Fractional rate converters which are generally used for many applications with different frequencies
and are an essential part of communication systems. In this paper fractional rate converter with use of both
FIR and Nyquist FIR have been compared and analyzed. Its implementation can be easily found in the
developing communication systems, but here results are taken for audio applications. The proposed design and
analysis have been developed with the help of MATLAB with order 50 for FIR and 71 for Nyquist, sampling
frequency 48000Hz. The filters are then interpolated by an interpolation factor 2 and decimated by a decimation
factor of 3. The cost implementation of both has been taken into consideration and a result is drawn which
concludes that fractional rate converter for Nyquist FIR filter much more cost effective as compared to the
fractional rate converter for FIR filter
Performance Analysis and Simulation of Decimator for Multirate ApplicationsIJEEE
In this paper, a decimator design has been presented for multirate digital signal processing. The decimator design has been analysed and simulated for performance comparison in terms of filter order and ripple factor. Direct form-I with decimation factor 2 have been used for performance and ripple analysis. The decimators have been designed & simulated using MATLAB. It can be observed from the simulated results that as we increase the filter order, ripple factor decreases, for the same filter structure. On the other hand, increasing filter order will increase its area and implementation cost.
Real-Time Active Noise Cancellation with Simulink and Data Acquisition ToolboxIDES Editor
This paper presents the feasibility of implementing
single channel negative feedback Active Noise Cancellation
technique using adaptive filters in Real-time environment[1].
In order to establish the suitability and credibility of LMS
Algorithm for adaptive filtering in real world scenario, its
efficiency was tested beyond system based ideal simulations.
Within the MATLAB® software environment two different
methods were used to perform Real-time ANC namely
Simulink® and Data Acquisition ToolboxTM. Human voice is
used as test signal. For processing and performing adaptive
filtering, Block LMS Filter was utilised in Simulink and Error
Normalised Step Size algorithm was used in between input
and output of Signals by DAQ (Data Acquisition) toolbox
interface. A general method of using DAQ commands has been
employed which also allows for almost any kind of complex
real-time audio processing and is quite easy to follow.
Performance Analysis and Simulation of Decimator for Multirate ApplicationsIJEEE
In this paper, a decimator design has been presented for multirate digital signal processing. The decimator design has been analysed and simulated for performance comparison in terms of filter order and ripple factor. Direct form-I with decimation factor 2 have been used for performance and ripple analysis. The decimators have been designed & simulated using MATLAB. It can be observed from the simulated results that as we increase the filter order, ripple factor decreases, for the same filter structure. On the other hand, increasing filter order will increase its area and implementation cost.
Real-Time Active Noise Cancellation with Simulink and Data Acquisition ToolboxIDES Editor
This paper presents the feasibility of implementing
single channel negative feedback Active Noise Cancellation
technique using adaptive filters in Real-time environment[1].
In order to establish the suitability and credibility of LMS
Algorithm for adaptive filtering in real world scenario, its
efficiency was tested beyond system based ideal simulations.
Within the MATLAB® software environment two different
methods were used to perform Real-time ANC namely
Simulink® and Data Acquisition ToolboxTM. Human voice is
used as test signal. For processing and performing adaptive
filtering, Block LMS Filter was utilised in Simulink and Error
Normalised Step Size algorithm was used in between input
and output of Signals by DAQ (Data Acquisition) toolbox
interface. A general method of using DAQ commands has been
employed which also allows for almost any kind of complex
real-time audio processing and is quite easy to follow.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of different FIR Filter Design Method in terms of Resource Utilizati...ijsrd.com
In this paper fully parallel FIR filters are designed with different design method on FPGA for resource utilization and response analysis. fully parallel band-pass FIR filters with same specification designed and simulated on ISE. The suggested implementations are synthesized with Xilinx ISE 14.2 version. Results show comparison of three different filter design methods in terms of resource utilization.
Performance Analysis of Acoustic Echo Cancellation TechniquesIJERA Editor
Mainly, the adaptive filters are implemented in time domain which works efficiently in most of the applications. But in many applications the impulse response becomes too large, which increases the complexity of the adaptive filter beyond a level where it can no longer be implemented efficiently in time domain. An example of where this can happen would be acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) applications. So, there exists an alternative solution i.e. to implement the filters in frequency domain. AEC has so many applications in wide variety of problems in industrial operations, manufacturing and consumer products. Here in this paper, a comparative analysis of different acoustic echo cancellation techniques i.e. Frequency domain adaptive filter (FDAF), Least mean square (LMS), Normalized least mean square (NLMS) &Sign error (SE) is presented. The results are compared with different values of step sizes and the performance of these techniques is measured in terms of Error rate loss enhancement (ERLE), Mean square error (MSE)& Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR).
