Abstract : In this paper, We investigate post, pre and symmetrical/mix dispersion compensation methods for 40
Gb/s non-return to zero link using standard and dispersion compensated fiber through FBG compensator to
optimize high data rate optical transmission. The influence of dispersion of FBG compensator and increases in
the power of CW laser has been studied to evaluate the performance of optical communication systems. The
simulation model of the WDM based on the Optisystem 11.0 is presented according to the above principle. The
simulation results are validated by analysing the Q-factor and Bit error rate (BER) in the numerical simulator.
It is found that post compensation performance is best and the input fiber power is taken as 5-10dB, the
corresponding BER performance is better.
Keywords - BER, Dispersion compensation, Q-factor, WDM.
Available online at [www.ijeete.com]EFFECT OF DISPERSION AND FIBER LENGTH ON ...Ankur Bindal
This paper introduces the non linear optical effect known as four wave mixing (FWM). In wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems four wave mixing can strongly affect the transmission performance on an optical link. As a result it is important to investigate the impact of FWM on the design and performance of WDM optical communication systems. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the FWM power for different values of fiber length and dispersion by designing and simulating a model in Optisim. In this paper, we have simulated the FWM design for three waves. The results obtained show that when the optical fiber length and dispersion value is increased FWM effect reduces. This result confirms that the fiber nonlinearities play decisive role in the WDM.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Disclosed is an optical fiber comprising a center core which forms a passageway for transmitting
optical signals and has a refractive index N1, and a cladding which encloses the center core and
has a refractive index N0. The optical fiber further comprises an upper core, which has a
distribution of refractive indices increased starting from a refractive index N2 (>N0) at its outer
circumference to the refractive index N1 at its internal circumference, and a minutely depressed
refractive index region, which is interposed between said upper core and cladding and has a
refractive index N3. The refractive index N3 is lower than the refractive index N0.
As we know Optical communication Network offers
very high potential bandwidth and flexibility. In terms of high
bit-rate transmission. However, their performance slows down
due to some parameter like dispersion, attenuation, scattering. In
long haul application, dispersion is the main parameter which
needs to be compensated in order to provide better service. Fiber
Braggs Grating (FBG) is one of the most widely used element to
compensate it, however its performance slows down with the
increase in distance.
This paper presents an investigation on Pulse distortions due to
the third-order dispersion (TOD) on very high speed long
distance single mode optical fiber communication system using
OptiSystem. Presence of the TOD introduces broadening on the
propagating pulse. The impact of TOD is observed at the
receiving end of transmission line considering the variation of
different factors such as transmission reach, bit rate, duty
cycle.BER performance are also considered here.
Enhancing the Data Transmission Capability on Optical Fiber Communication Lin...IOSRJECE
Explosive growth of broadband multimedia applications, such as high-definition television (HDTV), video on demand (VOD) and interactive games imposed a huge demand for bandwidth on the access network. The potential bandwidth of optical communication system is driving force behind the worldwide development and deployment of light wave system but dispersion limits the system performance in terms of high speed optical communication. In this paper different dispersion compensation methods are discussed, which are based on Chirped Fiber Grating (CFG), Dispersion Compensation Fibers (DCF), Self Phase Modulation (SPM ) resulting from Kerr nonlinearity to overcome pulse broadening effect of Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD), which eventually have direct implication on the data transmission capability on optical fiber communication link.
Available online at [www.ijeete.com]EFFECT OF DISPERSION AND FIBER LENGTH ON ...Ankur Bindal
This paper introduces the non linear optical effect known as four wave mixing (FWM). In wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems four wave mixing can strongly affect the transmission performance on an optical link. As a result it is important to investigate the impact of FWM on the design and performance of WDM optical communication systems. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the FWM power for different values of fiber length and dispersion by designing and simulating a model in Optisim. In this paper, we have simulated the FWM design for three waves. The results obtained show that when the optical fiber length and dispersion value is increased FWM effect reduces. This result confirms that the fiber nonlinearities play decisive role in the WDM.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Disclosed is an optical fiber comprising a center core which forms a passageway for transmitting
optical signals and has a refractive index N1, and a cladding which encloses the center core and
has a refractive index N0. The optical fiber further comprises an upper core, which has a
distribution of refractive indices increased starting from a refractive index N2 (>N0) at its outer
circumference to the refractive index N1 at its internal circumference, and a minutely depressed
refractive index region, which is interposed between said upper core and cladding and has a
refractive index N3. The refractive index N3 is lower than the refractive index N0.
