The document provides information about Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan and Dr. Subasree Vanamali, who are professors and trainers in psychology in India. It then discusses several classic theories of personality type, including those proposed by Hippocrates, Sheldon, Kretschmer, and Jung. Hippocrates identified four temperaments - sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic. Sheldon categorized body types into endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph. Kretschmer linked physique to personality, and Jung distinguished between introversion and extroversion.
personality traits are "enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts." A trait is what we call a characteristic way in which an individual perceives, feels, believes, or acts.
Trait theories are the following
Three trait theory
16 personality factor theory
Universal trait theory
Big five model
HEXACO model
Gordon Allport developed one of the earliest theories of personality traits. He focused on the uniqueness of each individual and how their traits are shaped by present contexts rather than past history. Allport identified three levels of traits: cardinal traits that dominate a person's behavior, central traits that describe basic characteristics found in most people, and secondary traits that only appear in certain situations. Allport developed a list of over 4,500 trait words and believed traits could be observed and used to distinguish individuals' personalities.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality. Some key points:
1. Freud believed personality is determined by unconscious drives and develops through psychosexual stages from infancy to adulthood. Fixation in a stage can result in neurosis.
2. The psyche is divided into the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, ego on reality, and superego on morality.
3. Defense mechanisms like repression and rationalization protect the ego from anxiety by distorting unconscious urges brought up from the id.
4. Psychoanalytic therapy uses techniques like free association and dream analysis to make the unconscious conscious, interpret transference
This document provides an overview of personality theories including trait theory, psychodynamic theory, and defense mechanisms. It summarizes Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory which proposes that personality is determined by unconscious drives and conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. Freud believed people progress through psychosexual stages from birth to adulthood and that fixation at a stage can influence personality traits. The document also outlines common defense mechanisms used to protect the ego such as denial, repression, and rationalization.
Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) broke personality traits into 16 categories using a statistical measure known as factor analysis to calculate the relationships among traits. Cattell hoped to determine how each trait influenced other traits in the same individual. For each of the 16 categories, Cattell measured a high end and a low end along a spectrum. For example, you might measure high on the cheerful - serious spectrum and low on the practical - imaginative spectrum.
Intelligence Theories - Two factor theory (Spearman), Primary Mental Abilitie...Suresh Babu
Intelligence Theories - Two factor theory (Spearman), Primary Mental Abilities (Thurston), Structure of Intellect (Guilford) and Multiple Intelligence (Howard Gardner).
Jung introduced the theory of analytical psychology in 1914. He believed personality is made up of interacting systems, including the conscious ego, personal unconscious, complexes, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The personal unconscious contains memories and experiences that have been forgotten or suppressed, while the collective unconscious consists of inherited experiences from ancestry. Archetypes in the collective unconscious include personas, anima, animus, and the self, which tries to synthesize all personality components into a unified whole known as self-actualization. Jung also described introversion and extraversion as personality types.
personality traits are "enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts." A trait is what we call a characteristic way in which an individual perceives, feels, believes, or acts.
Trait theories are the following
Three trait theory
16 personality factor theory
Universal trait theory
Big five model
HEXACO model
Gordon Allport developed one of the earliest theories of personality traits. He focused on the uniqueness of each individual and how their traits are shaped by present contexts rather than past history. Allport identified three levels of traits: cardinal traits that dominate a person's behavior, central traits that describe basic characteristics found in most people, and secondary traits that only appear in certain situations. Allport developed a list of over 4,500 trait words and believed traits could be observed and used to distinguish individuals' personalities.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality. Some key points:
1. Freud believed personality is determined by unconscious drives and develops through psychosexual stages from infancy to adulthood. Fixation in a stage can result in neurosis.
2. The psyche is divided into the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, ego on reality, and superego on morality.
3. Defense mechanisms like repression and rationalization protect the ego from anxiety by distorting unconscious urges brought up from the id.
4. Psychoanalytic therapy uses techniques like free association and dream analysis to make the unconscious conscious, interpret transference
This document provides an overview of personality theories including trait theory, psychodynamic theory, and defense mechanisms. It summarizes Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory which proposes that personality is determined by unconscious drives and conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. Freud believed people progress through psychosexual stages from birth to adulthood and that fixation at a stage can influence personality traits. The document also outlines common defense mechanisms used to protect the ego such as denial, repression, and rationalization.
Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) broke personality traits into 16 categories using a statistical measure known as factor analysis to calculate the relationships among traits. Cattell hoped to determine how each trait influenced other traits in the same individual. For each of the 16 categories, Cattell measured a high end and a low end along a spectrum. For example, you might measure high on the cheerful - serious spectrum and low on the practical - imaginative spectrum.
Intelligence Theories - Two factor theory (Spearman), Primary Mental Abilitie...Suresh Babu
Intelligence Theories - Two factor theory (Spearman), Primary Mental Abilities (Thurston), Structure of Intellect (Guilford) and Multiple Intelligence (Howard Gardner).
Jung introduced the theory of analytical psychology in 1914. He believed personality is made up of interacting systems, including the conscious ego, personal unconscious, complexes, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The personal unconscious contains memories and experiences that have been forgotten or suppressed, while the collective unconscious consists of inherited experiences from ancestry. Archetypes in the collective unconscious include personas, anima, animus, and the self, which tries to synthesize all personality components into a unified whole known as self-actualization. Jung also described introversion and extraversion as personality types.
This document discusses the definition and evolution of psychology. It provides several definitions of psychology from different perspectives over time:
1) Originally, psychology was defined as the science of the soul by Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle.
2) In the 18th-19th centuries, psychology was defined as the science of the mind, with thinkers like Descartes and Kant substituting "mind" for "soul".
3) In the late 19th century, psychologists like William James defined it as the science of consciousness, focusing on sensory experiences.
4) In the early 20th century, with theorists like Watson and Skinner, psychology became defined as the science of observable human behavior.
Raymond Cattell and John Horn proposed the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence in the 1960s. They argued that intelligence consists of two types: fluid intelligence (gf), which is innate problem-solving ability independent of knowledge, and crystallized intelligence (gc), which comes from experience and learning. Fluid intelligence involves abstract reasoning and declines with age, while crystallized intelligence involves acquired knowledge and can increase indefinitely through learning.
The Structure of Intellect (SOI) model was developed by J.P. Guilford as an assessment tool based on his Multiple Intelligence Theory. It measures 180 intellectual abilities using three dimensions: operations, contents, and products. This allows it to assess a wide range of learning abilities and identify giftedness or learning disabilities. While influential, the SOI model has been criticized for its statistical methods and lack of empirical support compared to models emphasizing general intelligence.
This document discusses the nature and measurement of intelligence. It defines intelligence as the ability to adjust thinking to new problems and environments. Intelligence consists of specific abilities like adaptability, reasoning, and judgment. Intelligence is determined by both heredity and environment. It is measured using individual verbal tests like the Stanford-Binet test and individual performance tests like the Wechsler scales. Group tests can measure intelligence verbally or through performance. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores classify intelligence levels based on mental age and chronological age.