LMS Adaptive Filters for Noise Cancellation: A Review IJECEIAES
This paper reviews the past and the recent research on Adaptive Filter algorithms based on adaptive noise cancellation systems. In many applications of noise cancellation, the change in signal characteristics could be quite fast which requires the utilization of adaptive algorithms that converge rapidly. Algorithms such as LMS and RLS proves to be vital in the noise cancellation are reviewed including principle and recent modifications to increase the convergence rate and reduce the computational complexity for future implementation. The purpose of this paper is not only to discuss various noise cancellation LMS algorithms but also to provide the reader with an overview of the research conducted.
Dwpt Based FFT and Its Application to SNR Estimation in OFDM SystemsCSCJournals
In this paper, wavelet packet (WP) based FFT and its application to SNR estimation is proposed. OFDM systems demodulate data using FFT. The proposed solution computes the exact FFT using WP and its computational complexity is of the same order as FFT, i.e. O (Nlog2 N). SNR estimation is done inside wavelet packet based FFT block unlike previous SNR estimations techniques which perform SNR estimation after FFT. Wavelet packet analyzed data is used to perform SNR estimation in colored noise. The proposed estimator takes into consideration the different noise power levels of the colored noise over the OFDM sub-carriers. The OFDM band is divided into several sub-bands using wavelet packet and noise in each sub-band is considered white. The second-order statistics of the transmitted OFDM preamble are calculated in each sub-band and the power noise is estimated. The proposed estimator is compared with Reddy’s estimator for colored noise in terms of mean squared error (MSE).
Digital signal processing by YEASIN NEWAJYeasinNewaj
Signal
Digital Signal
Discrete Time Signal
Visual of Discrete Time Signal with Examples
Representation of Discrete Time Signal
Classification of Discrete Time Signal
Manipulation of Discrete Time Signal
System
Block Diagram
Delay Elements
Recursive System
Static and Dynamic System
Convolution
Correlation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of different FIR Filter Design Method in terms of Resource Utilizati...ijsrd.com
In this paper fully parallel FIR filters are designed with different design method on FPGA for resource utilization and response analysis. fully parallel band-pass FIR filters with same specification designed and simulated on ISE. The suggested implementations are synthesized with Xilinx ISE 14.2 version. Results show comparison of three different filter design methods in terms of resource utilization.
Performance Analysis of Acoustic Echo Cancellation TechniquesIJERA Editor
Mainly, the adaptive filters are implemented in time domain which works efficiently in most of the applications. But in many applications the impulse response becomes too large, which increases the complexity of the adaptive filter beyond a level where it can no longer be implemented efficiently in time domain. An example of where this can happen would be acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) applications. So, there exists an alternative solution i.e. to implement the filters in frequency domain. AEC has so many applications in wide variety of problems in industrial operations, manufacturing and consumer products. Here in this paper, a comparative analysis of different acoustic echo cancellation techniques i.e. Frequency domain adaptive filter (FDAF), Least mean square (LMS), Normalized least mean square (NLMS) &Sign error (SE) is presented. The results are compared with different values of step sizes and the performance of these techniques is measured in terms of Error rate loss enhancement (ERLE), Mean square error (MSE)& Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR).
LMS Adaptive Filters for Noise Cancellation: A Review IJECEIAES
This paper reviews the past and the recent research on Adaptive Filter algorithms based on adaptive noise cancellation systems. In many applications of noise cancellation, the change in signal characteristics could be quite fast which requires the utilization of adaptive algorithms that converge rapidly. Algorithms such as LMS and RLS proves to be vital in the noise cancellation are reviewed including principle and recent modifications to increase the convergence rate and reduce the computational complexity for future implementation. The purpose of this paper is not only to discuss various noise cancellation LMS algorithms but also to provide the reader with an overview of the research conducted.
Dwpt Based FFT and Its Application to SNR Estimation in OFDM SystemsCSCJournals
In this paper, wavelet packet (WP) based FFT and its application to SNR estimation is proposed. OFDM systems demodulate data using FFT. The proposed solution computes the exact FFT using WP and its computational complexity is of the same order as FFT, i.e. O (Nlog2 N). SNR estimation is done inside wavelet packet based FFT block unlike previous SNR estimations techniques which perform SNR estimation after FFT. Wavelet packet analyzed data is used to perform SNR estimation in colored noise. The proposed estimator takes into consideration the different noise power levels of the colored noise over the OFDM sub-carriers. The OFDM band is divided into several sub-bands using wavelet packet and noise in each sub-band is considered white. The second-order statistics of the transmitted OFDM preamble are calculated in each sub-band and the power noise is estimated. The proposed estimator is compared with Reddy’s estimator for colored noise in terms of mean squared error (MSE).
