This document discusses the anatomy of the pectoral region and breast. It describes the clavicle bone and its articulations. It also describes the pectoral muscles including the pectoralis major and minor. The development of the mammary glands from embryonic ridges is outlined. In females, the breasts develop further at puberty in response to hormones, while in males the structures remain rudimentary.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the pectoral region. It describes the origin, insertion, innervation and actions of the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and clavipectoral fascia muscles. It also details the structure, extent, relations, and lymphatic drainage of the mammary gland. The arterial supply, venous drainage and nerve supply of the breast are outlined. Applied aspects such as mammography and treatment for breast cancer and abscess are briefly discussed.
The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow. It contains two main compartments - anterior and posterior. The anterior compartment contains the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles which flex the forearm. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle which extends the forearm. The elbow joint is a complex joint formed between the humerus, ulna, and radius bones. It allows flexion-extension between the forearm and arm and pronation-supination of the forearm. Blood supply is provided by branches of the brachial artery and its profunda branch with rich anastomoses around the elbow.
The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles which are supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle which has three heads and is innervated by the radial nerve. Each muscle's origin, insertion, function, and clinical relevance are described in detail.
The posterior compartment of the thigh contains the hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and part of the adductor magnus), which are supplied by branches from the sciatic nerve. It also contains cutaneous nerves that innervate the skin (medial, posterior, and lateral cutaneous nerves) and veins that drain into the great and small saphenous veins. The blood supply comes from branches of the profunda femoris artery and drains into the profunda femoris vein.
The document defines and describes the anatomy of the axilla, including its boundaries, contents, and structures that pass through it. The axilla is the region under the arm bounded by the first rib, scapula, and thoracic wall. It contains the axillary vessels and brachial plexus, as well as fat and lymph nodes. Gateways in the posterior wall allow passage of nerves and vessels between the axilla and scapular regions.
The posterior compartment of the arm contains the triceps muscle, which has three heads that originate on the scapula and humerus and insert into the ulna. The triceps is innervated by the radial nerve and supplied by the profunda brachii artery. The radial and ulnar nerves pass through the compartment, with the radial nerve giving motor branches to the triceps and the ulnar nerve accompanied by the ulnar collateral arteries.
Exam Questions Shoulder Joint
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
The document describes the muscles and nerves of the thoracic wall. It discusses the three layers of intercostal muscles - external, internal, and innermost. It also describes the intercostal nerves, noting the typical arrangement from T3-T6, and variations in other regions. Finally, it discusses the diaphragm muscle, its origins along the ribs and vertebrae, openings, nerve supply, and role in respiration.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the pectoral region. It describes the origin, insertion, innervation and actions of the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and clavipectoral fascia muscles. It also details the structure, extent, relations, and lymphatic drainage of the mammary gland. The arterial supply, venous drainage and nerve supply of the breast are outlined. Applied aspects such as mammography and treatment for breast cancer and abscess are briefly discussed.
The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow. It contains two main compartments - anterior and posterior. The anterior compartment contains the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles which flex the forearm. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle which extends the forearm. The elbow joint is a complex joint formed between the humerus, ulna, and radius bones. It allows flexion-extension between the forearm and arm and pronation-supination of the forearm. Blood supply is provided by branches of the brachial artery and its profunda branch with rich anastomoses around the elbow.
The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles which are supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle which has three heads and is innervated by the radial nerve. Each muscle's origin, insertion, function, and clinical relevance are described in detail.
The posterior compartment of the thigh contains the hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and part of the adductor magnus), which are supplied by branches from the sciatic nerve. It also contains cutaneous nerves that innervate the skin (medial, posterior, and lateral cutaneous nerves) and veins that drain into the great and small saphenous veins. The blood supply comes from branches of the profunda femoris artery and drains into the profunda femoris vein.
The document defines and describes the anatomy of the axilla, including its boundaries, contents, and structures that pass through it. The axilla is the region under the arm bounded by the first rib, scapula, and thoracic wall. It contains the axillary vessels and brachial plexus, as well as fat and lymph nodes. Gateways in the posterior wall allow passage of nerves and vessels between the axilla and scapular regions.