As we know Optical communication Network offers
very high potential bandwidth and flexibility. In terms of high
bit-rate transmission. However, their performance slows down
due to some parameter like dispersion, attenuation, scattering. In
long haul application, dispersion is the main parameter which
needs to be compensated in order to provide better service. Fiber
Braggs Grating (FBG) is one of the most widely used element to
compensate it, however its performance slows down with the
increase in distance.
This paper presents an investigation on Pulse distortions due to
the third-order dispersion (TOD) on very high speed long
distance single mode optical fiber communication system using
OptiSystem. Presence of the TOD introduces broadening on the
propagating pulse. The impact of TOD is observed at the
receiving end of transmission line considering the variation of
different factors such as transmission reach, bit rate, duty
cycle.BER performance are also considered here.
Enhancing the Data Transmission Capability on Optical Fiber Communication Lin...IOSRJECE
Explosive growth of broadband multimedia applications, such as high-definition television (HDTV), video on demand (VOD) and interactive games imposed a huge demand for bandwidth on the access network. The potential bandwidth of optical communication system is driving force behind the worldwide development and deployment of light wave system but dispersion limits the system performance in terms of high speed optical communication. In this paper different dispersion compensation methods are discussed, which are based on Chirped Fiber Grating (CFG), Dispersion Compensation Fibers (DCF), Self Phase Modulation (SPM ) resulting from Kerr nonlinearity to overcome pulse broadening effect of Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD), which eventually have direct implication on the data transmission capability on optical fiber communication link.
Study of Polarization Mode Dispersion in the Optical Digital Connection to Hi...ijcnac
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) is a factor which limits the bit rate of the optical transmissions. The PMD is such an effect which is time broadening due to the dependence of the group velocity to the signal polarization. The deformation effects of the impulses become considerable from 40 Gb/s. This paper, we reviews the degrade PMD effect in the telecommunications optical connections to high bit rate, due to the evolution of quality factor (Q) according to the fiber length, bit rate and PMD coefficient , well as the impact PMD on the degree of polarization and electrical power, we discuss also the representation of the polarization state and PMD vector on the Poincare sphere.
STUDIED ON A MULTICLADDED ERBIUM DOPED DISPERSION COMPENSATING FIBER AMPLIFIERcscpconf
Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are the essential components of a highly efficient, long distance optical data link.Their design has been refined to give better performance parameters.A novel design approach for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers is proposed based on Matlab and Fortran 77 Programming.In this paper, a combination of fiber intensity distribution, pump and signal power, optimum length and maximum gain are taken into account as objective function
and the results are presented for different core radius, fiber length, pump power and signal power. Dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) which possess negative dispersion coefficient
equal to or greater than this 17ps/km-nm can be used to overcome this drawback. In order to upgrade the present long haul fiber optic communication system, comprising of CSFs, a
combination of EDFAs and DCFs would be the most feasible choice to compensate the dispersion as well as the loss.
Performance Analysis of Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul Optical Fiber u...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Analysis of SRS Effects at Different Number of Channels and Power Levels and ...ijsrd.com
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) effect is one of the Nonlinear effects in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (DWDM) Fiber Optic Communication System. The effect of Stimulated Raman Scattering causes power to be transferred from the lower wavelength channel to the higher wavelength channel. This will reduce the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) for the high frequency channel or low wavelength channel. SRS effect is studied for different input power and for different number of wavelengths. SRS effect could be reduced by setting optimum optical power in the fiber. Various channel (4,8,11) DWDM system for various power levels of individual channels is stimulated in the sample mode of OPTSIM software for getting the effects of SRS like Power Tilt in the optical spectrum, after the fiber.