Digital signal processing by YEASIN NEWAJYeasinNewaj
Signal
Digital Signal
Discrete Time Signal
Visual of Discrete Time Signal with Examples
Representation of Discrete Time Signal
Classification of Discrete Time Signal
Manipulation of Discrete Time Signal
System
Block Diagram
Delay Elements
Recursive System
Static and Dynamic System
Convolution
Correlation
Orchids reflects a very unique design and concept that truly helps life bloom in all its splendor. Designed to be a green,smart and visually appealing residential space that will be home to 167 luxury apartments, it will also be an IGBC Gold rated Green project offering 2,3,4 BHK apartments and Pent house options. A very expansive, feature rich Club house will make Orchids a sought after residential abode for the discerning few.
The spacious, open-plan apartments with large floor to lintel height corner windows, facing planted verandahs differentiate Orchids from other regular offerings, allowing unhindered views and generous light and air to the residents.
The park that runs the entire length of site, allowing tall tree planting forms a green reserve and buffer from the upcoming busy road. There is also a promenade that will be developed, linking the 3 access cores of the three blocks and guiding the user from the main reception lobby, offering a constant view of this front park. A variety of enclosed, open and semi-open recreational spaces will form points of interest along this path.
SASI, Cassandra on the full text search ride - DuyHai Doan - Codemotion Amste...Codemotion
Apache Cassandra is a scalable database with high availability features. But they come with severe limitations in term of querying capabilities. Since the introduction of SASI in Cassandra 3.4, the limitations belong to the pass. Now you can create performant indices on your columns as well as benefit from **full text search** capabilities with the introduction of the new `LIKE %term%` syntax. To illustrate how SASI works, we'll use a database of 100 000 albums and artists. We'll also show how SASI can help to accelerate analytics scenarios with Spark using SparkSQL predicate-pushdown
A framing analysis of newspaper coverage of genetically modified crops in KenyaTezira Lore
This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Agricultural & Food Information on 16 April 2013, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/10496505.2013.774277
To cite this article: Tezira A. Lore , Jasper K. Imungi & Kamau Mubuu (2013): A Framing Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Genetically Modified Crops in Kenya, Journal of Agricultural & Food Information, 14:2, 132-150
Data Compression using Multiple Transformation Techniques for Audio Applicati...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation Cost Analysis of the Interpolator for the Wimax Technologyiosrjce
The design of the multirate filter (programmable) has been proposed which can be used in digital
transceivers that meets 802.16d/e (wimax) standard in the wireless communication system. Wimax is a
technology emerging in the wireless communication system in order to increase the broadband wireless internet
access. As there is wide spread need of the digital representation of the signal for the transmission and storage
which create the challenges in DSP [1]. In this paper, analysis of the implementation cost of interpolator for the
wimax technology, and cost of interpolator is analyzed on the basis of number of adders and multiplier. The
Filters are designed using the FDA (filters design and analysis) tool in MATLAB.
Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given retGive Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given retGive Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given retGive Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all students
Its honorable request for given Give Me the proper retort for Use full
It can be very essential for all stude
Intersymbol interference caused by multipath in band limited frequency selective time dispersive channels distorts the transmitted signal, causing bit error at receiver. ISI is the major obstacle to high speed data transmission over wireless channels. Channel estimation is a technique used to combat the intersymbol interference. The objective of this paper is to improve channel estimation accuracy in MIMO-OFDM system by using modified variable step size leaky Least Mean Square (MVSSLLMS) algorithm proposed for MIMO OFDM System. So we are going to analyze Bit Error Rate for different signal to noise ratio, also compare the proposed scheme with standard LMS channel estimation method.
Adaptive Digital Filter Design for Linear Noise Cancellation Using Neural Net...iosrjce
Noise is the most serious issue in the filters and adaptive filters are subjected to this unwanted
component. This paper deals with the problem of the adaptive noise and various adaptive algorithms functions
which when implemented practically shows that the noise is cancelled or removed by the neural network
approach using the exact random basis function. The adaptive filters are used to control the noise and it has a
linear input and output characteristics. This approach is done so as to get the minimum possible error so that to
obtain the error free desired signal. The designed filter will reduce this noise from measured signal by a
reference signal which is highly correlated with the noise signal. This approach gives excellent result for this
signal processing technique that removes or eliminates the linear noise from the different functions. The
simulation results are also mentioned so as to gives a vivid idea of reduced noise using neural networks
algorithm.