The document discusses several theories of intelligence:
- Charles Spearman proposed a general intelligence factor (g) that underlies performance on all cognitive tasks.
- Louis Thurstone identified seven primary mental abilities rather than a general intelligence.
- Robert Sternberg described intelligence as involving analytical, creative, and practical abilities.
- Daniel Goleman's model of emotional intelligence focuses on self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.
The document also reviews intelligence testing approaches and factors that can influence measured intelligence.
The document discusses 12 major theories of intelligence:
1. Faculty theory which views intelligence as consisting of independent mental faculties.
2. One factor theory which reduces all abilities to a single general intelligence factor.
3. Spearman's two-factor theory comprising a general intelligence ("g") factor and specific factors.
4. Thorndike's multifactor theory which identified four attributes of intelligence.
5. Thurstone's primary mental abilities theory identifying six primary factors.
6. Guilford's structure of intellect model classifying intellectual tasks.
7. Vernon's hierarchical theory describing intelligence at varying levels of generality.
8. Cattell's fluid and crystallized theory distinguishing two types
This document discusses two cognitive consistency theories of attitude change: Heider's balance theory and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Heider's P-O-X model proposes that relationships between elements can be balanced or imbalanced, and people are motivated to achieve a balanced state. Festinger's theory suggests people have an inner drive for cognitive consistency and will seek to resolve inconsistencies, or dissonance, between attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. Dissonance can be reduced by changing an element or adding new cognitions. Both theories aim to explain how and why attitudes change over time to achieve consistency.
Intelligence can be defined and understood in several ways. It involves an individual's ability to adapt, reason, think rationally, and effectively deal with their environment. Intelligence is influenced by both inherent and environmental factors. It can be measured through intelligence quotients (IQ) and is classified in various categories including concrete, abstract, and emotional intelligence. Multiple theories of intelligence have been proposed, including unitary theories focusing on general intelligence and multifactor theories involving separate abilities like verbal, spatial, and mathematical skills. Overall, there are many aspects and factors that contribute to human intelligence.
Allport's personality Theory separates all traits into three basic subcategories: Cardinal, Central, and Secondary traits. This trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed of broad dispositions. It is also based mainly on differences between individuals. The combination and interaction of various traits form a personality that is unique to each individual, this theory focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics.
Sheldon developed a theory of personality types based on physical body types. He identified three main types - ectomorphs, mesomorphs, and endomorphs. Ectomorphs are thin and frail with little muscle mass or body fat. They tend to be shy and introverted. Mesomorphs have an athletic, muscular build. They are assertive, active, and competitive. Endomorphs have a wider frame and more body fat. They are sociable, relaxed, and enjoy food and comfort. Sheldon believed a person's body type correlated with their personality traits and temperament. Other theorists like Kretschmer and Hippocrates also developed systems classifying personality based on physical characteristics and temper
Unit 08 intelligence in educational psychologyDARSGHAH
This document discusses theories of intelligence and intelligence testing. It describes Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence comprising a general factor (G) and specific factors (S). It also summarizes Thurstone's group factor theory identifying seven primary mental abilities. The document outlines characteristics of intelligence tests and their uses, including selection, classification, guidance, and improving learning.
Gordon Allport's theory of personality emphasized the uniqueness of each individual. He believed traits formed the basic building blocks of personality and developed from habits gained through experience. Allport defined personality as the dynamic organization within a person of psychophysical systems that determine their characteristic behaviors and thoughts. He saw both conscious and unconscious factors as influencing personality. The theory focused on traits, intentions, and the proprium (personal values and identity) to describe individual personalities. While influential, critics found the theory too philosophical and not empirically validated.
The document discusses different perspectives on the definition of intelligence from various psychologists and researchers. It defines intelligence as one's ability to understand the world, think rationally, use judgment, deal with situations, and use language to solve problems. It also describes intelligence as being an innate ability rather than something acquired through practice. Finally, it outlines different types of intelligence, including concrete, abstract, and social intelligence, as well as Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
This document provides an overview of the major schools of thought in psychology, including their key ideas and contributors. It discusses early schools like structuralism and functionalism, as well as behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, and Gestalt psychology. Each school made important contributions to the field of psychology and influenced approaches to education. While some schools have declined, elements of different approaches remain relevant today as psychologists often take an eclectic approach.
This document discusses various methods of assessing personality, including subjective, objective, and projective methods.
The subjective method involves self-reports like autobiographies, questionnaires, and inventories. The objective method uses observation, checklists, ratings scales, and performance/situational tests. Projective techniques include the Rorschach inkblot test, where subjects report what they perceive in inkblots, and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), where subjects generate stories based on ambiguous pictures. Specific tests discussed include Bell's Adjustment Inventory, case study method, sentence completion tests, and situational tests. The document concludes with precautions that should be taken when using psychological tests.
This document provides an overview of personality type and trait theories. It describes characteristics of personality such as being dynamic and unique. It discusses several type approaches to classifying personality including Hippocrates' typology of sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric types. Trait approaches are also covered, including Allport's, Cattell's, Eysenck's and the Five Factor Model. The document notes that interactional approaches view situational factors as also influencing personality. Videos are linked to further explain type and trait theories. Revision questions are provided at the end.
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligencesJanette Balagot
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence proposes three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical. Analytical intelligence involves planning, monitoring, and problem solving. Creative intelligence focuses on developing new ideas and solutions. Practical intelligence applies to selecting and shaping real-world environments. The theory also describes seven types of people based on their balance or imbalance of the three intelligences: The Analyzer, The Creator, The Practitioner, The Analytical Creator, The Analytical Practitioner, The Creative Practitioner, and The Consummate Balancer who achieves the optimal balance.
Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British and American psychologist known for describing behavior and developing theories of intelligence and personality. He proposed two types of general intelligence: fluid intelligence, which involves abstract reasoning and decreases with age, and crystallized intelligence, which involves learned skills and knowledge and increases with age. Cattell also developed theories of personality, including the Big Five personality traits of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Additionally, he proposed 16 primary personality factors and 5 global factors to comprehensively classify human personality. Cattell made major contributions through his extensive research and publication of over 500 articles and 50 books.
Type theories and trait theories are two major approaches to understanding personality. Type theories view personality as collections of traits that tend to occur together, while trait theories see traits as durable characteristics that consistently influence behavior across situations. Notable theorists who proposed type theories included Hippocrates, Kretschmer, Sheldon, and Jung. Trait theorists included Allport, Cattell, and Eysenck. Allport distinguished between common, personal, cardinal, and secondary traits. Cattell separated surface and source traits. Eysenck proposed the dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion.