Design of Symmetric dispersion compensated, long haul, Single and Multichanne...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Here we propose a model on Enhanced- Large Effective Area Fiber (E-LEAF) and Dispersion Compensation Module (DCM) with precise designed Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF). The Model is implemented in a long haul Single and Multichannel Optical telecommunication systems with E-LEAF as data transmission Fiber (NZ-DSF) of 1700Km (85 Km SMF×20 loops) length. The DCM is proposed in Symmetric Compensation fashion consisting of 20Km (2Km×20spans) length DCF in Pre-Compensation and Post-Compensation totally comprising of 40Km length DCF for complete Compensation of total Optical Link. Thereby, we study the effect of various Line Coding Schemes like NRZ, RZ, CS-RZ, DUOBINARY and MODIFIED DUOBINARY in single and multichannel optical link with our designed DCM and concluded the suitable line coding scheme for our proposed model. This paper focus on the theoretical background, design procedures, technical terms and finally a simulation model is experimented with proposed parameters to realize the foresaid concepts with various modulation formats.
Study of Polarization Mode Dispersion in the Optical Digital Connection to Hi...ijcnac
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) is a factor which limits the bit rate of the optical transmissions. The PMD is such an effect which is time broadening due to the dependence of the group velocity to the signal polarization. The deformation effects of the impulses become considerable from 40 Gb/s. This paper, we reviews the degrade PMD effect in the telecommunications optical connections to high bit rate, due to the evolution of quality factor (Q) according to the fiber length, bit rate and PMD coefficient , well as the impact PMD on the degree of polarization and electrical power, we discuss also the representation of the polarization state and PMD vector on the Poincare sphere.
STUDIED ON A MULTICLADDED ERBIUM DOPED DISPERSION COMPENSATING FIBER AMPLIFIERcscpconf
Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are the essential components of a highly efficient, long distance optical data link.Their design has been refined to give better performance parameters.A novel design approach for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers is proposed based on Matlab and Fortran 77 Programming.In this paper, a combination of fiber intensity distribution, pump and signal power, optimum length and maximum gain are taken into account as objective function
and the results are presented for different core radius, fiber length, pump power and signal power. Dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) which possess negative dispersion coefficient
equal to or greater than this 17ps/km-nm can be used to overcome this drawback. In order to upgrade the present long haul fiber optic communication system, comprising of CSFs, a
combination of EDFAs and DCFs would be the most feasible choice to compensate the dispersion as well as the loss.
Performance Analysis of Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul Optical Fiber u...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Analysis of SRS Effects at Different Number of Channels and Power Levels and ...ijsrd.com
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) effect is one of the Nonlinear effects in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (DWDM) Fiber Optic Communication System. The effect of Stimulated Raman Scattering causes power to be transferred from the lower wavelength channel to the higher wavelength channel. This will reduce the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) for the high frequency channel or low wavelength channel. SRS effect is studied for different input power and for different number of wavelengths. SRS effect could be reduced by setting optimum optical power in the fiber. Various channel (4,8,11) DWDM system for various power levels of individual channels is stimulated in the sample mode of OPTSIM software for getting the effects of SRS like Power Tilt in the optical spectrum, after the fiber.
Design of Symmetric dispersion compensated, long haul, Single and Multichanne...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Here we propose a model on Enhanced- Large Effective Area Fiber (E-LEAF) and Dispersion Compensation Module (DCM) with precise designed Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF). The Model is implemented in a long haul Single and Multichannel Optical telecommunication systems with E-LEAF as data transmission Fiber (NZ-DSF) of 1700Km (85 Km SMF×20 loops) length. The DCM is proposed in Symmetric Compensation fashion consisting of 20Km (2Km×20spans) length DCF in Pre-Compensation and Post-Compensation totally comprising of 40Km length DCF for complete Compensation of total Optical Link. Thereby, we study the effect of various Line Coding Schemes like NRZ, RZ, CS-RZ, DUOBINARY and MODIFIED DUOBINARY in single and multichannel optical link with our designed DCM and concluded the suitable line coding scheme for our proposed model. This paper focus on the theoretical background, design procedures, technical terms and finally a simulation model is experimented with proposed parameters to realize the foresaid concepts with various modulation formats.