ENERGY EFFICIENT OPTIMUM SAMPLING RATE FOR ANALOGUE SIGNALS WITH EXTREMELY WI...ijwmn
The natural signals are mostly analogue in nature, but because of the benefits of digital processing of these
signals: flexibility, accuracy, storage and low cost; processing these signals digitally is often preferred.
But the existing analogues to digital converters are efficient in processing signals with small to medium
bandwidths, but inefficient for signals with large bandwidths. The real-time processing of these signals
with large bandwidths are done analogically or optically at the cost of the aforementioned advantages of
digital processing of these signals. This paper is aimed at solving the real-time challenge of processing
these extremely wide bandwidth signals digitally using a compressive sensing (CS) algorithm, with specific
detail on the ways the application of CS will enhance the energy efficiency of wireless communication
devices. Consequently, determine the throughput at which the use of CS is energy efficient for wireless
devices using energy-efficient compressive sensing throughput (EECST) model. The simulation results
show that the throughput requirements for introducing CS in any machine to machine (M2M) / internet of
things (IoT) communication application to be energy efficient are minimum of 54bits per second and 317
bits per second when the required number of clock cycles for performing various device applications is
20,000 and 50000 respectively.
Energy Efficient Optimum Sampling Rate for Analogue Signals with Extremely Wi...ijwmn
The natural signals are mostly analogue in nature, but because of the benefits of digital processing of these
signals: flexibility, accuracy, storage and low cost; processing these signals digitally is often preferred.
But the existing analogues to digital converters are efficient in processing signals with small to medium
bandwidths, but inefficient for signals with large bandwidths. The real-time processing of these signals
with large bandwidths are done analogically or optically at the cost of the aforementioned advantages of
digital processing of these signals. This paper is aimed at solving the real-time challenge of processing
these extremely wide bandwidth signals digitally using a compressive sensing (CS) algorithm, with specific
detail on the ways the application of CS will enhance the energy efficiency of wireless communication
devices. Consequently, determine the throughput at which the use of CS is energy efficient for wireless
devices using energy-efficient compressive sensing throughput (EECST) model. The simulation results
show that the throughput requirements for introducing CS in any machine to machine (M2M) / internet of
things (IoT) communication application to be energy efficient are minimum of 54bits per second and 317
bits per second when the required number of clock cycles for performing various device applications is
20,000 and 50000 respectively.
For ease of analog or digital information transmission and reception, modulation is the foremost important technique. In the present project, we’ll discuss about different modulation scheme in digital mode done by operating a switch/ key by the digital data. As we know, by modifying basic three parameters of the carrier signal, three basic modulation schemes can be obtained; generation and detection of these three modulations are discussed and compared with respect to probability of error or bit error rate (BER).
The application wavelet transform algorithm in testing adc effective number o...ijcsit
In evaluating Analog to Digital Convertors, many parameters are checked for performance and error rate.
One of these parameters is the device Effective Number of Bits. In classical testing of Effective Number of
Bits, testing is based on signal to noise components ratio (SNR), whose coefficients are driven via
frequency domain (Fourier Transform) of ADC’s output signal. Such a technique is extremely sensitive to
noise and require large number of data samples. That is, longer and more complex testing process as the
device under test increases in resolutions. Meanwhile, a new time – frequency domain approach (known as
Wavelet transform) is proposed to measure and analyze Analog-to-Digital Converters parameter of
Effective Number of Bits with less complexity and fewer data samples.
Suppression of noise in noisy speech signal is required in many speech enhancement applications like signal recording and transmission from one place to other. In this paper a novel single line noise cancellation system is proposed using derivative of normalized least mean spare algorithm. The proposed system has two phases. The first phase is generation of secondary reference signal from incoming primary signal itself at initial silence period and pause between two words, which is essential while adaptive filter using as noise canceller. Second phase is noise cancellation using proposed modified error data normalized step size (EDNSS) algorithm. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm and original EDNSS algorithm using standard IEEE sentence (SP23) of Noizeus data base with different types of real-world noise at different level of signal to noise ratio (SNR). The output of proposed, NLMS and EDNSS algorithm are measured with output SNR, excessive mean square error (EMSE) and misadjustment (M). The results clearly illustrates that the proposed algorithm gives improved result over conventional NLMS and EDNSS algorithm. The speed of convergence is also maintained as same conventional NLMS algorithm.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Performance Analysis of Fractional Sample Rate Converter Using Audio Applications
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 6 Ver. I (Nov – Dec. 2015), PP 142-150
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1061142150 www.iosrjournals.org 142 | Page
Performance Analysis of Fractional Sample Rate Converter Using
Audio Applications
Priya Kaushal[1],
Rajesh Mehra[2]
ME Scholar [1]
, AssociateProfessor [2]
1
(Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, NITTTR Chandigarh, India)
2
(Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,NITTTR Chandigarh, India)
Priya24kaushal1993@gmail.com,raheshmehra@yahoo.com
Abstract: Fractional rate converters which are generally used for many applications with different frequencies
and are an essential part of communication systems. In this paper fractional rate converter with use of both
FIR and Nyquist FIR have been compared and analyzed. Its implementation can be easily found in the
developing communication systems, but here results are taken for audio applications. The proposed design and
analysis have been developed with the help of MATLAB with order 50 for FIR and 71 for Nyquist, sampling
frequency 48000Hz. The filters are then interpolated by an interpolation factor 2 and decimated by a decimation
factor of 3. The cost implementation of both has been taken into consideration and a result is drawn which
concludes that fractional rate converter for Nyquist FIR filter much more cost effective as compared to the
fractional rate converter for FIR filter.