This document discusses the definition and evolution of psychology. It provides several definitions of psychology from different perspectives over time:
1) Originally, psychology was defined as the science of the soul by Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle.
2) In the 18th-19th centuries, psychology was defined as the science of the mind, with thinkers like Descartes and Kant substituting "mind" for "soul".
3) In the late 19th century, psychologists like William James defined it as the science of consciousness, focusing on sensory experiences.
4) In the early 20th century, with theorists like Watson and Skinner, psychology became defined as the science of observable human behavior.
Raymond Cattell and John Horn proposed the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence in the 1960s. They argued that intelligence consists of two types: fluid intelligence (gf), which is innate problem-solving ability independent of knowledge, and crystallized intelligence (gc), which comes from experience and learning. Fluid intelligence involves abstract reasoning and declines with age, while crystallized intelligence involves acquired knowledge and can increase indefinitely through learning.
The Structure of Intellect (SOI) model was developed by J.P. Guilford as an assessment tool based on his Multiple Intelligence Theory. It measures 180 intellectual abilities using three dimensions: operations, contents, and products. This allows it to assess a wide range of learning abilities and identify giftedness or learning disabilities. While influential, the SOI model has been criticized for its statistical methods and lack of empirical support compared to models emphasizing general intelligence.
This document discusses the nature and measurement of intelligence. It defines intelligence as the ability to adjust thinking to new problems and environments. Intelligence consists of specific abilities like adaptability, reasoning, and judgment. Intelligence is determined by both heredity and environment. It is measured using individual verbal tests like the Stanford-Binet test and individual performance tests like the Wechsler scales. Group tests can measure intelligence verbally or through performance. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores classify intelligence levels based on mental age and chronological age.
The document discusses several theories of intelligence:
- Charles Spearman proposed a general intelligence factor (g) that underlies performance on all cognitive tasks.
- Louis Thurstone identified seven primary mental abilities rather than a general intelligence.
- Robert Sternberg described intelligence as involving analytical, creative, and practical abilities.
- Daniel Goleman's model of emotional intelligence focuses on self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.
The document also reviews intelligence testing approaches and factors that can influence measured intelligence.
The document discusses 12 major theories of intelligence:
1. Faculty theory which views intelligence as consisting of independent mental faculties.
2. One factor theory which reduces all abilities to a single general intelligence factor.
3. Spearman's two-factor theory comprising a general intelligence ("g") factor and specific factors.
4. Thorndike's multifactor theory which identified four attributes of intelligence.
5. Thurstone's primary mental abilities theory identifying six primary factors.
6. Guilford's structure of intellect model classifying intellectual tasks.
7. Vernon's hierarchical theory describing intelligence at varying levels of generality.
8. Cattell's fluid and crystallized theory distinguishing two types
This document discusses two cognitive consistency theories of attitude change: Heider's balance theory and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Heider's P-O-X model proposes that relationships between elements can be balanced or imbalanced, and people are motivated to achieve a balanced state. Festinger's theory suggests people have an inner drive for cognitive consistency and will seek to resolve inconsistencies, or dissonance, between attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. Dissonance can be reduced by changing an element or adding new cognitions. Both theories aim to explain how and why attitudes change over time to achieve consistency.
Intelligence can be defined and understood in several ways. It involves an individual's ability to adapt, reason, think rationally, and effectively deal with their environment. Intelligence is influenced by both inherent and environmental factors. It can be measured through intelligence quotients (IQ) and is classified in various categories including concrete, abstract, and emotional intelligence. Multiple theories of intelligence have been proposed, including unitary theories focusing on general intelligence and multifactor theories involving separate abilities like verbal, spatial, and mathematical skills. Overall, there are many aspects and factors that contribute to human intelligence.
Allport's personality Theory separates all traits into three basic subcategories: Cardinal, Central, and Secondary traits. This trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed of broad dispositions. It is also based mainly on differences between individuals. The combination and interaction of various traits form a personality that is unique to each individual, this theory focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics.
Sheldon developed a theory of personality types based on physical body types. He identified three main types - ectomorphs, mesomorphs, and endomorphs. Ectomorphs are thin and frail with little muscle mass or body fat. They tend to be shy and introverted. Mesomorphs have an athletic, muscular build. They are assertive, active, and competitive. Endomorphs have a wider frame and more body fat. They are sociable, relaxed, and enjoy food and comfort. Sheldon believed a person's body type correlated with their personality traits and temperament. Other theorists like Kretschmer and Hippocrates also developed systems classifying personality based on physical characteristics and temper
Unit 08 intelligence in educational psychologyDARSGHAH
This document discusses theories of intelligence and intelligence testing. It describes Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence comprising a general factor (G) and specific factors (S). It also summarizes Thurstone's group factor theory identifying seven primary mental abilities. The document outlines characteristics of intelligence tests and their uses, including selection, classification, guidance, and improving learning.
Gordon Allport's theory of personality emphasized the uniqueness of each individual. He believed traits formed the basic building blocks of personality and developed from habits gained through experience. Allport defined personality as the dynamic organization within a person of psychophysical systems that determine their characteristic behaviors and thoughts. He saw both conscious and unconscious factors as influencing personality. The theory focused on traits, intentions, and the proprium (personal values and identity) to describe individual personalities. While influential, critics found the theory too philosophical and not empirically validated.
The document discusses different perspectives on the definition of intelligence from various psychologists and researchers. It defines intelligence as one's ability to understand the world, think rationally, use judgment, deal with situations, and use language to solve problems. It also describes intelligence as being an innate ability rather than something acquired through practice. Finally, it outlines different types of intelligence, including concrete, abstract, and social intelligence, as well as Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
This document provides an overview of the major schools of thought in psychology, including their key ideas and contributors. It discusses early schools like structuralism and functionalism, as well as behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, and Gestalt psychology. Each school made important contributions to the field of psychology and influenced approaches to education. While some schools have declined, elements of different approaches remain relevant today as psychologists often take an eclectic approach.
This document discusses various methods of assessing personality, including subjective, objective, and projective methods.
The subjective method involves self-reports like autobiographies, questionnaires, and inventories. The objective method uses observation, checklists, ratings scales, and performance/situational tests. Projective techniques include the Rorschach inkblot test, where subjects report what they perceive in inkblots, and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), where subjects generate stories based on ambiguous pictures. Specific tests discussed include Bell's Adjustment Inventory, case study method, sentence completion tests, and situational tests. The document concludes with precautions that should be taken when using psychological tests.
This document provides an overview of personality type and trait theories. It describes characteristics of personality such as being dynamic and unique. It discusses several type approaches to classifying personality including Hippocrates' typology of sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric types. Trait approaches are also covered, including Allport's, Cattell's, Eysenck's and the Five Factor Model. The document notes that interactional approaches view situational factors as also influencing personality. Videos are linked to further explain type and trait theories. Revision questions are provided at the end.