techInvestigations with mode division multiplexed transmissionelelijjournal
This article presents proposed topology for mode division multiplexed link with SPDML and VCSEL, modulate electrical signal of 820nm wavelength. Transmission performance has been investigated for numerous modes, bit rates (2.5 to 10Gbps), transmission lengths of MMF (1 to 100km) and attenuation factor in conjunction with parabolic operational mode. Results illustrated successful performance up to nine modes in mode-division multiplexed transmission. Performance is improved at low data rates, illustrated higher OSNR with lower BER,-5dB attenuation factor. Though, at higher bit rate and longer
transmission length received OSNR is unsteady. It further inferred that transmission with large number of multiplexed modes result in degraded performance, augmented with minimization of mode coupling losses.Mode division multiplexed multimode optical communication can be a viable option for supplementary capacity augment in the preexisting and future fiber optic communication links.
Profile of Single Mode Fiber Coupler Combining with Bragg GratingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes a numerical experiment of design and operation of a fiber coupler between
single mode fiber and fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Both components are coupled depending with optical
waveguide and source parameters. A characterization of fiber coupler is simulated by varying long grating
of 10 mm to 60 mm using transfer matrix method based on coupled mode equation. The wave peak,
transmission, and dispersion parameters are analyzed to determine the performance of the fiber coupler.
The transmission spectrum showed the wave peaks rise to any increase in the grating length on channel
1 and channel 2. Transmission on channel 1 and channel 2 decreased from the wavelength range of
1.45μm–1.55μm and rised in the range of 1,55μm–1,65μm for each increment in length of grating. The
dispersion showed the zero dispersion at specific wavelength for each increase in length of grating. This
component can be applied for controlling information signal in wide range communication.
Comparative Analysis of Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF) and Multiple Opti...rahulmonikasharma
Optical communication when used for long haul communication is characterized by dispersion and nonlinearities. Different techniques are used for the dispersion compensation and nonlinearity mitigation. Two of these techniques are Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF) and Optical Phase Conjugation (OPC). In this paper the performance of the system is analyzed by comparing various results at the receiver. A 10Gb/s NRZ signal is launched into a long Single Mode Fiber (SMF). Results in the terms of Q-factor (linear) and BER are observed by varying fiber length. Optical system consisting of one OPC and two OPC is also analyzed for different transmission distance. Simulation results show that, when compared with optical system consisting of one OPC, Q-factor improvement of 3.51 is achieved for the optical system consisting of two OPC. Nonlinearities are mitigated using DCF and OPC and on comparing with DCF, Q-factor improvement of 11.3 is achieved for OPC.
Empirical analysis of polarization division multiplexing-dense wavelength di...IJECEIAES
This paper exemplifies dense wavelength division multiplexing combined with polarization division multiplexing with C-band frequency range-based single-mode fiber. In the proposed link, 32 independent channels with 16 individual wavelengths are multiplexed with two different angles of polarization. Each carrying 130 Gbps dual-polarization data with 200 GHz channel spacing claiming a net transmission rate of 4.16 Tbits/s with spectral efficiency of 69% with 20% side-mode-suppression-ratio (SMSR) and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) 40.7. The performance of the proposed techniques has been analyzed using optimized system parameters securing a minimum bit error rate (BER) 10-9 at a transmission distance up to 50 km.
This paper deals with different loss mechanisms within the single mode fiber (SMF) in optical fiber communication. A number of mechanisms are responsible for the signal attenuation within optical fibers. As the optical signal propagates over long stretch of fiber, it becomes attenuated because of absorption,
scattering, fiber bends by material impurities, and other effects. The transmission using high bandwidth
can handle vast amounts of information, which can be further improved by reduction in fiber losses,
increase in data rates and distances, and using appropriate operating wavelength in optical fiber communication. The recent development in the area of fiber optic communication as well as the advances in different fiber types and their properties such as attenuation or loss and bandwidth are also discussed in this paper. The performance improvement of the proposed different loss, such as Rayleigh scattering, Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and bending loss within the various loss mechanisms in fiber optic communication is shown through simulations.