The posterior compartment of the arm contains the triceps muscle, which has three heads that originate on the scapula and humerus and insert into the ulna. The triceps is innervated by the radial nerve and supplied by the profunda brachii artery. The radial and ulnar nerves pass through the compartment, with the radial nerve giving motor branches to the triceps and the ulnar nerve accompanied by the ulnar collateral arteries.
Exam Questions Shoulder Joint
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
The document describes the muscles and nerves of the thoracic wall. It discusses the three layers of intercostal muscles - external, internal, and innermost. It also describes the intercostal nerves, noting the typical arrangement from T3-T6, and variations in other regions. Finally, it discusses the diaphragm muscle, its origins along the ribs and vertebrae, openings, nerve supply, and role in respiration.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the pectoral region. It describes the surface landmarks, superficial fascia containing cutaneous nerves, vessels and the platysma muscle. The breast composition and blood supply are explained. The muscles of the pectoral region including pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior are also detailed. Finally, the clavipectoral fascia enclosing the pectoralis minor is briefly outlined.
The document describes the anatomy of the posterior abdominal wall. It contains the following key points:
1) The posterior abdominal wall is formed by muscles, fascia, and bones between the rib cage and pelvic brim. It forms the posterior boundary of the abdominal cavity.
2) Major muscles include the psoas major, which flexes the hip and spine, and quadratus lumborum, which fixes the 12th rib and lumbar vertebrae.
3) Fascia include the psoas fascia, iliac fascia, and lumbar part of the thoracolumbar fascia.
4) Retroperitoneal structures in the posterior wall include the duod
The medial compartment of the thigh contains four muscles - gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and the pubic part of adductor magnus. It also contains the profunda femoris artery and vein, and the obturator artery and vein. The obturator nerve innervates the muscles and sends articular branches to the hip.
This document describes the muscles and innervation of the pectoral region. It discusses the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, serratus anterior muscles and their origins, insertions, actions, and nerve supplies. It also mentions the clavipectoral fascia that splits below the clavicle to enclose the pectoralis minor muscle and continues as the suspensory ligament of the axilla.
This document provides an overview of upper limb anatomy, beginning with a general description of its divisions into shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. It then describes the anatomy of specific regions in more detail, including the bones, joints, muscles, and other structures of the shoulder, arm, and forearm. The shoulder region contains the clavicle, scapula, and proximal humerus. Key details are provided on the anatomy of these bones, including their processes, tubercles, fossae, and other features. The document concludes with a description of the shaft and distal end of the humerus.
The document describes the anatomy of the arm, including cutaneous innervation, fascial compartments, contents of the anterior compartment, and structures passing through the anterior compartment. Specifically, it notes that the arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa, with the anterior compartment containing the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, as well as the brachial artery, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and other structures passing through.
This document provides an overview of surface anatomy landmarks for the face, neck, thorax, abdomen, extremities, and spine. It describes key landmarks such as the jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphoid process, ribs, costal arches, quadrants of the abdomen, and boundaries and regions of the thorax. Anatomical structures including the clavicle, coracoid process, and vertebrae are located in relation to these surface landmarks.
The document describes the various muscles of the back, including their origins, insertions, innervation, and actions. It discusses the superficial, intermediate, and deep back muscles, categorizing them as extrinsic or intrinsic muscles. Key muscles described include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae group, rotatores, multifidus, semispinalis, and the suboccipital muscles.
This document discusses the anatomy of the scapular region. It lists the surface landmarks and cutaneous nerves. It describes the three layers of posterior axio-appendicular muscles - superficial, intermediate, and deep layers. It also discusses the scapulohumeral muscles including the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, and subscapularis. The rotator cuff muscles and movements of the scapula are mentioned. It provides details on the trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles, including their origins, insertions and actions.
