The document discusses warning and evacuation processes during disaster situations. It describes the key stages in issuing warnings, from hazard evaluation by scientists to risk communication and decision making by administrators to warning the general public. Effective warnings are clear, consistent, precise and from official sources. The public's response is influenced by personality, circumstances and desire for confirmation. Evacuation is an important protective measure but requires sufficient time and advance planning of routes and destinations. The success of warnings and evacuations depends on coordination between scientists, authorities and an educated public.
Brazil's Mining Tragedy : Lessons for the Mining IndustryPRABHASH GOKARN
The Brazilian mining tragedy was an eye-opener for the mining fraternity to introspect on the existing tailing management processes, identify gaps, complete hazard identification and risk assessments, and modify or develop safe operating procedures and emergency preparedness plans in line with the guidelines issued by Statutory Authorities from time to time. This is necessary to avert the occurrence of similar incidents in the future.
What is "Model" Sustainability? UniverCity's Journey Toward Sustainability T...Toronto 2030 District
Dale Mikkelsen, Director of Development, SFU Community Trust
Simon Fraser University (SFU) created its Community Trust to develop a model community on about 65 hectares of land surrounding SFU’s Burnaby campus in British Columbia.
That ‘sustainable community on the mountain’ became UniverCity, the award-winning, mixed-use, transit-oriented district with a diverse range of housing choices, shops, services, and amenities. And the UniverCity Childcare Centre is expected to be the first building in Canada to meet the Living Building Challenge, the most ambitious rating system in North America for environmentally sustainable architectural design.
A model for practical and affordable sustainability, UniverCity also generates endowment wealth to support teaching and research at SFU.
As the Director of Development for SFU Community Trust, Dale Mikkelsen is charged with raising the bar of sustainable community planning to ensure UniverCity remains on the leading edge of energy efficiency, material conservation, healthy environments and community building.
Mikkelsen brings a wealth of experience to the UniverCity project having been the lead project planner for the City of Vancouver’s 2010 Athlete Village, the City of Vancouver’s Green Building Planner, and a Board Member for the International Living Future Institute.
Brazil's Mining Tragedy : Lessons for the Mining IndustryPRABHASH GOKARN
The Brazilian mining tragedy was an eye-opener for the mining fraternity to introspect on the existing tailing management processes, identify gaps, complete hazard identification and risk assessments, and modify or develop safe operating procedures and emergency preparedness plans in line with the guidelines issued by Statutory Authorities from time to time. This is necessary to avert the occurrence of similar incidents in the future.
What is "Model" Sustainability? UniverCity's Journey Toward Sustainability T...Toronto 2030 District
Dale Mikkelsen, Director of Development, SFU Community Trust
Simon Fraser University (SFU) created its Community Trust to develop a model community on about 65 hectares of land surrounding SFU’s Burnaby campus in British Columbia.
That ‘sustainable community on the mountain’ became UniverCity, the award-winning, mixed-use, transit-oriented district with a diverse range of housing choices, shops, services, and amenities. And the UniverCity Childcare Centre is expected to be the first building in Canada to meet the Living Building Challenge, the most ambitious rating system in North America for environmentally sustainable architectural design.
A model for practical and affordable sustainability, UniverCity also generates endowment wealth to support teaching and research at SFU.
As the Director of Development for SFU Community Trust, Dale Mikkelsen is charged with raising the bar of sustainable community planning to ensure UniverCity remains on the leading edge of energy efficiency, material conservation, healthy environments and community building.
Mikkelsen brings a wealth of experience to the UniverCity project having been the lead project planner for the City of Vancouver’s 2010 Athlete Village, the City of Vancouver’s Green Building Planner, and a Board Member for the International Living Future Institute.
A meditation on the current role of technology in disaster risk reduction and response to major emergencies. An investigation of the consequences of the primacy of the hazards paradigm over vulnerability studies during the last three decades.
The theoretical basis of higher education in disaster risk reduction and resilience studies. A survey of the field in the light of teaching and learning needs.
A meditation on the current role of technology in disaster risk reduction and response to major emergencies. An investigation of the consequences of the primacy of the hazards paradigm over vulnerability studies during the last three decades.
The theoretical basis of higher education in disaster risk reduction and resilience studies. A survey of the field in the light of teaching and learning needs.