Design and Implementation of All Optical Tunable Delay by the Combination of ...ijtsrd
In this paper we have designed and implemented an all optical tunable delay element using the combination of wavelength conversion and fiber dispersion. We present wavelength conversion method that show with FWM. The characteristics of the proposed all optical based techniques for tunable delay element are discussed theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. This element operates near 1550nm and generates delay time range is 2430ps. Pyae Phyo Swe | Tin Tin Ohn "Design and Implementation of All-Optical Tunable Delay by the Combination of Wavelength Conversion and Fiber Dispersion" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27874.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27874/design-and-implementation-of-all-optical-tunable-delay-by-the-combination-of-wavelength-conversion-and-fiber-dispersion/pyae-phyo-swe
Comparison of PMD Compensation in WDM SystemsIOSR Journals
Abstract: The need for larger capacities in long haul optical digital transmission lead to greater channel density which can be achieved by wavelength division multiplexing and increasing the bit rate of each channel. As data rates increases, certain phenomena such as dispersion began to show up as obstacles. At higher bit rates beyond 2.5Gbps polarization mode dispersion (PMD) becomes a main factor in the degradation of the transmission characteristics. PMD occurs when slightly different planes of light inside a fiber travel at slightly different speeds and make it impossible to transmit data reliably at high speed in single mode fibers. PMD is caused due to optical birefringence in the fiber due to which the two modes within a single mode fiber travel with different group velocities and the random change of this birefringence along the fiber length results in random coupling between the modes. This effect of PMD results in broadening of transmitted pulses that limit the transmission capacity of the fiber. In high-speed optical communication systems working at data rates of 10Gbps and beyond, signal distortion caused by PMD is also a major limitation of the transmission distance. This paper intends to analyze the performance of PMD compensation by optical compensation technique and using DCF in a two channel WDM system. The analysis is done through eye diagrams from which the Q value and bit error rate can be determined by simulating with OptSim5.3, which includes the latest simulation algorithms to guarantee the highest possible accuracy and real world results. Keywords– Birefringence, Data rate, Deterministic Differential Group Delay (DDGD), Dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD Principal State of Polarization (PSP), Q value.
Comparison of PMD Compensation in WDM SystemsIOSR Journals
The need for larger capacities in long haul optical digital transmission lead to greater channel
density which can be achieved by wavelength division multiplexing and increasing the bit rate of each channel.
As data rates increases, certain phenomena such as dispersion began to show up as obstacles. At higher bit
rates beyond 2.5Gbps polarization mode dispersion (PMD) becomes a main factor in the degradation of the
transmission characteristics. PMD occurs when slightly different planes of light inside a fiber travel at slightly
different speeds and make it impossible to transmit data reliably at high speed in single mode fibers. PMD is
caused due to optical birefringence in the fiber due to which the two modes within a single mode fiber travel
with different group velocities and the random change of this birefringence along the fiber length results in
random coupling between the modes. This effect of PMD results in broadening of transmitted pulses that limit
the transmission capacity of the fiber. In high-speed optical communication systems working at data rates of
10Gbps and beyond, signal distortion caused by PMD is also a major limitation of the transmission distance.
This paper intends to analyze the performance of PMD compensation by optical compensation technique and
using DCF in a two channel WDM system. The analysis is done through eye diagrams from which the Q value
and bit error rate can be determined by simulating with OptSim5.3, which includes the latest simulation
algorithms to guarantee the highest possible accuracy and real world results
Similar to Performance Analysis of Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul Optical Fiber with DCF (20)
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Performance Analysis of Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul Optical Fiber with DCF
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 6, Issue 6 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 19-23
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
Performance Analysis of Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul
Optical Fiber with DCF
Saurabh Kumar1
, Prof. A. K. Jaiswal2
, Er. Mukesh Kumar3
, Er. Rohini Saxena4
1
(M.Tech Student of ECE, SSET/ SHIATS, Allahabad, India)
2
(Prof. & Head of ECE, SSET/ SHIATS, Allahabad, India)
3,4
(Assistant Prof. of ECE, SSET/ SHIATS, Allahabad, India)
Abstract : In this paper, We investigate post, pre and symmetrical/mix dispersion compensation methods for 40
Gb/s non-return to zero link using standard and dispersion compensated fiber through FBG compensator to
optimize high data rate optical transmission. The influence of dispersion of FBG compensator and increases in
the power of CW laser has been studied to evaluate the performance of optical communication systems. The
simulation model of the WDM based on the Optisystem 11.0 is presented according to the above principle. The
simulation results are validated by analysing the Q-factor and Bit error rate (BER) in the numerical simulator.