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligencesJanette Balagot
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence proposes three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical. Analytical intelligence involves planning, monitoring, and problem solving. Creative intelligence focuses on developing new ideas and solutions. Practical intelligence applies to selecting and shaping real-world environments. The theory also describes seven types of people based on their balance or imbalance of the three intelligences: The Analyzer, The Creator, The Practitioner, The Analytical Creator, The Analytical Practitioner, The Creative Practitioner, and The Consummate Balancer who achieves the optimal balance.
Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British and American psychologist known for describing behavior and developing theories of intelligence and personality. He proposed two types of general intelligence: fluid intelligence, which involves abstract reasoning and decreases with age, and crystallized intelligence, which involves learned skills and knowledge and increases with age. Cattell also developed theories of personality, including the Big Five personality traits of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Additionally, he proposed 16 primary personality factors and 5 global factors to comprehensively classify human personality. Cattell made major contributions through his extensive research and publication of over 500 articles and 50 books.
Type theories and trait theories are two major approaches to understanding personality. Type theories view personality as collections of traits that tend to occur together, while trait theories see traits as durable characteristics that consistently influence behavior across situations. Notable theorists who proposed type theories included Hippocrates, Kretschmer, Sheldon, and Jung. Trait theorists included Allport, Cattell, and Eysenck. Allport distinguished between common, personal, cardinal, and secondary traits. Cattell separated surface and source traits. Eysenck proposed the dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion.
This document discusses several major approaches to studying personality:
1. Type approaches attempt to categorize people into personality types based on patterns of observable behavioral characteristics, body type, or temperament. Examples discussed include the theories of Hippocrates, Charak Samhita, Sheldon, and Jung.
2. Trait approaches focus on specific psychological attributes that individuals differ on, such as shyness or friendliness. Theories of Allport, Cattell, and Eysenck are reviewed.
3. Post-Freudian approaches expanded on Freud's psychodynamic theory, including the analytical psychology of Jung focusing on archetypes, Horney's emphasis on social/cultural influences, and
Personality is defined as a dynamic set of characteristics that uniquely influence a person's behaviors and interactions. There are several theories that attempt to categorize personality types or traits. Jung classified personalities as introverts or extraverts based on sociability, while Kretschmer categorized body types associated with personality characteristics. Trait theorists like Allport and Cattell studied habitual patterns of behavior and underlying personality structures. Developmental theorists like Freud, Adler, and Rogers examined how personality forms and evolves over one's life.
(Psychology) personality types in english by dr. kalimullah wardakKalimullah Wardak
Morphopsychology is a pseudo-scientific method of analyzing personality, mood, and health by interpreting facial features. It is different from physiognomy which broadly assesses character from appearance, and phrenology which analyzes skull shape. Morphopsychology claims to derive insights from facial morphology, but it is not considered a valid scientific approach.
Personality is defined as characteristic behaviors, cognitions, and emotions that develop from biological and environmental factors. There are many theories that attempt to explain personality, including trait-based theories and psychodynamic theories. The document discusses two main types of personality - Type A and Type B. Type A personalities are characterized as competitive, time-urgent, and hostile/aggressive, while Type B personalities are more relaxed, patient, and easygoing. The theory of Type A personality originated from research linking certain behavioral patterns to increased risk of heart disease. Empirical research found that Type A individuals were nearly twice as likely to develop heart disease compared to Type B individuals. However, the theory of Type A/B personalities has been criticized for
This document discusses the history and importance of psychology. It explains that psychology started as a philosophical discipline but emerged as a science in the late 19th century. It notes that psychology is now defined as the scientific study of the mind and behavior. The document also outlines some common misconceptions about psychology, such as the idea that psychologists can read minds or determine a person's character at a glance. It emphasizes that psychology is a systematic and empirical science dependent on measurement.
This document discusses theories of personality, including trait theories, type theories, and the five-factor model. Trait theories view personality characteristics on a continuum, while type theories view them as distinct categories. The five-factor model includes the traits of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Type A and Type B personality theories are also examined, with Type A individuals displaying aggressive, ambitious behaviors and Type B displaying more relaxed attitudes. The document provides background on the development of these theories.
This document provides an overview of several theories of personality, including:
- Behaviorist theory by B.F. Skinner, which proposes that personality is shaped by reinforcement and punishment from the environment.
- Humanistic theories developed in the 1950s that emphasize each individual's uniqueness and potential for self-actualization. Theorists discussed include Carl Rogers.
- Trait theory proposed by Gordon Allport, which views traits as the basic units of personality.
- Several assessment models and their key dimensions are also outlined, such as Raymond Cattell's 16 personality factors and Hans Eysenck's three dimensions of personality.
Personality in Psychology
An overview of Personality, Definition of Personality , Nature and Determinants of Personality , Types of Personality, Theories of Personality and Measurement of Personality
This document discusses factors that contribute to one's sense of self from philosophical and scientific perspectives. It outlines social, environmental, and hereditary influences on identity according to different viewpoints from fields like philosophy, psychology, biology and sociology. The document also examines how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted people's physical, social and mental health, and provides tips for maintaining wellness during challenging times.
Theories of personality, psychology, Characteristics Of Personality, Factors Influencing Personality Development, Purpose Of Personality Theories, Theories Of Personality’s Types, Jung's Personality Theory, Jung’s Eight Personality Types, Adler's Personality Theory, Adler's Psychological Types, GORDON ALLPORT’s TRAIT THEORIES, IN PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE, presentation,
Theories of personality, psychology, Characteristics Of Personality, Factors Influencing Personality Development, Purpose Of Personality Theories, Theories Of Personality’s Types, Jung's Personality Theory, Jung’s Eight Personality Types, Adler's Personality Theory, Adler's Psychological Types, GORDON ALLPORT’s TRAIT THEORIES, IN PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE, presentation,
The document discusses several theories of personality including:
- Jung's model which describes the dimensions of introversion vs extraversion. It also discusses intuition vs sensing and thinking vs feeling.
- Holland's RIASEC model which describes six personality types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.
- The Big Five model which identifies five broad personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
PPT 2 Type theories of Personality.pptxKirtiSejwal1
Hippocrates described four fundamental personality types - sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic - based on the balance of four bodily fluids. These types include tendencies like sanguine being social and extroverted, choleric being leaders, melancholic being deep thinkers, and phlegmatic being relaxed. In the 1940s, William Sheldon associated body types with temperaments, claiming fat people are relaxed, muscular people are active, and thin people are quiet. Modern science does not define a fixed relationship between personality and internal secretions, but some systems still use the Greek temperaments.
This document discusses various topics related to psychology and abnormal psychology. It defines key terms like psychology, criminal psychology, human behavior, and psychologists. It also outlines different schools of psychology like structuralism and functionalism. The document discusses factors that can contribute to abnormal behavior like biological, environmental, and social factors. It also summarizes different approaches to understanding abnormality like the medical, statistical, legal, and behavioral approaches. Major figures in the history of abnormal psychology are highlighted. The document also discusses concepts like stress, coping mechanisms, defense mechanisms, fear, and personality disorders.
