l to 98.00 mg/l respectively. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal which is
3. Physico-chemical Characteristics of Water Quality for Culturing the Freshwater Mussel…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10621114 www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
directly related to hardness. Calcium is the most abundant substances of the natural water. In aquatic
environment calcium serves as one of the micronutrients for most of the organisms [18]. Calcium concentration
ranged between 58.90 mg/l to 71.20 mg/l in pond water and 20.80 mg/l to 42.70 mg/l in the laboratory water.
Magnesium is one of the most abundant elements in nature and it is a significant member in water
hardness, it gives an unpleasant taste to water. Magnesium content in the investigated water samples were
ranging from 64.80 mg/l to 99.50 mg/l for pond water and between 31.50 mg/l to 41.80 mg/l for the laboratory
water. Magnesium is essential for chlorophyll bearing organism, since it goes into composition of the pigments.
Decrease value of magnesium may be due to plankton and algal uptake [17].
Table-2. Physico-chemical characteristics of laboratory tap water.
Period Odo TurN
TU
Tem
o
C
pH DO
mg/l
TDS
mg/l
Sali.
mg/l
TA
mg/l
TH
mg/l
Ca
mg/l
Mg
mg/l
Na
mg/l
K
mg/l
July’13 U 5 28 7.0 5.1 195 129.5 60 98 28.4 38.4 18.6 3.2
Aug’13 U 4 26 6.8 5.6 192 118.4 54 87 34.9 34.6 14.9 2.8
Sept’13 U 4 26 7.1 5.2 164 115.7 42 93 42.7 32.0 22.7 2.6
Oct.’13 U 5 27 7.2 5.5 190 118.6 52 95 27.3 36.7 20.5 3.4
Nov.’13 U 3 28 7.0 5.3 160 115.7 85 84 20.8 39.2 17.8 3.9
Dec.’13 U 3 27 6.9 5.6 184 121.9 93 71 28.7 41.5 14.1 2.7
Jan.’14 U 5 28 7.1 5.0 178 124.8 84 83 26.3 35.8 21.5 1.9
Feb.’14 U 3 28 6.9 5.1 189 116.3 76 69 34.5 37.4 24.9 2.1
Mar.’14 U 4 29 6.8 5.4 167 114.8 72 82 30.9 31.5 18.7 3.6
Apr.’14 U 4 30 7.2 5.5 155 125.1 61 97 41.2 41.8 13.6 4.1
May’14 U 5 30 6.8 5.4 179 119.5 54 91 39.8 40.9 11.2 3.8
Jun.’14 U 4 28 7.1 5.3 183 123.2 47 86 35.1 37.5 24.8 2.9
The maximum value of sodium was recorded to be 45.70 mg/l in July month of 2013 at the water
sample of pond and minimum 11.20 mg/l in May 2014 at sample of laboratory water. The maximum value of
potassium was recorded to be 6.30 mg/l in August 2013 in pond water and the minimum value of 1.90 mg/l in
January 2014 in the laboratory tap water. Potassium plays a vital role in metabolism of fish environment and is
an important macronutrient. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the K. Sathanur pond is a non-
polluted freshwater body due to the block of municipal sewage discharge. Higher amount of nutrients leads to
eutrophication. More nutrients in the water body and makes the water fit enough for the survival of aquatic
organisms. Due to high organic matter contamination hydrophytes are growing drastically and deposited into the
lake after death which consequently reducing the depth of the lake day by day. The results obtained from the
present investigation of pond as well as laboratory fresh water shall be useful in culturing the Freshwater
Mussel, L. marginalis It is also recommended that a periodical survey is essential to find out the water quality.
IV. Conclusion
The assessment of water quality is an important factor to assess of pollution levels. This study revealed
that the water in the studied area is suitable for drinking and domestic purposes including the cultural
performance of aquatic organisms at the physic-chemical level. The results were compared favourably with
standards.
Acknowledgement
The authors thanks the Principal, Periyar E.V.R College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu,
India for the encouragement and providing facilities for the study.
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