It is found that post compensation performance is best and the input fiber power is taken as 5-10dB, the
corresponding BER performance is better.
Keywords - BER, Dispersion compensation, Q-factor, WDM.
I. Introduction
When optical signals are transmitted over optical links, different wavelength components of the optical
signals will generally experience different propagation times due to the fact that the transport medium has
different effective refractive indices for different wavelengths. In recent years, with the rapid growth internet
business needs, people urgently need more capacity and network systems. So the demand for transmission
capacity and bandwidth are becoming more and more challenging to the carriers and service suppliers. Under
the situation, with its huge bandwidth and excellent transmission performance, optical fiber is becoming the
most favourable delivering media and laying more and more important role in information industry [2,3].
Therefore, it is very necessary to investigate the transmission characteristics of optical fiber. And the
main goal of communication system is to increase the transmission distance. Loss and dispersion are the major
factor that affect fiber-optical communication being the high-capacity develops. The EDFA is the gigantic
change happened in the fiber-optical communication system; the loss is no longer the major factor to restrict the
fiber optical transmission. Since EDFA works in 1550 nm wave band, the average Single Mode Fiber (SMF)
dispersion value in that wave band is very big, about 15-20ps / (nm.km-1) . It is easy to see that the dispersion
become the major factor that restricts long distance fiber optical transfers.[4]. In this study, we propose three
DCF compensation scheme, post-compensation, pre-compensation and symmetrical/mix compensation scheme.
Simulation studies show that post compensation scheme is the best. It can greatly reduce the influences of the
fiber nonlinearity and increase the transmission distance greatly.
The rest of paper is organized as followed. In Section II, the cause of fiber dispersion and its effects on
optical transmission is introduced. In Section III, present fiber dispersion compensation technology. In Section
IV, present the research of DCF dispersion compensation scheme. Section V present transmission system
simulation with OPTISYSTEM 11.0, analyses and compare each kind of compensation scheme, Section VI
concludes the paper.
II. Fiber Optic Dispersion On Optical Transmission
Loss and dispersion are the major factor that affect fiber-optical communication being the high-
capacity develops. The EDFA is the gigantic change happened in the fiber-optical communication system; the
loss is no longer the major factor to restrict the fiber-optical transmission. Since EDFA works in 1550 nm wave
band, the average Single Mode Fiber (SMF) dispersion value in that wave band is very big, about 15-20ps / (nm.
km-1
). It is easy to see that the dispersion become the major factors that restrict long distance fiber-optical
transfers. Dispersion is defined as because of the different frequency or mode of light pulse in fiber transmits at
different rates, so that these frequency components or models receive the fiber terminals at different time. It can
cause intolerable amounts of distortions that ultimately lead to errors. In single-mode fiber performance is
primarily limited by chromatic dispersion which occurs because the index of the glass varies slightly depending
on the wavelength of the light, and light from real optical transmitters necessarily has nonzero spectral width.
Polarization mode dispersion another source of limitation occurs because although the single-mode fiber can
sustain only one transverse mode, it can carry this mode with two different polarizations, and slight
2. Performance Analysis of Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul Optical Fiber with DCF
www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
imperfections or distortions in a fiber can alter the propagation velocities for the two polarizations. This
phenomenon is called birefringence. Mode birefringence Bm is defined as the follow
Bm =
𝛽𝑥 −𝛽𝑦
𝑘0
= nx - ny (1)
Where nx, ny are the effective refractive of the two orthogonal polarizations. For a given Bm, its fast
axis and slow axis components will be formed the phase difference after the light waves transmission L Km.
φ = k0BmL
2𝜋
𝜆
(NX-NY) = (𝛽𝑥 − 𝛽𝑦)L (2)
If the Bm is a constant, through the light waves in transmission process the phase difference between
its fast axis and slow axis will periodicity repetition. The length that it leads to a phase difference of 2π or power
periodic exchange is called polarization beat length.