Theories of Personality PRAXIDES,SARAH JANE.pptxMyraNeri1
In describing personality, we'll go through six different personality theories: psychoanalytic theory, humanistic theory, trait theory, social-cognitive theory, biological theory, and behaviorist theory.
This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality, including:
1. Type theories like Hippocrates' four temperaments and Jung's introvert/extrovert types.
2. Trait theories like Eysenck's three dimensions of personality and the "Big Five" model.
3. Allport's hierarchical trait theory categorizing traits as cardinal, central, and secondary.
4. Cattell's 16 personality factors identified through factor analysis of thousands of personality traits.
The document discusses key aspects of several influential personality theorists and debates around the concept of personality.
Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan is a professor of psychology from India who has published many research papers and books. He gave a presentation on cyber anxiety which refers to feelings of tension and worry related to using technology. Cyberchondria is excessive health anxiety from searching medical information online. Cyberphobia is an extreme fear of computers and technology. Common anxiety symptoms include physical signs like increased heart rate and sweating as well as worrying thoughts. Anxiety can also lead to depression, substance abuse, sleep issues and other problems if not managed properly. The causes and strategies for dealing with anxiety were discussed.
The document discusses the neuroscience of stress. It defines neuroscience as the study of the brain and nervous system, and defines stress as feelings of being overwhelmed. It then discusses how stress impacts the brain and behavior in several ways: it can impair memory, change the brain's structure by affecting gray and white matter, increase risk of mental illness, kill brain cells in the hippocampus, and shrink certain brain areas like the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The document also examines how stress affects several key neurotransmitters like catecholamines, GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, melatonin, and glutamate.
Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan PhD and Ms. Jothi are the founders of Yellow Pond counselling centre in Tamil Nadu, India. They are positive psychologists who have conducted training and webinars. The presentation discusses the neuroscience of memory, including the different types of memory like sensory memory, working memory, long term memory, explicit memory and implicit memory. It examines the areas of the brain involved in each memory system like the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum. The role of neurotransmitters and long term potentiation in memory formation is also covered.
One of the biggest challenge in front of the teachers is management of students behaviour in the classroom.
In this presentation we tried to make some points to the people who searching answer for the classroom management
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical test used to analyze differences between the means of three or more groups. There are two key elements of ANOVA - variation within groups and variation between groups. Types of ANOVA include one-way ANOVA, which compares the means of three or more independent groups, and two-way ANOVA, which estimates how a variable changes according to two categorical variables. Important terms related to ANOVA are means, F-statistics, sum of squares, mean squared error, hypotheses, and group variability.
Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan is presenting on Jacobson's Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique. Jacobson's technique involves tensing specific muscle groups for 5 seconds then relaxing them for 10 seconds, moving sequentially through the body. The technique aims to reduce muscle tension and anxiety by manipulating autonomic responses, increasing opiate production, and promoting immune function. The presentation provides instructions for practicing the technique moving through muscle groups from the feet to the facial muscles.
This document discusses measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating each measure. The mean is the average value and is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number of values. The median is the middle value when values are arranged in order. The mode is the value that occurs most frequently. The document discusses when each measure is most appropriate to use and provides examples of calculating the mean, median, and mode. It also covers the properties, merits, and demerits of each measure of central tendency.
This document provides an introduction to statistics in psychology. It discusses the origin of statistics, noting that the word comes from the Latin word for state. It then covers the history and development of statistics from the 1600s to present day. Key definitions of statistics are presented. The functions of statistics are listed as collection, classification, condensation, comparison, correlation, and causation. Descriptive and inferential statistics are introduced as the two main branches. Limitations and types of statistics are also briefly outlined.
1) Colour breathing is a mindfulness exercise where you breathe in a colour associated with positive feelings and breathe out a colour for stress or negative emotions.
2) The exercise involves relaxing your body, focusing on deep breathing, and visualizing colours entering and leaving your body on the inhale and exhale.
3) Different colours like blue, green, orange, and yellow are suggested for relaxation, healing, happiness, and concentration respectively when practicing colour breathing.
Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan is presenting on using guided imagery of a spaceship travel to develop mindfulness in children. Guided spaceship travel involves imagining getting on a spaceship and traveling to another planet where one explores peaceful scenes. Benefits include reducing stress, anxiety and improving sleep. It requires sitting comfortably and closing one's eyes to visualize the journey in detail for 15 minutes before returning home on the spaceship.
This document discusses promoting mental health among children and adolescents. It begins by introducing the presenter and their qualifications. It then provides statistics showing that 13% of adolescents have a diagnosed mental disorder and rates of child mental health crises and suicide are rising. Common stressors for children like exposure to violence, academic pressure, and internet addiction are discussed. The document advocates for developing children's cognitive and social-emotional skills. It provides strategies that parents can use to prioritize mental health, teach emotional regulation, problem-solving skills, and build mental strength in children. Key aspects of mental toughness and strength are defined.
Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan is a professor of psychology who specializes in psychometry, counseling, and psychotherapy. The document discusses tele counseling, which involves providing counseling services remotely using technologies like phone, video chat, or online messaging. Tele counseling can help increase access to mental healthcare by reducing barriers like transportation, privacy concerns, and stigma. However, it also faces challenges regarding client privacy, building rapport without in-person interaction, and legal/ethical issues of practicing across state lines. The document provides an overview of how tele counseling works, including obtaining consent, booking appointments, conducting sessions, and follow up care.
This document outlines various strategies for managing anxiety presented by Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan. It includes over 50 techniques across multiple slides:
- Deep breathing, muscle relaxation, mindfulness, exercise, and talking to friends are among the strategies discussed for managing physical anxiety symptoms and promoting relaxation.
- Cognitive techniques include challenging negative thoughts, limiting worry time, practicing positive self-talk, and cognitive restructuring.
- Other recommendations involve time management, getting sufficient sleep, seeking social support from friends or support groups, and lifestyle changes like healthy eating and reducing caffeine.
The document discusses the neuroscience of happiness. It defines neuroscience as the study of the brain and nervous system, and how they impact behavior and cognition. Happiness is defined as a state of joy, satisfaction and fulfillment characterized by more positive than negative feelings. The document explores the types of happiness and the reward circuit in the brain associated with experiences that promote happiness like social bonding, altruism and pleasure. It provides references for further reading on the topic.
1) Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan is a professor of psychology in India who specializes in psychometry and positive psychology.
2) Neuroscience research has found that feelings of gratitude are associated with increased activity in areas of the brain related to learning, decision making, and moral cognition such as the medial prefrontal cortex.
3) Gratitude may impact neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin which are linked to mood improvement and social bonding. Practicing gratitude has been shown to have mental and physical health benefits.
Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan and Dr. Veenavani are founders of Yellow Pond and other organizations focused on psychology and positive behavior. They presented on the neuroscience of mindfulness based on various studies. Mindfulness involves focusing attention on the present moment in an open and non-reactive way. Studies show mindfulness is associated with changes in brain regions involved in emotion regulation, memory, and self-awareness such as reduced amygdala activity and increased prefrontal cortex and hippocampus activity. A meta-analysis found consistent changes in 8 brain regions of experienced meditators.
This document provides information about working with difficult clients. It discusses common reasons why clients may be resistant to treatment, such as fear, manipulation, shame, and exhaustion. It also outlines categories of difficult cases, including challenges to a professional's skills or personality, unmatched expectations, and system issues. The document recommends focusing on building the therapeutic alliance, using self-awareness, and employing motivational enhancement techniques to address client resistance.
This document provides an overview of selecting appropriate statistics and tools for research. It discusses various types of statistical analysis including descriptive analysis, inferential analysis, differences analysis, association analysis, and predictive analysis. Descriptive analysis involves summarizing data through tables, graphs, and numerical measures of central tendency, variation, and distribution. Inferential analysis makes conclusions about a population based on a sample. Differences analysis examines whether two or more groups are the same or different. Association analysis looks at relationships between variables. Predictive analysis forecasts one variable based on others. The document also explains when to use parametric versus non-parametric statistics depending on factors like sample size, distribution, and scale of measurement.
Psychotherapy is a treatment approach for mental illnesses and disorders of behavior and mind. It involves talking therapies where a trained practitioner supports clients to modify their cognitions, emotions, and behaviors in desirable ways. Some key features of psychotherapy are that it provides a nonjudgmental and supportive environment for clients to discuss problems, explores more satisfactory ways of living, aims to facilitate effective and lasting changes, and involves interactions between the therapist and client that connect psychological theories to help improve client functioning.
Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan is presenting on the topic of introduction to psychotherapy. He has extensive qualifications and experience in the field of psychology. Psychotherapy involves treating mental illnesses and disorders through psychological methods such as talk therapy. It aims to help patients manage symptoms so they can function better. There are different types of psychotherapy based on theoretical approaches, and it can be delivered in individual, group or family settings. The goals of psychotherapy are to facilitate change, enhance well-being, and improve how patients relate to themselves and others.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. About the Presenters
● Dr.Suresh Kumar and Dr.Subasree Vanamali are
passionate Professors, Trainers and Positive
Mental Health Practitioners from Tamil Nadu, India
● At present they are Heading the PG Department of
Psychology respectively at Madras School of Social
Work, Chennai and The American College, Madurai
● They are very keen in learning new research
studies in behavioural Sciences and open to learn.
● Their ultimate aim is to make impression in the
field of Knowledge
● Their area of specializations are Positive
Psychology, counseling Psychology & Psychometry
etc
● They are the founders of TNCCA, Yellow Pond,
TNCPA
Yellow
Pond
3. Disclaimer
● This presentation is prepared
for learning purpose only and
anyone can use the content.
● All the images used in this
presentation are taken from
google image search.
● Due acknowledgement was
given to all the material
collected from the various
sources.
● Any name or reference is not
included kindly bring it to the
notice of the presenters for
inclusion.
● Email -
sureshkumar800@yahoo.com
Thank you
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4. ORIGIN
▪ The term personality is derived
from the Latin word “Persona”
which means “Mask”.
▪ The mask put on by the theatre
artist in ancient Rome theatre
to portray their characteristics
in a play.
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5. DEFINITION
G.W. Allport (1937), “Personality is the dynamic
organization within the individual of those psycho-physical
systems that determine his unique adjustment to the
environment.”
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6. PERSONALITY THEORIES
Personality
Type
1. Hippocrates
[Blood]
2. Sheldon
[Biological/
Somatotype]
3. Kretschmer [Hand]
4. C.Jung [Nature]
Trait
1. Allport [Cardinal,
Central & Secondary]
2. Cattell [16PF]
Type cum
Trait
Eysenck [NPE]
Psychoanalysis
1. Sigmund Freud [Id, Ego
& Superego]
2. Alfred Adler [Life Style]
3. Carl Jung [Personal &
Collective Unconscious]
Humanistic
Carl Roger
[Humanisti
c
Approach]
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8. TYPE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Type Theories of
Personality
Hippocrates
1. Sanguine
2. Melancholic
3. Choleric
4. Phlegmatic
Kretschmer
1. Pyknic Body Type
2. Asthenic Body type
3. Athletic Body Type
4. Dysplastic Body Type
Sheldon
1. Endomorph
2. Mesomorphic
3. Ectomorph
Carl Gustav
Jung
1. Extrovert
2. Introvert
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10. HIPPOCRATES
▪ The Father of Modern Medicine
▪ Hippocrates was born around 460 BC on the island of Kos,
Greece.
▪ He was regarded as the greatest physician of his time.
▪ He based his medical practice on observations and on the study
of the human body.
▪ He held the belief that illness had a physical and a rational
explanation.
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15. Sanguine Personality Type
● People with a sanguine personality type tend to be lively, optimistic, buoyant, and carefree.
● They love adventure and have high risk tolerance.
● Sanguine people are typically poor at tolerating boredom and will seek variety and
entertainment.
● Naturally, this trait can sometimes negatively affect their romantic and other relationships.
● Because this temperament is prone to pleasure-seeking behaviors, many people with
sanguine personalities are likely to struggle with addictions. Their constant cravings can
lead to overeating and weight problems.
● Sanguine people are very creative and can become great artists. Moreover, they are
fantastic entertainers and will do well if they choose careers in the entertainment industry.
Their natural abilities will also serve them well if they choose jobs related to
○ marketing,
○ travel,
○ fashion,
○ cooking,
○ or sports.
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16. CHOLERIC PERSONALITY TYPE
● Someone with a pure choleric temperament is usually a goal-oriented person.
● Choleric people are very savvy, analytical, and logical. Extremely practical and
straightforward, they aren’t necessarily good companions or particularly friendly.
● They dislike small talks and enjoy deep and meaningful conversations. They
would rather be alone than in the company of shallow, superficial people.
● Ideally, they want to spend time with people who have similar professional
interests.
● Ideal jobs for Cholerics are related to the following industries:
■ management;
■ technology;
■ statistics;
■ engineering;
■ programming;
■ business.
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17. PHLEGMATIC PERSONALITY TYPE
● Someone with a phlegmatic personality is usually a people person.
● They seek interpersonal harmony and close relationships, which makes phlegmatic
people loyal spouses and loving parents. They make it a point to preserve their
relationships with old friends, distant family members, and neighbors.
● People with phlegmatic temperaments tend to avoid conflict and always try to
mediate between others to restore peace and harmony.
● They are very much into charity and helping others. Ideal careers for phlegmatic
personality types should be related to
○ nursing;
○ teaching;
○ psychology or counseling;
○ child development;
○ or social services.