Keywords: Filters,MATLAB, Interpolation,Signal sampling, multirate filtering
I. Introduction
DIGITAL representation of analog signals has a lot of advantages but changing the sampling rate of a
required signal is the major problem, either increasing it or decreasing it by some required amount. For example,
in communication system to transmits and receives the signals of different types (e.g. video, fax, speech etc.), in
this case require to process the various signals at the different rates with respective bandwidth of the signals.
The process of converting a signal from a given rate toanother required rate is called as “sampling rate
conversion” and the in the processing of digital signals systems that apply multiple sampling rates are called as
“Multirate digital signal processing system” [1]. The need for digital products are growing day by day with
programmability. Various industries like audio, video, and cellular industry rely heavily on digital technology
[8].
In digital communication, we require Multirate digital signal processing where more than one sampling
rate are needed. In digital audio applications of communication, the different sampling rates used are
broadcasting use 32 KHz, compact disc use 44.1 KHz and audio tape use 48 KHz. In digital video applications,
the sampling rates for composite video signal are 14.3181818 MHz for NTSC and 17.734475 MHz for PAL.
But the digital component of video signals have sampling rates are 13.5 MHz for luminance and 6.75
MHz for color difference signal. Different sampling rate are obtained by up sampler and down sampler .The
digital signal processing is used for various field are communication system, speech and audio processing
systems, antenna systems and radar system.Digital signal processing is also have advantages in multirate signal
processing because of less computational requirements, less storage for filter coefficient , less finite arithmetic
efficient, in multirate application, low finite order required and less sensitivity to filter coefficient length.
Pseudo image for interpolation and aliasing effect for decimation should be avoided during the design of
multirate systems [2].
II. Sampling
Consider continuous signal be x=(10, 9,8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1,) and signal time is t (in sec), then x (t) be a
continuous signal which is time varying that sampled with T sampling period at regular intervals of time. Then
continuous sampling signal x (t) is given by:
X(𝑛𝑇) =𝑥 (𝑡)⃒𝑡=𝑛𝑇 − ∞<𝑛<∞ (1)
2. Performance Analysis of Fractional Sample Rate Converter Using Audio Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1061142150 www.iosrjournals.org 143 | Page
Figure 1: Continuous time signal with sampling
Figure 2: Discrete time signal with sampling
The continuous time signal x(t) is multiplied by the sampling function s(t) which is series of impulse,
the x(n) resultant signal which is discrete time signal is given by:
x (𝑛) = 𝑥 (𝑡)S(𝑡) ⃒𝑡=𝑛𝑇 − ∞ <𝑛< ∞ (2)
The given signal output is shown in Fig. 2
x(0) = 10; x (1) = 9; x(2) = 8; x(3) = 7; x(4) = 6; x(5) = 5; x(6) = 4; x(7) = 3; x(8) = 2; x(9) = 1
II (i) Sampling rate conversion
Sample-rate conversion is the process of changing the sampling rate of a discrete signal to get a new
sampling rate representation of given continuous signal. Sampling rate conversion have area of application are
audio/visual systems andimage scaling where different sampling-rates may be used for economic, engineering,
or historical reasons[4].
The sampling rate conversion (SRC) is based on the criteria of objective such as integration cycle,
complexity, and performance characterization. The SRC proposed system has the ability to fully recovering
characteristics and rounding noise behaviour [3].The applications of up/down sampling techniques and digital
filter are form in every direction in modem electronic products. For every electronic product, lower circuit
complexity is always an important design target since it reduces the cost. In every field many applications where
the sampling rate must be changed [9].