Presentation by Prof. George Gray, Director of the Centre for Risk Science and Public Health, George Washington University, at the Workshop on Risk Assessment in Regulatory Policy Analysis (RIA), Session 14, Mexico, 9-11 June 2014. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
Presentation by Prof. George Gray, Director of the Centre for Risk Science and Public Health, George Washington University, at the Workshop on Risk Assessment in Regulatory Policy Analysis (RIA), Session 13, Mexico, 9-11 June 2014. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
The most important principles in First Aid that will help students to understand the main points of learning First Aid and applying them in their daily life and also to become a competent learner.
Evaluating and ImprovingBomb Threat Planning Process.pdfeliasox
Bomb Threat Planning Process
Identify
Core
Planning
Team
Gather
the Team
Understand
Situation 3 Determine Goals
and Objectives
Plan
Development 5 Prepare, Review
and Approve
Implement and
Maintain
Identify Threats
and Hazards
Develop and
Analyse Course
of Action
Identify
Resources
Identify
Information
Needs
Engage the
Whole
Community in
Planning
Assess
Risk
Write the Plan
Review the
Plan
Determine
Operational
Priorities
Set Goals and
Objectives
Exercise
the Plan
Review,
Revise, and
Maintain
Plan
1 2 4 6
Approve and
Disseminate the
Bomb Threat Planning Process
Join the Center for Applied Learning and its strategic partner, John Sakoian of Command Excellence™, for an informative and interactive 60-minute webinar focused on training employees how to prevent and prepare for an active shooter situation.
Attendees will learn about:
Developing an Emergency Action Plan and ways to make the plan effective and understandable for employees.
The roles and responsibilities of leadership to provide training for employees.
Response techniques so employees know the critical lifesaving steps they should take in the first few seconds of an active shooter situation.
Breaking the Barriers to a Generative CultureBob Sheffield
Synthesizes the latest findings in neuroscience and psychology with real life lessons from cultural transformation efforts in a variety of settings from large, multi-national corporations to small helicopter operators. References for this work include Daniel Kahneman’s Thinking Fast and Slow; Dr. Richard Restak’s The Naked Brain and Mozart’s Brain and the Fighter Pilot; Daniel Goleman’s Focus; Everett Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations, Charles Duhigg’s The Power of Habit; and the NTSB report NTSB/AAB-06/06, PB2007-100699 on the crash of a Gulfstream III on approach to Houston’s Hobby Airport on 22 November 2004.
In a world of accelerating innovation and increasingly complex digital services, applications, appliances, and devices, it seems unreasonable to expect customers to understand and maintain their own cyber security. We are way past the point where even the well educated can cope with the compounded complexity of an ‘on-line-life’. The reality is, today's products and services are incomplete and sport wholly inadequate cyber defence applications.
Perhaps the single biggest problem is that defenders have never been professional attackers - and they don’t share the same level of thinking and deviousness, or indeed, the inventiveness of their enemies. Apart from an education embracing the attack techniques, and in some cases, engaging in war games, the defenders remain on the back foot However, there a number of new, an potentially significant, approaches yet to be addressed, and we care to look at the problem from a new direction.
In the maintenance of high-tech equipment and systems across many industries, identifiable precursors are employed to flag impending outages and failures. This realisation prompted a series of experiments to see if it was possible to presage pending cyber attacks. And indeed it was found to be the case!
In this presentation we give an overview of our early experimental and observational results, long with our current thinking spanning networks through to individual hackers, and inside actors.
Diagnosis of the relative failure of disaster risk reduction in the modern world and proposal for a cure - at least regarding disaster response, if not also prevention.
Will major emergencies in the future be anything like those of the past? To what extent can we derive lessons from past disasters that will help us deal with future ones? This presentation explores these questions.
About the intersection of different kinds of disaster and vulnerability. Complexity of modern disasters and the means of tackling them. Cascading and concurrent major incidents and disasters.
A framework for understanding, analysing and managing cascading disasters, with notes on complexity, compound risks, interacting risks and interconnected risks.
Una previsione del fabbisogno del futuro rispetto alla necessita' di una risposta forte contro i disastri. Due sono i messaggi: (1) dato i rischi che si materializzeranno, avremo bisogno di una protezione civile che e' un ordine di magnitudo piu' forte di quella attuale; (2) dovremo combattere contro la "realta' fabbricata" di false informazioni.
Verso una cultura di prevenzione e mitigazione, ma nello stesso tempo verso la preservazione delle culture umane daglil effetti depredanti dei disastri.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
3. KANSAS
5 dead, 150 injuredOKLAHOMA
38 dead, 669 injured
TEXAS
1 dead, 12 injured
Monday 3 May 1999
76 tornadoes in 7 hours
damage exceeded $500 million
4319 buildings destroyed
WARNING TIME: 20-120 minutes
ONLY 44 DEATHS
Largest tornado max.
