This document summarizes key concepts about evolution including Lamarck's theory, Darwin's theory, natural selection, and evidence of evolution. It discusses how Lamarck believed that acquired characteristics could be inherited, while Darwin proposed that gradual changes over generations through natural selection could lead to new species. The document uses examples like giraffes' long necks and Darwin's observations of finches on the Galapagos Islands to illustrate these concepts. It establishes that evolution means all life is descended from common ancestors and has diversified over billions of years through natural selection.

1. Evolution
Submitted By:
Zainab Batool
Bs 7th E01 F21
SESSION 2021-2023
Submitted To:
Prof. Dr. M Akbar Khan
Principles Of Paleontology
Institute Of
Zoology
University Of
Punjab

2. Content
Evolution
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Natural Selection
Artificial Selection
Evidence of Evolution
Misconceptions

3. What is Evolution
• It means that all living things on Earth are descended from a
common ancestor.
• The great diversity of organisms is the result of more than 3.5
billion years of evolution that has filled every available niche
with life forms.
• The millions of different species of plants, animals, and
micro-organisms that live on Earth today are related by
descent from common ancestors.

4. BILL NYE
Evolution is the
fundamental idea in all
of life science–in all of Biology

5. Lamarck's Theory
Organisms constantly strive to improve themselves
by changing.
Changes are adaptations to environment acquired
in an organism's lifetime.
A structure is modified or changed by use or
disuse.
The modification is inherited to the offspring.
Inheritance of acquired characteristics.

6. Lamarck’s View
The Development of long
necks in giraffes is an example of
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution.
“Giraffes got their long necks by
striving to reach the leaves on the
tops of trees, so their babies were
born with long necks”

7. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
He was an English Naturalist.
He travelled around the world
on his ship, the Beagle.
Studied species and fossils in
the Galapagos Islands and
around the world.
Why did some species survive
while others became extinct?
Natural selection Published
The Origin of Species in1859

8. Darwin’s Theory
Darwin's theory of evolution has four main parts:
Organisms have changed over time, and the ones
living today are different from those that lived in the
past.
 Change is gradual and slow, taking place over a
long time. This was supported by the fossil record.
 All organisms come from common ancestors by a
process of branching.
The mechanism of evolutionary change is natural
selection.

9. On The Galapagos Islands
 He studied different species of finches and the
slight variations in their beaks-
He noticed that the shapes of tortoise shells also
varied slightly from island to island.
He found fossils of animals that had recently
become extinct.
He kept a journal and collected fossils and
specimens for further study.

10. Darwin’s Finches
These are some of the finches that
Darwin studied on his voyage.
Though they are all finches, their
beaks distinguish them from one
another
Some finches developed short,
strong beaks that made it possible
for them to crack nuts.
 Some developed long, fine beaks to
reach insect larvae in tiny holes
 This is an example of how these
finches adapted to their environment
to survive (natural selection)

11. Natural Selection