Sampling rate conversion is the process of changing the x(n) discrete sequence of the continuous time
signal x(t) with a period T,to y(k) another sequence obtained from sampling of continuous signal x(t) with a
period T'. The new sequence y(k) can be generated by first reconstruction the x(t) original signal from x(n) the
sequence discrete signal and then the reconstruction signal x(t) is sampled with a period T'.
3. Performance Analysis of Fractional Sample Rate Converter Using Audio Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1061142150 www.iosrjournals.org 144 | Page
Figure3: conversion of discrete sequence x (n) to another discrete sequence y(k)
II (ii)Decimation
Decimation is the sampling rate conversion which reduces the original sampling rate of a sequence to a
lower sampling rate. It perform the opposite nature of interpolation. Decimatelow pass filters the input to guard
against aliasing and downsamples the result[5]. Decimator also known as Down-sampler. Let the sampling rate
reduction factor be an integer M for the x (n) signal. Then the period is:
𝑇′/ 𝑇 = 𝑀
The F' new sampling rate become:
𝐹′ = 1/𝑇′ = 1/𝑀𝑇 = 𝐹/𝑀
Let the full band signal which is given by x(n), with non-zero values in the frequency range –𝐹/2 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 𝐹/2,
𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑤 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑇
By selecting only the Mth sample of the filtered output the y(k) sequence is obtained which results in sampling
Rate reduction. Let h(n) be the impulse response of the filter, then the filtered w(n) output is given by:
w n = h k x n − k∞
k=−∞ (3)
w(ejw
) is 𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑚 x (𝑛). The y(m) decimation signal is:
𝑦 (𝑚) = 𝑤 (𝑀𝑚)
Figure 4: x(n) sequence conversion with down sample M
II(iii) Interpolation
Interpolation is a sampling rate converter which increases the original sampling rate of a given
sequence to a higher sampling rate sequence. It perform the opposite nature of decimation. Interpolator inserts
0’s into the original signal and then applying a low-pass interpolating filter to the new generated sequence by
inserting 0”s.. [5]. Interpolator also known as Up-sampler. Let integer L be an interpolation factor be of the
signal x (n), then the period is:
𝑇′/ 𝑇 = 1/𝐿
The new sampling rate is given as:
𝐹′ = 1/𝑇′ = 𝐿/𝑇 = 𝐿𝐹
Interpolation of a signal x(n) be a factor L refers to the process of interpolation L-1 samples between
each pair of samples of x (n).
The y (m) output signal is given as:
y m = h m − k w(k)∞
k=−∞ (4)
Figure 5: x(n) sequence conversion with up sample L
III. Multirate Signal Processing
4. Performance Analysis of Fractional Sample Rate Converter Using Audio Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1061142150 www.iosrjournals.org 145 | Page
Since the early 1980s Multirate systems have gained popularity and generally used for transform
analysis, audio and video processing and communications systems. In various applications multirate signal
processing are used for increased computational efficiency or to improve the performance. Multirate signal
processing refers to systems which allow sequences that are from different sampling rates to be processed
together. A multirate digital signal processing system that uses signals with different sampling frequencies.
Multi-rate processing and sample rate conversion, or interpolation and decimation are clever digital signal
processing (DSP) techniques that broadband and wireless design engineers can use during the system design
process. Multi-rate processing finds use in signal processing systems where various sub-systems with differing
sample or clock rates need to be design together. In other way multi-rate processing is used to reduce
computational overhead of a system [6].
Multirate Signal Processing is the sub-area of DSP concerned with techniques that can be used to
simply change the sampling rates within a system. There are many applications in which the signal of a given
sampling rate require to convert into an equivalent signal with a different sampling rate. The process of
decimation and interpolation both are used to perform multirate signal processing. They allow the sampling
frequency to be decreased or increased without effects of errors such as quantization and aliasing
[7].Interpolation is the computation of the lost, or the unknown, samples of a signal using a weighted average of
a number of known samples at the district points. Interpolators are used in various forms in most decision
making systems andsignal processing [10].
For example, an algorithm requires k operations to be completed per cycle. By reducing the sample rate
of a signal or system by a factor of M, the arithmetic bandwidth requirements are reduced from fs operations to
fs/M operations per second. The two basic operations in a multirate system are decreasing (decimation) and
increasing (interpolation) the sampling-rate of a signal. Multirate systems are sometimes used for sampling-rate
conversion, which involves both decimation and interpolation. In multirate digital signal processing the
sampling rate of a signal is changed in order to increase the efficiency of various signal processing operations
[6].
