The theoretical basis of higher education in disaster risk reduction and resilience studies. A survey of the field in the light of teaching and learning needs.
11. Herbert Simon:
'optimisers' and 'satisficers'
"Human beings, viewed as behaving systems,
are quite simple. The apparent complexity
of our behaviour over time is largely a
reflection of the complexity of the
environment in which we find ourselves."
"The social sciences, I thought, needed the
same kind of rigour and the same mathe-
matical underpinnings that had made the
'hard' sciences so brilliantly successful."
16. • what does 'neutrality' mean?
• does humanitarian aid cause disaster?
• aid is a global industry – big business
• why is the system so inefficient?
• to big to stop, too diverse to fix.
Dilemmas of humanitarianism 1992-2015
20. Armed aggression
on the part of states
Civil defence
Natural disasters
Civil protection
Armed aggression
on the part of
groups of dissidents
"Homeland security"
(civil defence)
"Generic" disasters
"Civil contingencies"
(resilience)
21. • concept of 'war' was misleading
• it spread radicalisation
• neglect of natural disaster preparedness
• unhealthy regeneration of Cold War
• USA lost lead role in 'disasterology'.
What went wrong
27. • analysis of the stability
of ecological assemblages
• ideal for island ecology and
other well-defined systems
• in line with GST resilience
is an equilibrium tendency
• promotes a narrow view
of the resilience concept
• Holling's approach has been
widely used uncritically.
Holling's use of the resilience concept
29. • an objective, a process or a strategy?
• a paradigm, diverse paradigms?
• 'bounce-back' or 'bounce-forward'?
• focuses on the community scale
• can reconcile dynamic & static elements.
Resilience
30. RESILIENCE:
as a material has brittle
strength and ductility:
society must have an optimum
combination of resistance to
hazard impacts and ability
to adapt to them.
35. Long term
Short term
Emic components
Etic components
METAMORPHOSIS
OF CULTURE
Experiences of culture
[mass-media and consumer culture]
Accumulated cultural traits and beliefs
Inherited cultural background
Ideological
(non-scientific)
interpretations
of disaster
Learned
(scientific)
interpretations
of disaster
40. INSTRUMENTS OF
DISSEMINATION
• mass media
• targeted campaign
• social networks
• internet
Augmentation
MASS
EDUCATION
PROGRAMME
HUMAN
CAPITAL
HABIT
CULTURE
The creation of a culture of civil protection
46. Climate change Terrorism
Displacement
and migration
Pandemics
and epidemics
Population increase
Environmentalchange
Conflict
Technological
disasters and
major incidents
'Natural'
disasters
47. RISKS
daily: unemployment, poverty, disease, etc.
major disaster: floods, storms, quakes, etc.
emerging risks: pandemics, climate change
SUSTAINABILITY
disaster risk reduction
resource consumption
stewardship of the environment
economic activities
lifestyles and communities
SUSTAINABILITY
48. Vulnerability
Total: life is
generally precarious
Economic: people lack
adequate occupation
Technological/technocratic: due
to the riskiness of technology
Delinquent: caused by
corruption, negligence, etc.
Residual: caused by
lack of modernisation
Newly generated: caused by
changes in circumstances
49. • disaster risk reduction and climate
change adaptation will partially merge
• global mobility will become a major
factor in disaster risk reduction
• resilience will probably disappoint
• the weight of key concepts: vulnerability
• sustainable DRR, sustainable lives.
The future
50. System is... Example of catalytic disaster
Substituted
Economic catastrophe after
mega natural or anthropogenic event
Threshold of economic sustainability
Redirected Indian Ocean tsunami, 2004 (?)
Threshold of political and public tolerance
Static Earthquakes: Sichuan 2008, Nepal 2015
Threshold of sustained political and public attention
In decline No significant major events
The potential catalysts for change
52. Basic concepts:
hazard, vulnerability,
exposure, risk,
impact, resilience, etc.
Hazard
analysis
Technical skills:
telecomminications
computer, GIS, etc.
Emergency
planning
Emergency
management
Disaster
sociology and
psychology
Public information
management
Recovery and
reconstruction
planning
Methods of
risk mitigation
Field
exercises
Disaster and emergency
management training
53. Broad professional training
in emergency management
Professional experience
and training
Disciplinary training
(e.g. bachelor's degree)
Common
culture
Common
language
Common
objectives
55. Recognition and
an institutional
role for the
professional figure
Certification
of competence
Training
programmes
Emerging
professional
figure
Policies and
legislation
Research Experience
Organi-
sation