LB =
2𝜋
𝛽𝑥 −𝛽𝑦
=
𝜆
𝛽𝑚
(3)
If the incident light has two polarization components, due to refractive difference between the fast axis
and slow axis, the transmit rate of two polarization components will be different. Degree of pulse broadening
can be expressed by different group delay Δτ. The influence of dispersion on system performance is also
reflected in the optical fiber nonlinear effects. Dispersion increased the pulse shape distortion caused by the self-
phase modulation dispersion (SPM); the other hand, dispersion in WDM systems can also increase the cross-
phase modulation (XPM), four-wave mixing (FWM) and other nonlinear effects [6,7].
III. Dispersion Compensation Technology
To improve overall system performance and reduced as much as possible the transmission performance
influenced by the dispersion, several dispersion compensation technologies were proposed. Amongst the various
techniques proposed in the literature, the ones that appear to hold immediate promise for dispersion
compensation and management could be broadly classified as: dispersion compensating fiber (DCF), chirped
fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), and high-order mode (HOM) fiber [8]. The idea of using dispersion compensation
fiber for dispersion compensation was proposed as early as in 1980 but, until after the invention of optical
amplifiers, DCF began to be widespread attention and study. DCF has become a most useful method of
dispersion compensation and has been extensively studied.
There is positive second-order and third-order dispersion value in SMF while the DCF dispersion value
is negative. So by inserting a DCF, the average dispersion is close to zero. As the local dispersion of higher
transmission link, FWM and XPM were ignored; only to consider the role of SPM and dispersion.
IV. Dispersion Compensation Scheme
To support a high-capacity wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) transmission, the embedded
standard single-mode fiber (SMF) should be up graded to overcome the dispersion limit. In this paper dispersion
compensating fiber is analyzed with dispersion compensation with the help of fiber bragg compensator.
According to relative position of DCF and single mode fiber, post-compensation, pre-compensation and
symmetrical/mix compensation is proposed. DCF Pre-compensation scheme achieve dispersion compensation
by place the DCF before a certain conventional single-mode fiber, or after the optical transmitter. Post
compensation scheme achieve dispersion compensation by place the DCF after a certain conventional single-
mode fiber, or before the optical transmitter. Symmetrical/mix compensation scheme is consist of post
compensation and pre compensation. Different location on the system will generate different nonlinear effects.
The Simulation of three dispersion compensation system is shown in Figure 1.
(a) Simulation for post compensation
3. Performance Analysis of Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul Optical Fiber with DCF
www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
(b) Simulation for pre compensation
(c) Simulation for symmetrical compensation
Figure 1 : Three dispersion compensation scheme
Figure 1 (a) shows the post compensation schemes. The simulation module includes the transmission
module, transmission link and the receiver module. Simulation model use Mach-Zehnder external modulator to
modulate the CW Laser at central frequency 193.1 THz. Optical fiber transmission link composed of a 100Km.
The kind of optical fiber is G.655. Dispersion compensation is achieved with fiber bragg gratings (FBG) are
implemented instead of using dispersion compensated fiber (DCF). EDFA is used to compensate the power loss
generating by SMF and the DCF signal. Receiver module includes de multiplexer and receiver filters.
Figure 1 (b) and Figure l (c) respectively show the pre compensation scheme and the symmetrical/mix
compensation scheme. The simulation configuration is as similar as Figure 1 (a). The difference is that at the
transmitter DCF compensate 100 Km of single-mode fiber dispersion in Figure 1 (b). In Figure l (c), there is a
symmetrical/mix compensation scheme.
V. Result And Analysis
In optical communication only optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) could not accurately measure the
system performance, especially in WDM systems. Quality factor is a one of the important indicators to measure
the optical performance by which to characterize the BER. Figure 2 and Figure 3 display the influence of input
optical power on the performance of transmission system.
