This document discusses theories of intelligence and intelligence testing. It describes Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence comprising a general factor (G) and specific factors (S). It also summarizes Thurstone's group factor theory identifying seven primary mental abilities. The document outlines characteristics of intelligence tests and their uses, including selection, classification, guidance, and improving learning.

1. COURSE CODE:840
Educational Psychology
UNIT-8
INTELLIGENCE

2. INTELLIGENCE
• Intelligence is the ability to think, to learn
from experience, to solve problems, and to
adapt to new situations.
• Intelligence is important because it has an
impact on many human behaviours.
• “Intelligence is the ability to carry out
abstract thinking.” - Terman
• “Intelligence is the ability and capacity to
reason well, to judge knowledge interest and
resources of habits.”- Binet

3. Factors Influencing Intelligence
Heredity
Environment

8. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory
• The English psychologist, Charles Spearman (1863-1945), in
1904 proposed his theory of intelligence called two-factor
theory.
• According to him intellectual abilities are comprised of two
factors, namely;
• general ability known as G-factor and
• specific Abilities known as S-factors.

9. Cont…
• The performance by the individual is determined by
the G and the S-factors.
• The total intelligence of the individual is the sum
total of the G-factor and the S-factors.
• The performance of a particular task depends on the
‘G’ factor or general ability and the particular ‘S’
factor or specific ability.

10. CHARACTERISTICS
• Characteristics of ‘G’ Factor:
• It is universal inborn ability.
• It is general mental energy.
• It is constant.
• The amount of ‘g’ differs from individual to individual.
• It is used in every activity of life.
• Greater the ‘g’ in an individual, greater is his success in life.
Characteristics of ‘S’ Factor:
• It is learned and acquired in the environment.
• It varies from activity to activity in the same individual.
• Individuals differ in the amount of ‘S’ ability.

12. THURSTON’S GROUP FACTOR THEORY
• Louis Leon Thurstone (29 May 1887 – 30
September 1955) was a U.S. pioneer in the
fields of psychometrics and psychophysics.
• Louis Thurston came out with the group factor
theory (1937) saying that Intelligence is a
cluster of abilities.
• These mental operations then constitute a
group.
• He pointed out that there were Seven Primary
Mental Abilities and later on added two more.

13. Primary Mental Abilities
• Verbal comprehension Factor
• Verbal fluency Factor
• Numerical Factor
• Perceptual speed Factor
• Inductive reasoning Factor
• Spatial visualization Factor
• Memory Factor
• Deductive Reasoning (P)
• Problem solving ability factor (PS)

14. PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES
1.Verbal comprehension Factor
• This factor involves a person’s ability to
understand verbal material.
• It is measured by tests such as vocabulary and
reading comprehension.
2. Verbal fluency Factor
• This ability is involved in rapidly producing words,
sentences, and other verbal material.
• It is measured by tests such as one that requires
the examinee to produce as many words as
possible beginning with a particular letter in a
short amount of time.

15. Cont..
3. Numerical Factor
• This ability is involved in rapid arithmetic
computation and in solving simple arithmetic
word problems.
4. Perceptual speed Factor
• This ability is involved in proof reading and in rapid
recognition of letters and numbers.
• It is measured by tests such as those requiring the
crossing out of As in a long string of letters or in
tests requiring recognition of which of several
pictures at the right is identical to the picture at
the left.

16. Cont..
5. Inductive reasoning Factor
• This ability requires generalization—reasoning from
the specific to the general.
• It is measured by tests, such as letter series, number
series, and word classifications, in which the
examinee must indicate which of several words does
not belong with the others.

17. Cont..
6. Spatial visualization Factor
• This ability is involved in visualizing shapes, rotations
of objects, and how pieces of a puzzle fit together.
• An example of a test would be the presentation of a
geometric form followed by several other geometric
forms.
• Each of the forms that follows the first is either the
same rotated by some rigid transformation or the
mirror image of the first form in rotation.
• The examinee has to indicate which of the forms at
the right is a rotated version of the form at the left,
rather than a mirror image.

18. Cont..
7. Memory Factor
• It means the ability to recall and associate previously
learned items effectively or memorize quickly.
8. Deductive Reasoning
• Ability to use the generalized results correctly
9. Problem solving ability factor
• Ability to solve problem independently.

19. APTITUDE TEST
• Aptitude test is the examination that attempts
to determine and measure a person’s ability to
acquire, through future training, some specific
set of skills (intellectual, motor, and so on).
• The tests assume that people differ in their
special abilities and that these differences can
be useful in predicting future achievements.

20. WHAT IS THE VALUE OF APTITUDE TESTING?
• They are excellent predictors of future scholastic
achievement.
• They provide ways of comparing a child's performance
with that of other children in the same situation.
• They provide a profile of strengths and weaknesses.
• They assess differences among individuals .
• They have uncovered hidden talents in some children,
thus improving their educational opportunities.
• They are valuable tools for working with handicapped
children.