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18. MELANCHOLIC PERSONALITY TYPE
1. People with melancholic personalities love traditions. Women cook for men;
men open doors for women.
2. They love their families and friends and, unlike sanguine people, they do not
look for novelty and adventure. Even more so, they avoid it as much as they
can.
3. Someone with a melancholic temperament is unlikely to marry a foreigner or
leave their homeland for another country.
4. Melancholic people are very social and seek to contribute to the community.
Being extremely thorough and accurate, they are fantastic managers with good
personalities.
Perfect careers for melancholic personality type should be in:
▪ management;
▪ accounting;
▪ social work;
▪ or administration.
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19. RELATION OF VARIOUS FOUR
TEMPERAMENT THEORIES
Classical Element Adler Humor MBTI Carl Jung
Melancholic Earth Avoiding Blood ISTJ Thinker
Phlegmatic Water Getting Yellow Bile INFP Feeler
Sanguine Air Socially useful Phlegm ESFP Intuitor
Choleric Fire Ruling Black bile ENTJ Sensor
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22. WILLIAM HERBERT
SHELDON
● Born November 19, 1898, Warwick, Rhode Island,
U.S.
● Died September 16, 1977, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
● American psychologist and physician
● Who was best known for his theory associating
physique, personality, and delinquency.
● Sheldon attended the University of Chicago, where
he received a Ph.D. in psychology in 1926 and an
M.D. in 1933.
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34. ERNST
KRETSCHMER
● Born 8 October 1888 at
Wüstenrot
● Died 8 February 1964 (aged 75)
at Tübingen
● Nationality German
● Known for Typology and
Scientific career
● He is specialised in Psychiatry
● Institutions - Marburg University
38. ERNST KRETSCHMER’S
CLASSIFICATION
●German psychologist Kretschmer has attempted to correlate physique and character. From his
studies on mental patients, he found that certain body types are associated with particular types of
mental disorders. He has classified personalities into four types:
●a. Pyknic type:
●These are people who are short and having round body. They will have personality traits of
extraverts. These people are more prone to suffer from a mental disorder called Manic Depressive
Psychosis (MDP).
●b. Asthenic type:
●These people will have a slender or slim body. They will have the personality traits of introverts.
These people are more prone to suffer from a serious mental disorder called Schizophrenia.
●c. Athletic type:
●These people will have strong body. They are more energetic and aggressive. They will be strong
enough, determined, adventurous and balanced. They are comparable with ambiverts. They are
more prone to suffer from MDP.
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39. KRETSCHMER TYPOLOGY
●Kretschmer typology is a controversial classification of individuals
based on a “clear biological affinity” between specific physiques and
specific personality tendencies.
●According to this classification,
1. the short, stocky pyknic type tends to be jovial and subject to mood swings;
2. the frail asthenic type is likely to be introversive and sensitive;
3. the muscular athletic type is usually energetic and aggressive; and
4. the disproportioned dysplastic type presents a combination of traits but tends
toward the asthenic.
●These tendencies were attributed to endocrine secretions. [formulated
in the 1920s by German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer (1888–1964)]
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41. CARL JUNG
▪ Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss
psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
▪ Who founded analytical
psychology.
▪ Jung's work was influential in the
fields of psychiatry, anthropology,
archaeology, literature,
philosophy, and religious studies.
▪ Jung worked as a research
scientist at the famous Burghölzli
hospital, under Eugen Bleuler.
▪ Source - Wikipedia
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49. EXTROVERT - CAREERS
Extroverts are more like to enjoy careers which:
● Are people-oriented, i.e. tending to favour relationship maintenance and team
collaboration.
● Involve frequent interactions with varied sets of people.
● Have a dynamic work environment, i.e. some aspect of the daily tasks and environment
keeps changing.
● Involve coordination with large groups of people or teams.
● Are away from the predictable humdrum of daily life.
● Involve more action than thought.
● Have a work environment full of hustle bustle, action, chatter and activity, rather than
peace and quiet.
● Inspire them to make things happen and take the lead.
● Make best use of their networking and people skills.
● Allow them to work on a number of different things simultaneously.
● Allow them to explore and discover new ideas and things.
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50. INTROVERT - CAREERS
Introverts are more like to enjoy careers which:
● Are task-oriented, i.e. tending to favour task accomplishment rather than fulfilling
relationships.
● Allow them to spend time working alone in their independent space.
● Don’t involve quick results and targets, and gives them time to process, plan and think.
● Don’t involve too much social interaction, allowing time to replenish their energy.
● Allow them to introspect within and come up with ideas.
● Allow for change, but in small, infrequent dozes.
● Do not involve quick results and targets, as they take time to process things through
contemplation, analysis and planning.
● Have a “noise-free”, i.e. quiet and serene work-environment.
● Don’t require projects to be completed through team collaboration.
● Don’t involve field-work or meetings with new people at different locations.
● Don’t require frequent social activities such as meetings, parties, meetings, and
gatherings.
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53. GORDON ALLPORT
▪ Gordon Willard Allport (November
11, 1897 – October 9, 1967)
▪ Was an American psychologist.
▪ Allport was one of the first
psychologists to focus on the
study of the personality, and is
often referred to as one of the
founding figures of personality
psychology
▪ He emphasized the uniqueness of
each individual, and the
importance of the present context,
as opposed to past history, for
understanding the personality.
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54. ALLPORT
▪ Allport and Henry Odbert
worked through two of the most
comprehensive dictionaries of
the English language available
and extracted around 18,000
personality-describing
words. From this list they
reduced the number of words
to approximately 4,500
personality-describing
adjectives which they
considered to describe
observable and relatively
permanent personality traits.
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55. ALLPORT – TRAIT THEORIES
●Allport organized these traits into a hierarchy of three levels:
●Cardinal traits dominate and shape an individual’s behavior, such as Ebenezer Scrooge’s greed
or Mother Theresa’s altruism. They stand at the top of the hierarchy and are collectively known as
the individual’s master control. They are considered to be an individual’s ruling passions. Cardinal
traits are powerful, but few people have personalities dominated by a single trait. Instead, our
personalities are typically composed of multiple traits.
●Central traits come next in the hierarchy. These are general characteristics found in varying
degrees in every person (such as loyalty, kindness, agreeableness, friendliness, sneakiness,
wildness, or grouchiness). They are the basic building blocks that shape most of our behavior.
●Secondary traits exist at the bottom of the hierarchy and are not quite as obvious or consistent as
central traits. They are plentiful but are only present under specific circumstances; they include
things like preferences and attitudes. These secondary traits explain why a person may at times
exhibit behaviors that seem incongruent with their usual behaviors. For example, a friendly person
gets angry when people try to tickle him; another is not an anxious person but always feels nervous
speaking publicly.
