This document summarizes the key components of freshwater ecosystems. It describes the classification of freshwater habitats as either lentic (still water) or lotic (flowing water). Lentic ecosystems include ponds and lakes, with biota like phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, and bacteria throughout the water column and sediment. Lotic ecosystems refer to rivers and streams, with algae, insect larvae, and fish adapted to flowing conditions. The document also outlines some of the important physical properties like thermal stratification, chemical properties such as oxygen and nutrient levels, and how these influence the biology of freshwater habitats.
Freshwater Ecosystems include standing water or lentic such as lakes, ponds, marshes and wet lands, and the flowing water or lotic such as spring, streams and rivers. This ecosystem is normally of very low salinity usually between 15 to 30 ppt. They are highly variable and their characteristics depend upon the surrounding geology, land use and pollution levels.
Freshwater Ecosystems include standing water or lentic such as lakes, ponds, marshes and wet lands, and the flowing water or lotic such as spring, streams and rivers. This ecosystem is normally of very low salinity usually between 15 to 30 ppt. They are highly variable and their characteristics depend upon the surrounding geology, land use and pollution levels.
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. This module explains the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems-freshwater ones.
Introduction:
Adaptation to environment is one of the basic characteristics of the living organisms. Living organisms are plastic and posses the inherent properties to respond to a particular environment.
It is a facet of evolution and involve structural diversities amongst living organisms that are heritable. Organisms exhibit numerous structural and functional adaptations that help them to survive as species and to overcome the tremendous competition in nature.
All classes of vertebrates have their representatives leading to partial or total aquatic life.
Water is a homogenous medium for animals.
As a medium, it is heavy in concentration than air.
Stable gaseous and osmotic concentration in a specific region.
Temperature fluctuation is minimum for a particular region.
Water bodies generally have very rich food resources.
Characters of an Aquatic Animal:
An aquatic animal should have the ability to swim to overcome the resistance of the surrounding medium.
Therefore, it should have a streamlined body with an organ or ability to float.
The animal should also have to overcome the problem of osmoregulation.
There are two types of animals living in the present day water, which have undergone aquatic adaptation.
According to their origin, they are primary and secondary aquatic animals.
Adaptations to water habitat are of two types:
Primary aquatic adaptations which includes primitive gill-breathing vertebrates (fishes); Those animals, whose ancestors and themselves are living in the water from the very beginning of their evolution, are called primary aquatic animals. In other words, primary aquatic animals never had a terrestrial ancestry. They exhibit perfect aquatic adaptations. All fishes are primary aquatic animals.
Secondary aquatic adaptations which are acquired as in reptiles, birds and mammals. Those animals whose ancestors were lung breathing land animals, migrated to the water for some reason and ultimately got adapted to live in aquatic habitat, are called secondary aquatic animals. Some of them live partially while others live totally in the water. All aquatic reptiles, aves and mammals are representatives of secondary aquatic animals. Amphibians are in a transitional form between primary and secondary aquatic life.
Sensory adaptations like, electroreception for electrolocation and electro communication, olfaction (vomeronasal system), balance (spatial orientation, movement perception), vision (cornea curvature, retinal topography), and hearing (acoustics, ear anatomy) under the underwater sound reception mechanisms in various aquatic amniotes are well developed.
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and within which sea water mixes with fresh water. This module highlights the details of estuaries as one of the productive coastal ecosystems.
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. This module explains the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems-freshwater ones.
Introduction:
Adaptation to environment is one of the basic characteristics of the living organisms. Living organisms are plastic and posses the inherent properties to respond to a particular environment.
It is a facet of evolution and involve structural diversities amongst living organisms that are heritable. Organisms exhibit numerous structural and functional adaptations that help them to survive as species and to overcome the tremendous competition in nature.
All classes of vertebrates have their representatives leading to partial or total aquatic life.
Water is a homogenous medium for animals.
As a medium, it is heavy in concentration than air.
Stable gaseous and osmotic concentration in a specific region.
Temperature fluctuation is minimum for a particular region.