21. • Group aptitude tests---quick and inexpensive.
• Aptitude tests are valuable in making program and
curricula decisions.
Usage in Personnel Selection
• Instructional
• Guidance
• Occupational Purpose

22. ALFRED BINET
• Alfred Binet, (Born: July 8, 1857, Nice, France
• Died: October 18, 1911, Paris, France) was a French
psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test,
the Binet–Simon test.
• He worked with Simon to devise intelligence tests,
the first of which was introduced in 1905, known as
the Binet-Simon Scale.
• The test went through several revisions and was
republished in 1908.

23. • The Binet-Simon Scale was designed to address the
cognitive abilities of children ranging in age from 3–
13.
• The test consisted of 30 different questions or tasks
of increasing difficulty.
• The goal of the test was to assign a child a mental
age based upon the average performance of children
at each age.

24. The Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
• The Binet‐Simon intelligence scale, developed by French
psychologists Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, was
administered to children to evaluate their performance (
mental age) at a given chronological age.
• On the basis of the Binet test, children were assigned a
score relating to their mental age, the age for which a
given level of performance is average or typical.
• For example, if the average 8-year-old answered, say, 45
items correctly on a test, anyone who answered 45
items correctly would be assigned a mental age of 8
years.
• Consequently, whether the person taking the test was
20 years old or 5 years old, he or she would have the
same mental age of 8 years.

25. BINET TEST
• What is the Stanford-Binet test?
• The Stanford-Binet test is a examination meant to
gauge intelligence through five factors of cognitive
ability.
• These five factors include fluid reasoning,
knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial
processing and working memory.
• Both verbal and nonverbal responses are measured.
• Each of the five factors is given a weight and the
combined score is often reduced to a ratio known
commonly as the intelligence quotient, or IQ.

26. STANFORD‐ BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE
• Lewis Madison Terman (January 15, 1877 – December 21,
1956) was an American psychologist and author. He was
noted as a pioneer in educational psychology in the early 20th
century at the Stanford Graduate School of Education.
• He is best known for his revision of the Stanford–Binet
Intelligence Scales and for initiating the longitudinal study of
children with high IQs called the Genetic Studies of Genius.
• He revised the Binet scale in 1916.
• The revised scale, called the Stanford‐ Binet intelligence scale,
although it retained the concept of mental and chronological
ages, introduced the concept of the intelligence quotient (IQ)
arrived at by the following widely used formula, which allows
comparison between children of different ages.

30. DIFFERENTIAL APTITUDE TEST
BATTERY
• The Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT) is a
multiple aptitude test battery designed to
measure Grades 7-12 students' and some
adults' ability to learn or to succeed in
selected areas.

32. • Determination to succeed
enthusiasm and
confidence energy
• To work long hours to
achieve objectives
• Determination to identify
and find solution to a
problem
• Loyalty, and honesty
• Creativity and
Inventiveness
• Team spirit
• Ability to persuade and
motivate others
• Leadership ability
• To help others succeed
• Empathy
• Forward planning
• Refusal to accept defeat
• Intrapersonal skills
• Interpersonal skill
Remember aptitude tests do not measure many other qualities
that are vital in successful careers such as,

33. INTELLIGENCE TESTS
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATION
• Intelligence tests are commonly used today as part of
an assessment battery;
• to help determine if children or adults have cognitive
delays, learning disabilities, developmental delays, or
are considered gifted.
• Intelligence tests are also used in some job settings
as part of the application process.
• Since intelligence testing can be used to help identify
various disabilities and delays, it is used in both
clinical and school settings.

34. Intelligence Testing in School Settings
• Intelligence testing is most commonly used in school
settings.
• Intelligence testing can be used in the schools by
qualified individuals to help determine if a student
has a specific learning disability, a developmental
delay, or a cognitive delay.
• In most schools, the individual that is qualified to
administer and interpret intelligence tests is the
school psychologist.

35. Cont..
• The intelligence test provides a full scale intelligence
quotient score with the average being 100.
• In this situation, IQ is evaluated because it is a strong
indicator of how a student is expected to perform
academically.
• Any score above 90 on an IQ test would indicate that
the student is expected to perform as well as his or
her peers.
• The student is also given an achievement test which
measures their ability on academic material like
reading, writing and math.

36. USES OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS
1. Use in selection
• Results of intelligence tests can be used for selection of suitable
candidates for training in educational and professional skills such
as admission to special courses, selection of the trainees, etc.
2. Use in classification
• Intelligence tests help in classifying individuals according to their
mental makeup, e.g. in schools, teachers responsibility is to
classify the students in his class as backward, average, bright or
gifted, and thus arrange for homogenous grouping to provide
proper educational opportunities.

37. Cont..
• 3. Use in assessment for promotion
• The results of intelligence tests along with the
achievement tests can be successfully used for
promotion of students to the next higher grades
of classes.
• 4. Use in provision of guidance
• The results of intelligence tests may be
successfully used in providing training to teachers
and for personnel guidance.
• 5. Use for improving the learning process
• Results of the intelligence testing may prove
helpful to teachers to plan the teaching-learning
skills.

38. Cont…
• 6. Use for diagnosis
• The other use relates with its capacity to diagnose,
distinguish and discriminate the differences in the
mental functioning of individuals.
• 7. Use in research work
• The intelligence tests can be used in carrying out
research in the field of education, psychology and
sociology with different age groups for
generalization.