F5 (420-510 km/hr)
path 130 km x 1.5 km
4. What does this picture
tell us about warning
and preparedness?
What does this picture
tell us about warning
and preparedness?
5. Definition:-Definition:-
A warning is a recommendation
or order for action to take place
based on a prediction or forecast.
A warning is a recommendation
or order for action to take place
based on a prediction or forecast.
6. Predictions and forecasts
should be made by scientists
(or other appropriate
and qualified experts)
Predictions and forecasts
should be made by scientists
(or other appropriate
and qualified experts)
Warnings should be issued
by civil authorities (such as
as an emergency management agency)
on the basis of valid predictions.
Warnings should be issued
by civil authorities (such as
as an emergency management agency)
on the basis of valid predictions.
8. Factors that influence the
effectiveness of a warning
Factors that influence the
effectiveness of a warning
• how predictable the hazard is• how predictable the hazard is
• how long the precursors (if any) last• how long the precursors (if any) last
• how quickly the disaster
strikes (speed of onset)
• how quickly the disaster
strikes (speed of onset)
• how far the impact can be controlled• how far the impact can be controlled
• frequency, duration and size of impact.• frequency, duration and size of impact.
9. A warning system consists
of a combination of:-
A warning system consists
of a combination of:-
• physical and social components• physical and social components
• technology and organisation• technology and organisation
• planning and communication.• planning and communication.
• monitoring and evaluation• monitoring and evaluation
10. Stages in the warning processStages in the warning process
• decision-makers recognize
existence of hazard and decide
to create a warning system
• decision-makers recognize
existence of hazard and decide
to create a warning system
• they decide who to warn, about
what, and how to warn them
• they decide who to warn, about
what, and how to warn them
• a system is designed to monitor changes
in the hazard and issue warnings
• a system is designed to monitor changes
in the hazard and issue warnings
• the system is installed and tested.• the system is installed and tested.
11. • what is likely to happen -
the nature of the impact
• what is likely to happen -
the nature of the impact
• when it is likely to happen -
the time window of the prediction
• when it is likely to happen -
the time window of the prediction
• where it is likely to happen -
the geographical area affected.
• where it is likely to happen -
the geographical area affected.
What a warning message should say:-What a warning message should say:-
12. What a warning message should say:-What a warning message should say:-
• what actions are required• what actions are required
• who to contact for further information.• who to contact for further information.
• what the consequences of the
impact are expected to be
• what the consequences of the
impact are expected to be
• whether the response is
obligatory or merely recommended
• whether the response is
obligatory or merely recommended
13. Stages in the warning processStages in the warning process
• the public must be educated to
respond appropriately to a warning
• the public must be educated to
respond appropriately to a warning
• the system must be tuned
to make it work better
• the system must be tuned
to make it work better
• changes in the hazard are
detected and monitored
• changes in the hazard are
detected and monitored
• incoming information is
collated and evaluated.
• incoming information is
collated and evaluated.
14. The phases of warning:-The phases of warning:-
• warning message sent• warning message sent
• content evaluated• content evaluated
• risk perceived• risk perceived
• choice of behaviour• choice of behaviour
• action taken
(choice realised).
• action taken
(choice realised).
• message received• message received
15. Transmission
of warning
messages:-
Transmission
of warning
messages:-
• a hazard watch
- "conditions have occurred that
normally precede a disaster"
• a hazard watch
- "conditions have occurred that
normally precede a disaster"
• a hazard warning
- "impact is certain,
or at least very likely".
• a hazard warning
- "impact is certain,
or at least very likely".
16. Post-warning actionsPost-warning actions
• issue of all-clear, stand-down
and end-of-emergency messages
• issue of all-clear, stand-down
and end-of-emergency messages
• debriefing and hindsight review• debriefing and hindsight review
• revising and testing the warning system.• revising and testing the warning system.
17. Factors that influence the
effectiveness of a warning:-
Factors that influence the
effectiveness of a warning:-
• what the probable consequences
of the impact are
• what the probable consequences
of the impact are
• how much assistance is available• how much assistance is available
• quality of personnel
and command structure
• quality of personnel
and command structure
• legal responsibilities.• legal responsibilities.
18. Warning messages that succeed are:-Warning messages that succeed are:-
• from official (and credible) sources• from official (and credible) sources
• clear, consistent, precise• clear, consistent, precise
• repeated and confirmed• repeated and confirmed
• the content of messages• the content of messages
• how messages are interpreted.• how messages are interpreted.