Water bodies generally have very rich food resources.
Characters of an Aquatic Animal:
An aquatic animal should have the ability to swim to overcome the resistance of the surrounding medium.
Therefore, it should have a streamlined body with an organ or ability to float.
The animal should also have to overcome the problem of osmoregulation.
There are two types of animals living in the present day water, which have undergone aquatic adaptation.
According to their origin, they are primary and secondary aquatic animals.
Adaptations to water habitat are of two types:
Primary aquatic adaptations which includes primitive gill-breathing vertebrates (fishes); Those animals, whose ancestors and themselves are living in the water from the very beginning of their evolution, are called primary aquatic animals. In other words, primary aquatic animals never had a terrestrial ancestry. They exhibit perfect aquatic adaptations. All fishes are primary aquatic animals.
Secondary aquatic adaptations which are acquired as in reptiles, birds and mammals. Those animals whose ancestors were lung breathing land animals, migrated to the water for some reason and ultimately got adapted to live in aquatic habitat, are called secondary aquatic animals. Some of them live partially while others live totally in the water. All aquatic reptiles, aves and mammals are representatives of secondary aquatic animals. Amphibians are in a transitional form between primary and secondary aquatic life.
Sensory adaptations like, electroreception for electrolocation and electro communication, olfaction (vomeronasal system), balance (spatial orientation, movement perception), vision (cornea curvature, retinal topography), and hearing (acoustics, ear anatomy) under the underwater sound reception mechanisms in various aquatic amniotes are well developed.
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and within which sea water mixes with fresh water. This module highlights the details of estuaries as one of the productive coastal ecosystems.
Based on what you have learned about the aquatic environment and the .pdfSANDEEPARIHANT
Based on what you have learned about the aquatic environment and the life needs and
adaptations of planktonic and benthic organisms found in it, What changes do you expect in
abiotic conditions in or just above the sediments to those in the water column at the same site?
How might the species of organisms and their abundance differ between those habitats, and
might any differences be related to differences in abiotic conditions? What differences might
you expect in the water column at a deep site versus a shallow site?
Solution
The variations in the abiotic components in a n aquatic ecosytem between the sedimentary zone
and the water column basically lies in the difference in the functionality of the components of the
ecosystem. These variations result due to the activity of the biotic components also.
The sedimentation zones are analogous to the to soil of the terrestrial ecosystem and tthey are the
sources of substrate nutrients.aquatic sediments are derived from and comprise of natural ,
physical,chemical and biologicaal components related to their water sheds.
fast moving waters have coarse grained sediments while the quiscent or the still waters contain
fine grained sediments. Organic matter are derived from the decomposing of the plant and the
animal tissue and hence is rich in nutrients like the phosphates and nitrates . It is the zone where
maximum decompositional activity takes place.. The dissolved chemicals reflect the nature of the
organic and inorganic matter of the sediments.
While the column of the water at the same site may not be rich in the sediments but may have
floating sediments and the nutrients like the nitrates and phosphates may be at a lower
concentration when compared to the sedimental zone due to lack of the decomposing matter.
2. DIversity of organisms and their abundance :
The organisms that occur in the water column and the sedimental zone varies.This is mainly
because of the differences in their habitat and nutritional requirements.
The sedimental zone is rich in decomposing bacteria and other detritus organisms while the
water column may support planktons both phyto and zoo plankton. free floating algae, the
plankton diversity also varies according to their light requirement , oxygen requirement etc..
Estuaries Ecosystem : Where River Meets Ocean
Everything about estuary ecosystem has been elaborated including Introduction, Types, Physical and Chemical Characteristics , Biota, Marsh Lands, Mangrove Forests, Food Web, Threats, Conservation, Restoration etc....
This is a visual presentation which includes:
1. What is pond ecosystem?
2. Types of pond ecosystem
3. Characteristics of pond ecosystem.
4. Stratification in pond ecosystem.
5. Biotic and Abiotic components of pond ecosystem.
6. Food chain in pond ecosystem.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
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techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Introduction
Classification of freshwater ecosystem
Lentic ecosystem
Lentic system biota
Lotic ecosystem
Lotic system biota
Physical properties of freshwater
Chemical properties of freshwater
Biological properties of freshwater
3. Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic
ecosystems. They
include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams, springs,
and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine
ecosystems, which have a larger salt content.