IV. Filter Response And Characteristics
A multirate use both interpolation and decimation as per the requirement for audio applications. In this
paper the sampling frequency Fs is 48000Hz. The interpolation factor is 2 and decimation factor 3. For further
analysis the order 50 for FIR and 71 for Nyquist FIR. Magnitude and Phases analysis have been given in
Figure6 and figure7 for fractional rate converter use FIR filter.The phase response of the filter shows variation
from zero to negative and then again rise back from -39.22197 as in the Figure7. As for the Impulse Response of
the filter, it shows that a symmetry occur on both side of time 0.5ms, which can be easily seen in Figure8.
Figure 6: Magnitude Analysis of fractional-rate conversion using FIR Filter with Fs 48000HZ
0 5 10 15 20
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Frequency (kHz)
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude Response (dB)
5. Performance Analysis of Fractional Sample Rate Converter Using Audio Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1061142150 www.iosrjournals.org 146 | Page
Figure 7: Phase Analysis of fractional-rate conversion using FIR Filter with Fs 48000HZ
Figure 8: Impulse Analysis of fractional-rate conversion using FIR Filter with Fs 48000HZ
Another fractional rate converter use Nyquist FIR filter for audio application. It has the same sampling
frequency of 48000Hz, as the previous filter. Interpolation factor and decimation factor also remains same, i.e. 2
and 3 respectively.
Magnitude and Phases analysis have been given in Figure9 and Figure10 for Nyquist FIR. As for the
phase response of the filter shows variation from zero to negative (-45.61445) as can be seen in the Figure10.
The Impulse Response of the filter shows that symmetry on both side of time equal to 0.75ms, which can be
easily seen in Figure11.
Figure 9: Magnitude Analysis of fractional-rate conversion using Nyquist FIR Filter with Fs 48000HZ
0 5 10 15 20
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Frequency (kHz)
Phase(radians)
Phase Response
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Time (mseconds)
Amplitude
Impulse Response
0 5 10 15 20
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Frequency (kHz)
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude Response (dB)
6. Performance Analysis of Fractional Sample Rate Converter Using Audio Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1061142150 www.iosrjournals.org 147 | Page
Figure10: Phase Analysis of fractional-rate conversion using Nyquist FIR Filter with Fs 48000HZ
Figure 11: Impulse Analysis of fractional-rate conversion using Nyquist FIR Filter with Fs 48000HZ
V. Filter Performance Comparison
The Fractional rate conversion have been developed for many applications, in this we use audio
application with Fs= 48000HZ. Fractional rate conversion is carried out in both the filters with same decimation
factor of 3 and same or interpolation factor 2. The sampling frequency r is kept same for FIR and Nyquist FIR
filters so that the various performance parameters can be compared on an equivalent basis and hence
comparison results can be obtained. In this paper magnitude response comparison has been made of the
fractional rate converter for FIR and Nyquist FIR with L=2 and M=3, in case of audio applications, shown in
Figure12.
Phase response comparison has also been made in Figure13. In this the blue plot(L=2 and M=3) for
fractional rate conversion with FIR filter while the green plot (L=2 and M=3) for fractional rate conversion with
Nyquist FIR filter.
As for the impulse response, both results have been brought up on a single plot for comparison. In the
Figure14, blue plot represents Fractional rate converter use FIR filter with L=2 and M=3 which has maximum
impulse response 0.4300479 at time 0.520833ms, while the green plot which represents fractional rate converter
use Nyquist filter with L=2 and M=3 has maximum impulse response 0.66677 at time 0.75ms.
0 5 10 15 20
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Frequency (kHz)
Phase(radians)
Phase Response
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Time (mseconds)
Amplitude
Impulse Response
7. Performance Analysis of Fractional Sample Rate Converter Using Audio Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1061142150 www.iosrjournals.org 148 | Page
Figure 12: Magnitude Comparison of Fractional Rate Conversion of FIR and Nyquist FIR Filters
Figure 13: Phase Comparison of Fractional Rate Conversion of FIR and Nyquist FIR Filters
Figure 14: Impulse Response comparison of Fractional Rate Conversion of FIR and Nyquist FIR Filters
The cost of both the filters along with resource consumption are compared and results have been drawn
in Table1
0 5 10 15 20
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Frequency (kHz)
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude Response (dB)
FIR
Nyquist
0 5 10 15 20
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Frequency: 9.697266
Phase: -45.69729
Frequency: 11.98535
Phase: -39.22197
Frequency (kHz)
Phase(radians)
Phase Response
FIR
Nyquist
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Time: 0.5208333
Amplitude: 0.4300479
Time: 0.75
Amplitude: 0.6666667
Time (mseconds)
Amplitude
Impulse Response
FIR
Nyquist
8. Performance Analysis of Fractional Sample Rate Converter Using Audio Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1061142150 www.iosrjournals.org 149 | Page
Table 1: Resource Comparison of both the fractional rate converter using Fs 48000HZ
Hence the requirement of multipliers and adders are less in case of Nyquist FIR Filter, for same
interpolation factor 2 and same decimation factor 3 with Fs =48000HZ (audio applications). . Both the filters
have linear phase and stability.