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59. RAYMOND CATTELL
▪ Raymond Bernard Cattell was a
British and American psychologist,
known for his psychometric research
into intrapersonal psychological
structure. Wikipedia
▪ Born: 20 March 1905, West
Bromwich, United Kingdom
▪ Died: 2 February 1998, Honolulu,
Hawaii, United States
▪ Full name: Raymond Bernard Cattell
▪ Known for: 16PF Questionnaire, Fluid
and crystallized intelligence, Cattell
Culture Fair Intelligence Test
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60. RAYMOND CATTELL’S TRAIT THEORY
●Unlike Eysenck, Cattell based his theory on various sources rather than just self
reporting. Cattell’s trait theory has been built around the use of factor analysis, a
mathematical technique devised by Charles Spearman. With the use of factor analysis,
Cattell reviewed and categorized a large number of traits, seeking the most basic and
useful ones, and developed a scheme for classifying them.
●This brought down the Allport’s initial list of over 4000 words to 171 different traits. He
further identified the closely related terms and the final list was prepared of 16 basic
source traits. According to him, these are the base of all human personality.
●Cattell discovered that some traits are surface traits, easily visible to any observer, and
others are source traits, the underlying structures responsible for the surface traits.
1. Surface Traits – clusters of related behaviors observed in a given situation.
2. Source Traits – Sixteen basic dimensions of personality which are the roots of all
behavior.
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61. 16 PF
●1. Abstractedness: Imaginative versus
practical
●2. Apprehension: Worried versus confident
●3. Dominance: Forceful versus submissive
●4. Emotional Stability: Calm versus high-
strung
●5. Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained
●6. Openness to Change: Flexible versus
attached to the familiar
●7. Perfectionism: Controlled versus
undisciplined
●8. Privateness: Discreet versus open
●9. Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete
●10. Rule-Consciousness: Conforming versus
non-conforming
●11. Self-Reliance: Self-sufficient versus
dependent
●12. Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-
minded.
●13. Social Boldness: Uninhibited versus shy
●14. Tension: Inpatient versus relaxed
●15. Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting
●16. Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved
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65. HANS JÜRGEN EYSENCK
▪ Hans Jürgen Eysenck was a German-
born British psychologist who spent his
professional career in Great Britain. He
is best remembered for his work on
intelligence and personality, although
he worked on other issues within
psychology. Wikipedia
▪ Born: 4 March 1916, Berlin, Germany
▪ Died: 4 September 1997, London,
United Kingdom
▪ Full name: Hans Jürgen Eysenck
▪ Spouse: Sybil B. G. Eysenck (m. ?–
1997)
▪ Known for: Intelligence, Personality
psychology, MORE
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66. TYPE CUM TRAIT APPROACH
●HJ Eysenck identified the major components of personality as a
number of personality types.
●Each type is made up of a set of personality characteristics. For
example, people who fit Eysenck’s extroverts type are said to have
such characteristics as sociability, liveliness and excitability. Each of
these characteristics, according to Eysenck can be broken down into
certain habitual response.
●Pattern that habitual response patterns can be broken down further
into specific responses within specific situations. This progression
from broad, global types down to specific situation bound, responses
is what makes Eysenck’s approach a hierarchical theory.
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76. PSYCHOTICISM
●Psychoticism is one of the three traits used by the psychologist Hans
Eysenck in his P–E–N model (psychoticism, extraversion and
neuroticism) model of personality. Psychoticism is a personality
pattern typified by aggressiveness and interpersonal hostility.
●High levels of this trait were believed by Eysenck to be linked to
increased vulnerability to psychosis such as in schizophrenia. He also
believed in a genetic basis to the trait, suggesting that blood relatives
of psychotics would show high levels of psychoticism.
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77. PSYCHOTICISM - NATURE
●Psychoticism is conceptually similar to the constraint factor in
Tellegen's three-factor model of personality. Psychoticism may be
divided into narrower traits such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking.
These may in turn be further subdivided into even more specific traits.
For example, impulsivity may be divided into narrow impulsivity
(unthinking responsivity), risk taking, non-planning, and liveliness.
Sensation seeking has also been analysed into a number of separate
facets.
●Eysenck argued that there might be a correlation between
psychoticism and creativity.
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78. PSYCHOTICISM - CRITICISM
●Critics of the trait have suggested that the trait is too heterogeneous
to be taken as a single trait.
●Costa and McCrae believe that agreeableness and conscientiousness
(both of which represent low levels of psychoticism) need to be
distinguished in personality models.
●It has also been suggested that "psychoticism" may be a misnomer
and that "psychopathy" or "Impulsive Unsocialized Sensation Seeking"
would be better labels.
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79. PSYCHOTICISM – BIOLOGICAL BASES
▪ Psychoticism is believed to be associated with levels of dopamine.
▪ Other biological correlates of psychoticism include low
conditionability and low levels of monoamine oxidase; beta-
hydroxylase, cortisol, norepinephrine in cerebrospinal fluid also
appear relevant to psychoticism level.
▪ Eysenck's theoretical basis for the model was the theory of
Einheitspsychosen (unitary psychosis) of the nineteenth-century
German psychiatrist Heinrich Neumann.
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81. SIGMUND FREUD
▪ Sigmund Freud was an Austrian
neurologist and the founder of
psychoanalysis, a clinical method for
treating psychopathology through
dialogue between a patient and a
psychoanalyst. Freud was born to
Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian
town of Freiberg, in the Austrian
Empire. Wikipedia
▪ Born: 6 May 1856, Příbor, Czechia
▪ Died: 23 September 1939, Hampstead,
London, United Kingdom
▪ Children: Anna Freud, Ernst L. Freud,
Jean Martin Freud, Mathilde Freud,
Oliver Freud, Sophie Freud, Martin
Freud
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100. CARL GUSTAV JUNG
▪ Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss
psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who
founded analytical psychology. Jung's
work was influential in the fields of
psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology,
literature, philosophy, and religious
studies. Jung worked as a research
scientist at the famous Burghölzli
hospital, under Eugen Bleuler.
Wikipedia
▪ Born: 26 July 1875, Kesswil,
Switzerland
▪ Died: 6 June 1961, Küsnacht,
Switzerland
▪ Movies: Matter of Heart
▪ Influenced by: Sigmund Freud, Arthur
Schopenhauer, Otto Rank, MORE
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112. ALFRED ADLER
▪ Alfred Adler was an Austrian medical
doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of
the school of individual psychology. His
emphasis on the importance of feelings
of inferiority, the inferiority complex, is
recognized as an isolating element
which plays a key role in personality
development. Wikipedia
▪ Born: 7 February 1870, Rudolfsheim-
Fünfhaus, Vienna, Austria
▪ Died: 28 May 1937, Aberdeen, United
Kingdom
▪ Spouse(s): Raissa Epstein
▪ Known for: Individual psychology,
Superiority complex, Inferiority complex,
Style of life
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