But social factors influence...But social factors influence...
• the channels of communication• the channels of communication
19. People interpret warning messages
differently according to...
People interpret warning messages
differently according to...
• circumstances• circumstances
• personality factors• personality factors
• revised and repeated warning messages
will almost certainly be needed.
• revised and repeated warning messages
will almost certainly be needed.
• social contexts• social contexts
Public reaction to warnings needs
to be monitored and the results
fed back to the issuers of warnings
Public reaction to warnings needs
to be monitored and the results
fed back to the issuers of warnings
20. The initial response to warnings
tends to be disbelief, followed
by confirmation behaviour
The initial response to warnings
tends to be disbelief, followed
by confirmation behaviour
Public awareness and participation
are crucial to the success
of warning systems.
Public awareness and participation
are crucial to the success
of warning systems.
21. Warning verification processesWarning verification processes
• normalcy bias: lack of confirming
evidence (usually visual)
• normalcy bias: lack of confirming
evidence (usually visual)
• latent confirmation: does the
information square with beliefs
and personal knowledge?
• latent confirmation: does the
information square with beliefs
and personal knowledge?
• socialisation of response:
seeking confirmation from
family, friends and colleagues
• socialisation of response:
seeking confirmation from
family, friends and colleagues
• contact with officialdom.• contact with officialdom.
22. • unconflicted inertia: the
tendency to undervalue warnings
• unconflicted inertia: the
tendency to undervalue warnings
• cognitive dissonance: unease
when two conflicting beliefs
are held simultaneously
• cognitive dissonance: unease
when two conflicting beliefs
are held simultaneously
• some deviant behaviour is possible.• some deviant behaviour is possible.
• panic is an unlikely
response to warnings
• panic is an unlikely
response to warnings
23. People who react best to warningsPeople who react best to warnings
• are under 40 but over 25• are under 40 but over 25
• are female• are female
• are not members of an ethnic minority• are not members of an ethnic minority
• have not lived long in the area
but are well integrated with the
community and its institutions.
• have not lived long in the area
but are well integrated with the
community and its institutions.
24. • have middle-to-high social status• have middle-to-high social status
• are parents with children living at home• are parents with children living at home
• live near relatives and
utilise kinship networks
• live near relatives and
utilise kinship networks
• are well able to understand the risk.• are well able to understand the risk.
People who react best to warningsPeople who react best to warnings
25. How much time does it take to warn
a community of modest dimensions
(a small town, for instance)?
How much time does it take to warn
a community of modest dimensions
(a small town, for instance)?
• 3-4 hours for 90% of inhabitants• 3-4 hours for 90% of inhabitants
• using various means of communication:
- official emergency personnel
- informal contacts
- the mass media
• using various means of communication:
- official emergency personnel
- informal contacts
- the mass media
• longer warnings lead to more
confirmation behaviour
• longer warnings lead to more
confirmation behaviour
• confirmation is most important
when impacts are common.
• confirmation is most important
when impacts are common.
26. Examples of imprecise predictions
that led to inefficient warnings
Examples of imprecise predictions
that led to inefficient warnings
• an 86% chance of a
magnitude 7 earthquake in
Southern California in 25 years
• an 86% chance of a
magnitude 7 earthquake in
Southern California in 25 years
• a 5% chance that a magnitude
5.1 earthquake would occur
in the San Francisco Bay region
during specified 5-day periods
• a 5% chance that a magnitude
5.1 earthquake would occur
in the San Francisco Bay region
during specified 5-day periods
• a 20% chance of a magnitude 5.1
or greater in a restricted area of
S. California over a 30-day period.
• a 20% chance of a magnitude 5.1
or greater in a restricted area of
S. California over a 30-day period.
27. Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, Nov. 1985:
the worst failure of warning processes
in modern times.
Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, Nov. 1985:
the worst failure of warning processes
in modern times.
28. Nevado del Ruiz, 13 November 1985Nevado del Ruiz, 13 November 1985
• a nocturnal phreatic eruption
with attenuated precursors
• a nocturnal phreatic eruption
with attenuated precursors
• 23,000 dead in lahars (mudflows),
most in the town of Armero
• 23,000 dead in lahars (mudflows),
most in the town of Armero
• a hazard map had been made• a hazard map had been made
• the volcano was heavily instrumented• the volcano was heavily instrumented
• there was a failure of communication
between scientists, civil authorities
and the general public.
• there was a failure of communication
between scientists, civil authorities
and the general public.