VI. Conclusion
In this paper, an analysis and comparison of 2 fractional rate converter use FIR filter and fractional rate
converter use Nyquist FIR filters with L=2 and M=3 has been presented with sampling frequency 48000 HZ and
magnitude response, phase response and impulse response have been observed. These have been developed for
various audio applications used in real time. The number of adders and multipliers, Filter length are also on a
comparison, hence finding the better one for optimizing area and speed simultaneously. The whole design can
be implemented by using sampling frequency as 48000Hz. From the developed design it is clear that the
Nyquist FIR filter is more cost effective solution of audio application systems.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Director and Head of Electronics and Communication
Engineering Department, National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training & Research, Chandigarh, India and
for their constant inspirations, support and helpful suggestions throughout this research work.
Priya Kaushal: She is currently persuing her Masters in Engineering, Electronics and
Communication from National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training & Research, Chandigarh, India. She
completed her Bachelors of Engineering degree in electronics and communication from Punjab University,
Chandigarh, India.
Dr. Rajesh Mehra: Dr. Mehra is currently associated with Electronics and Communication
Engineering Department of National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training & Research, Chandigarh, India
since 1996. He has received his Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering and Technology from Panjab University,
Chandigarh, India in 2015. Dr. Mehra received his Master of Engineering from Panjab Univeristy, Chandigarh,
India in 2008 and Bachelor of Technology from NIT, Jalandhar, India in 1994. Dr. Mehra has 20 years of
academic and industry experience. He has more than 325 papers to his credit which are published in refereed
International Journals and Conferences. Dr. Mehra has guided 70 ME thesis and he is also guiding 02
independent PhD scholars in his research areas. He has also authored one book on PLC & SCADA. He has
developed 06 video films in VLSI area. His research areas are Advanced Digital Signal Processing, VLSI
Design, FPGA System Design, Embedded System Design, and Wireless & Mobile Communication. Dr. Mehra
is member of IEEE and ISTE.
Implementation Cost Fractional rate conversion using
FIR filter
Fractional-rate conversion using
Nyquist FIR filter
Poly-phase length 26 36
Filter length 51 72
No. of Multipliers 51 49
No. of Adders 49 47
No. of States 25 35
Multiplication per Input sample 17 16.3333
Additions per Input sample 16.3333 15.6667
9. Performance Analysis of Fractional Sample Rate Converter Using Audio Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1061142150 www.iosrjournals.org 150 | Page
References
[1] Suraj R. Gaikwad, Prof. Gopal Gawande,”Design of Highly Efficient Multirate Digital Filters”,Int. Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications, ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6,pp 560,Nov-Dec 2013
[2] Mandeep Singh Saini and Dr. Kuldeep Kaur,”Case study then Direct-Form FIR Poly-phase Linear Interpolator Filter Design with
Symmetric Structure”,International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 3
Issue 4, pp.1420-1422, April 2014
[3] Zhengmao Ye, Habib Mohamadian,” Analysis of Multistage Sampling Rate Conversion for Potential Optimal Factorization”,
Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, 10th
international conference of sampling and theory and applications,
pp.244[4]
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_rate_conversion
[5] http://in.mathworks.com/help
[6] Rajesh Mehra and Shaily Verma, “Area Efficient Interpolator Using Half-Band Symmetric Structure”,International Journal of
Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-1, Issue-6, pp. 149, January 2013
[7] Prasheel V. Suryawanshi, Kaliprasad Mahapatro, Vardhman J. Sheth,” Adaptive Noise Cancellation using Multirate Techniques”
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development ISSN: 2278-067X, Volume 1, June 2012,pp.1
[8] Rajesh Mehra, Lajwanti Singh,” Cost Analysis and Simulation of Decimator for Multirate Applications”, INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY, Vol 11, No. 1, pp. 2176, sept 2013
[9] Rajesh Mehra and Swapna Devi,” Efficient Hardware Co-Simulation Of Down Convertor For Wireless Communication Systems”,
International journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems ( VLSICS ), Vol.1, No.2, pp. 14, June 2010
[10] Pallavi Chandel, Gurpreet Walia,”DESIGN OF DIRECT FORM TRANSPOSED FIR INTERPOLATOR”, Journal of Global
Research in Computer Science,Volume 4, No. 4, pp. 122,April 2013