Figure 2: Comparison among three dispersion
compensation (DCF) on the basis of Q-factor
Figure 3: Comparison among three dispersion
compensation (DCF) on the basis of BER
4. Performance Analysis of Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul Optical Fiber with DCF
www.iosrjournals.org 22 | Page
Figure 2 shows the effect on Q-factor with the variation in optical power and compensator dispersion in
fiber bragg grating (FBG) of all dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) model. We can observe that with the input
power increasing steadily up to about 5 dBm brings the nominal increases in Q-factor and when input optical
power approaches to 5 dBm, the Q-factor becomes maximum. When equal power is launched into the various
models of the link, the Q-factor of post compensation scheme is greater than the two other kinds of dispersion
compensation scheme. When the input optical power is greater than 5 dBm the quality factor decreased
gradually and the error performance is gradually degraded. This is because as the optical power increases,
nonlinear effects increase, but the optical signal noise ratio increased. Through the whole system study found
that the performance of post compensation system is best in the long-distance high-speed WDM systems.
(a) At 0 dB power with compensator
dispersion -2000 ps/nm for post compensation
(b) At 0 dB power with compensator
dispersion -2000 ps/nm for pre compensation
(c) At 0 dB power with compensator
dispersion -2000 ps/nm for symmetrical
compensation
(d) At 0 dB power with compensator
dispersion 0 ps/nm for post compensation
(e) At 0 dB power with compensator
dispersion 0 ps/nm for pre compensation
(f) At 0 dB power with compensator
dispersion 0 ps/nm for symmetrical compensation
Figure 4: Eye diagram of different compensation technique at different compensator dispersion of fiber bragg
Figure 4 gives the simulation results at different dispersion compensator of fiber bragg at same
optical power. As we can see from the figure 4 (a), the effect of dispersion compensation is very good with -
2000 ps/nm dispersion compensator of fiber bragg at 0 dB power. The signal quality is high, eye’s shape is very
good and the effect of dispersion compensation is quite good. The curve of Q-factor changes with the open
degree of eye diagram as follows. More approaches the point of largest eye diagram opened, the Q-factor is
bigger, and the corresponding BER is smaller.
VI. Conclusion
On the basis of compared and analyzed the three system simulation results conclusions are as the
followings. Using fiber bragg gratings (FBG) are implemented instead of using dispersion compensated fiber
(DCF) for dispersion compensation in 40Gb/s WDM system is an effective solution. It is observed that the
compensation schemes reduced the dispersion appropriately but among them post compensation scheme
reduced the accumulated fiber chromatic dispersion to the maximum possible extent. A moderate lesser value of
fiber bragg grating dispersion and bigger value of laser average power is favorable to the performance of the
transmission system. Variation of the input power launched and compensator dispersion of fiber bragg grating
resulted in variation in Q-factor and the corresponding graph showed that at 5 dBm and -2000ps/nm the link
performance with the regard the Q-factor provides the better result.
5. Performance Analysis of Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul Optical Fiber with DCF
www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page
References
[1] Bo-ning HU, Wang Jing, Wang Wei, Rui-mei Zhao, “Analysis on Dispersion Compensation with DCF based on Optisystem”. 2nd
International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems pp. 40-43 2010.
[2] Mochida Y, Yamaguchi N, Ishikawa G, "Technology-oriented review and vision of 40Gb/s based optical transport Networks",
Journal of light-wave technology.PP. 2272-228,12002,20(12)
[3] Omae T, "Universal conditions for estimating the nonlinear refractive index n2 of dispersion com- pensating fibers by the CWSPM
method", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., Vol 13. No.6, pp. 571-573, Nov, 2001.
[4] Zou X Y, Hayee M I, H wang S M, et al. Limitations in 10Gb/s WDM optical-fiber transmission when using a variety of fiber types
to manage dispersion and nonlinearities[J]. Lightwave Technol., PP: 1144-1152,June,1996.
[5] BU CHAL IF, LANNES. Fast eye monitor for 10G/bs and its applicationg for optical PMD compensation [Z]. Optical Society of
America,2000.
[6] Killy R I, Thiele H J, Mikhailov v, ea al. Reduction of intrachannel nonlinear distortion in 40-Gb/s based WDM transmission over
standard fiber [J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2000, 12(12): 1642-1626.
[7] Eggleton B 1. Dynamic dispersion, compensation devices for high speed transmission systems. Optical Fiber communication
conference and exhibit, 2001(3): WHlII-WH1I3
[8] jianjun Yu, Bojun Yang,"Dispersion-allacated soliton technology with long amplifier spacing and long distance," IEEEphoton
technol lett, vol 9, pp. 952-954,No.7, 1997.