Freshwater habitats can be classified by different
factors, including temperature, light penetration, and
vegetation.
Freshwater ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to
the different components of climate change.
Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into lentic
ecosystems (still water) and lotic ecosystems (flowing
water).
4. Lentic refers to stationary or relatively still water, from
the Latin lentus, which means sluggish. Lentic waters range
from ponds to lakes to wetlands, and much of this article
applies to lentic ecosystems in general.
Lentic systems are diverse, ranging from a small, temporary
rainwater pool a few inches deep to Lake Baikal, which has
a maximum depth of 1740 m.
In addition, some lakes become seasonally stratified. Ponds
and pools have two regions: the pelagic open water zone,
and the benthic zone, which comprises the bottom and shore
regions.
Since lakes have deep bottom regions not exposed to light,
these systems have an additional zone, the profundal.
These three areas can have very different abiotic conditions
and, hence, host species that are specifically adapted to live
there.
5. Bacteria
Bacteria are present in all regions of lentic waters. Free-living
forms are associated with decomposing organic material, biofilm on
the surfaces of rocks and plants, suspended in the water column,
and in the sediments of the benthic and profundal zones.
Primary producers
Algae, including both phytoplankton and periphyton are the
principle photosynthesizers in ponds and lakes.
Phytoplankton are found drifting in the water column of the
pelagic zone.
Many species have a higher density than water which should make
them sink and end up in the benthos.
To combat this, phytoplankton have developed density changing
mechanisms, by forming vacuoles and gas vesicles or by changing
their shapes to induce drag, slowing their descent.
Invertebrates
Zooplanktons are tiny animals suspended in the water column. Like
phytoplankton, these species have developed mechanisms that keep
them from sinking to deeper waters, including drag-inducing body
forms and the active flicking of appendages such as antennae or
spines.
Fish and other vertebrates
Fish have a range of physiological tolerances that are dependent
upon which species they belong to.
They have different lethal temperatures, dissolved oxygen
requirements, and spawning needs that are based on their activity
levels and behaviors.
Because fish are highly mobile, they are able to deal with
unsuitable abiotic factors in one zone by simply moving to another.
6. Lotic refers to flowing water, from the Latin lotus, washed. Lotic
waters range from springs only a few centimeters wide to
major rivers kilometers in width.
The ecosystem of a river is the river viewed as a system operating in
its natural environment, and includes biotic (living) interactions
amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well
as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions.
The following unifying characteristics make the ecology of running
waters unique among aquatic habitats.
Flow is unidirectional.
There is a state of continuous physical change.
There is a high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity at all scales
(microhabitats).
Variability between lotic systems is quite high.
The biota is specialized to live with flow conditions.
7. Bacteria
Bacteria are present in large numbers in lotic waters. Free-living
forms are associated with decomposing organic material, biofilm on
the surfaces of rocks and vegetation, in between particles that
compose the substrate, and suspended in the water column.
Primary producers
Algae, consisting of phytoplankton and periphyton, are the most
significant sources of primary production in most streams and
rivers.
Phytoplankton float freely in the water column and thus are unable
to maintain populations in fast flowing streams. They can, however,
develop sizable populations in slow moving rivers and backwaters.
Insects and other invertebrates
Up to 90% of invertebrates in some lotic systems are insects.
These species exhibit tremendous diversity and can be found
occupying almost every available habitat, including the surfaces of
stones, deep below the substratum, adrift in the current, and in the
surface film.
Insects have developed several strategies for living in the diverse
flows of lotic systems.
Fish and other vertebrates
Fish are probably the best-known inhabitants of lotic systems. The
ability of a fish species to live in flowing waters depends upon the
speed at which it can swim and the duration that its speed can be
maintained.