29. Parkfield, California,
1992-3: a 90% chance
of a mag. 6 earthquake
Parkfield, California,
1992-3: a 90% chance
of a mag. 6 earthquake
300 scientific instruments
deployed, 80 of them
recording continuously
300 scientific instruments
deployed, 80 of them
recording continuously
32. Evacuation is the most widespread
and effective short-term measure
to protect the public
against sudden-impact disasters
Evacuation is the most widespread
and effective short-term measure
to protect the public
against sudden-impact disasters
BUT: it is not always appropriate,
feasible or advisable.
BUT: it is not always appropriate,
feasible or advisable.
33. Types of evacuationTypes of evacuation
Sort-term Long-term
Pre-impact
Emergency
protection
Preventative
Post-impact Rescue
For
reconstruction
34. The 'evaluation-dissemination subsystem'The 'evaluation-dissemination subsystem'
• identify and measure risk• identify and measure risk
• collect and interpret data• collect and interpret data
• decide to evacuate• decide to evacuate
• determine content of message to public• determine content of message to public
• apportion these tasks
to appropriate agencies.
• apportion these tasks
to appropriate agencies.
• transmit message• transmit message
• direct evacuation and monitor result• direct evacuation and monitor result
35. The phases of evacuationThe phases of evacuation
• decision time• decision time
• notification time• notification time
• evaluation time• evaluation time
• preparation time• preparation time
• verification time.• verification time.
• journey time• journey time
36. Some precepts of evacuationSome precepts of evacuation
• evacuation should only be attempted if
there is enough time to accomplish it
• evacuation should only be attempted if
there is enough time to accomplish it
• evacuation should move people into
progressively safer areas, not
through areas of danger
• evacuation should move people into
progressively safer areas, not
through areas of danger
• bottlenecks must be managed• bottlenecks must be managed
• destinations need to be planned.• destinations need to be planned.
37. The evacuee's choiceThe evacuee's choice
• be unaware and do nothing• be unaware and do nothing
• understand the risk but do nothing• understand the risk but do nothing
• do something to protect oneself,
but not evacuate
• do something to protect oneself,
but not evacuate
• prepare to evacuate but not go• prepare to evacuate but not go
• evacuate.• evacuate.
38. Immediate
adaptive
actions
ADAPTIVE
Eventual
adaptive
actions
Efforts to
confirm
information
Failure to act
on received
information
Total
denial of
threat
MALADAPTIVE
A CONTINUUM OF PUBLIC REACTIONS
TO HAZARD IMPACT WARNINGS
Supply
interpretable
information
ADAPTIVE
Supply
"raw"
information
Supply
theoretical
information
Fail to
deliver
information
Have no
applied
contacts
MALADAPTIVE?
A CONTINUUM OF SCIENTISTS' REACTIONS
TO THE NEED FOR USABLE INFORMATION
39. Sociological processes
in family evacuation
Sociological processes
in family evacuation
Evacuation by....Evacuation by....
• default• default
• invitation• invitation
• compromise• compromise
• decision.• decision.
40. Things that facilitate evacuationThings that facilitate evacuation
• a personal action plan• a personal action plan
• is what the mass media say consistent?• is what the mass media say consistent?
• can one calm fears of looting?• can one calm fears of looting?
• are there public information centres?• are there public information centres?
• do potential evacuees have faith in
the authorities and institutions that
issue the evacuation order? .
• do potential evacuees have faith in
the authorities and institutions that
issue the evacuation order? .
41. Factors that influence the
choice of destination
Factors that influence the
choice of destination
• will relatives offer shelter?• will relatives offer shelter?
• how long is the warning time?• how long is the warning time?
• how long is the evacuee expected
to be away from home?
• how long is the evacuee expected
to be away from home?
• how well-prepared is the evacuee?• how well-prepared is the evacuee?
• from what social class is the evacuee?• from what social class is the evacuee?
• what is the risk?• what is the risk?
42. Efficiency of evacuations as
reported in the research literature
(Sorenson & Mileti 1988 and other sources)
Efficiency of evacuations as
reported in the research literature
(Sorenson & Mileti 1988 and other sources)
• minimum 32% in low-risk areas• minimum 32% in low-risk areas
• maximum 98% in high-risk areas• maximum 98% in high-risk areas
• almost 90% left within 1 hour• almost 90% left within 1 hour
• nearly 60% left within 10 minutes• nearly 60% left within 10 minutes
• 60-88% went to friends and relatives.• 60-88% went to friends and relatives.
• 6-36% went to public shelters• 6-36% went to public shelters
[X]