This ability can vary greatly between species and is tied to the
habitat in which it can survive.
Continuous swimming expends a tremendous amount of energy
and, therefore, fishes spend only short periods in full current.
8. Physical properties
Physical properties of aquatic ecosystems are determined by a combination of heat, currents, waves and other seasonal
distributions of environmental conditions.
The morphometry of a body of water depends on the type of feature (such as a lake, river, stream, wetland, estuary etc.)
and the structure of the earth surrounding the body of water. Lakes, for instance, are classified by their formation, and
zones of lakes are defined by water depth.
Light interactions
Light zonation is the concept of how the amount of sunlight penetration into water influences the structure of a
body of water. These zones define various levels of productivity within an aquatic ecosystems such as a lake. For
instance, the depth of the water column which sunlight is able to penetrate and where most plant life is able to
grow is known as the photic or euphotic zone. The rest of the water column which is deeper and does not receive
sufficient amounts of sunlight for plant growth is known as the aphotic zone.
Thermal stratification
Similar to light zonation, thermal stratification or thermal zonation is a way of grouping parts of the water body
within an aquatic system based on how each layer has different temperature variations. The less turbid the water,
the more light is able to penetrate, and thus heating a thicker depth of water.
There are 3 main sections which define thermal stratification in a lake. The first is the epilimnion which is closest
to the surface and experiences primarily wind circulation although the water is generally uniformally warm
because of the close proximity to the surface.
The layer below is often called the thermocline and is an area within the water column which tends to experience
a rapid decrease in temperature. Finally, the layer which is the bottom-most within the body of water is
the hypolimnion which has uniformally cold water because of its depth which restricts sunlight from reaching
it. In temperate lakes, fall-season cooling of surface water to 4 °C (the highest density of water) results in turnover
of the water column.
9. The chemical composition of water in a natural environment is influenced mainly by precipitation, type of soil and
bedrock in the watershed, erosion, evaporation and sedimentation. All bodies of water have a certain composition of
both organic and inorganic elements and compounds.
Water quality
There are hundreds of variables which are considered to play a role in water quality however a few have been
determined to be of greater interest regarding the role they play in aquatic ecosystem health. While certain
biological activities affect dissolved gas concentrations, nutrients, etc. human activity is one of the strongest
influences on water quality.
Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen is an element which is necessary for a number of biological and chemical reactions which are
critical to the proper functioning of the ecosystem. Some of the biological processes which alter the
concentrations of dissolved oxygen include photosynthesis and aquatic organism respiration. Oxygen profile is
based on similar principles as thermal stratification and light penetration. Dissolved oxygen levels are generally
lower as you move deeper into the body of water because of the lower availability of light in those parts of the
water.
Carbon dioxide
Dissolve oxygen and dissolved carbon dioxide are often discussed together due the role they both play in aquatic
organism respiration. These organisms absorb dissolved oxygen from the water to use in respiration and expel
carbon dioxide as a byproduct of this process. Carbon dioxide tends to have an inverse diurnal relationship with
oxygen.
Other nutrients
Nitrogen and phosphorus are ecologically significant nutrients in aquatic systems. Nitrogen is generally present
as a gas in aquatic ecosystems Most of these dissolved nitrogen compounds follow a seasonal pattern with
greater concentrations in the fall and winter months compared to the spring and summer. Phosphorus has a
different role in aquatic ecosystems as it is a limiting factor in the growth of phytoplankton because of generally
low concentrations in the water. Dissolved phosphorus is also crucial to all living things, is often very limiting to
primary productivity in freshwater, and has its own distinctive ecosystem cycling.
10. Lake trophic classification
Limnology (study of freshwater ecosystem), classifies
lakes (or other bodies of water) according to
the trophic state index.
An oligotrophic lake is characterised by relatively low
levels of primary production and low levels of
nutrients.
A eutrophic lake has high levels of primary
productivity due to very high nutrient levels.
Eutrophication of a lake can lead to algal blooms.
Dystrophic lakes have high levels of humic matter and
typically have yellow-brown, tea-coloured waters.