The axilla is the pyramid-shaped space between the upper arm and chest. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes passing between the neck and upper limb. The axilla is bound by the chest wall medially, muscles anteriorly and posteriorly, and the humerus laterally. Within the axilla run the axillary artery and vein, as well as the brachial plexus nerves. The axillary artery branches several times within the axilla to supply the surrounding muscles and skin.
There are two groups of muscles in the back of the forearm - a superficial group and a deep group. The superficial group contains 7 muscles that originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and insert on the bones of the hand and fingers. They function to extend the wrist and fingers. The deep group contains 5 muscles that originate on the bones of the forearm and insert on the thumb and second finger. They function to supinate the forearm and extend the thumb.
The axilla is the area under the arm where the upper limb meets the thorax. It contains muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes. The axilla provides passage from the neck, chest, and arm. Structures like the brachial plexus, axillary artery and vein pass through the apex. The axilla is bounded by the pectoralis major muscle anteriorly and the latissimus dorsi muscle posteriorly. Clinically, the axilla is important for diagnosing conditions like thoracic outlet syndrome and performing lymph node biopsies for breast cancer screening and staging.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the axilla region. It discusses the boundaries and walls of the axilla, including the anterior, medial, posterior and lateral walls. It describes the main neurovascular structures in the axilla, including the axillary artery and its branches, the axillary vein and its tributaries, and the axillary lymph nodes. It also discusses the contents of the axilla, noting the axillary vessels, brachial plexus, and axillary lymph nodes are surrounded by the axillary sheath.
The axilla is the triangular space between the upper arm and chest. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes passing between the neck and upper limb. The walls are formed by muscles and ribs. The axillary artery begins as a continuation of the subclavian artery and divides into three parts above, behind, and below the pectoralis minor muscle. It gives off several branches and terminates becoming the brachial artery. The axillary vein accompanies the artery and drains into the subclavian vein.
The axilla is the pyramid-shaped space between the upper arm and chest wall. It has an apex, base, and four walls. The contents of the axilla include the axillary artery and vein, brachial plexus nerves, lymph nodes, fat and connective tissue. The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. Injuries to specific nerves in the brachial plexus can result in characteristic paralysis patterns, such as Erb's palsy which affects movement of the shoulder and arm.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the intercostal muscles and related structures in the thoracic wall. It describes three layers of intercostal muscles - external, internal, and transversus thoracicus. It also details the intercostal nerves, arteries and veins, and their branches. The azygos vein is summarized as connecting the inferior vena cava to the superior vena cava, passing through the thorax on the right side behind structures like the esophagus and lung roots.
1. The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.
2. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle innervated by the radial nerve.
3. The cubital fossa is a triangular space in front of the elbow containing the biceps tendon, brachial artery and its branches, median nerve, and radial nerve. Its boundaries include the brachioradialis laterally and pronator teres medially.
Anatomy of the breast for medical/dental students. This presentation also contains MCQs to test your knowledge as well as clinical scenario to apply your knowledge.
The breast lies in the superficial fascia of the pectoral region between the 2nd and 6th ribs. It has lobes of glandular tissue drained by lactiferous ducts that open at the nipple. The blood supply comes from intercostal arteries and the lymphatic drainage is primarily to axillary lymph nodes. The breast develops from the mammary ridge in fetal life. Human milk produced by the breast contains water, lactose, fats, proteins and antibodies to nourish infants.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the pectoral region. It describes the surface landmarks, superficial fascia containing cutaneous nerves, vessels and the platysma muscle. The breast composition and blood supply are explained. The muscles of the pectoral region including pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior are also detailed. Finally, the clavipectoral fascia enclosing the pectoralis minor is briefly outlined.
The document describes the anatomy of the posterior abdominal wall. It contains the following key points:
1) The posterior abdominal wall is formed by muscles, fascia, and bones between the rib cage and pelvic brim. It forms the posterior boundary of the abdominal cavity.
2) Major muscles include the psoas major, which flexes the hip and spine, and quadratus lumborum, which fixes the 12th rib and lumbar vertebrae.
3) Fascia include the psoas fascia, iliac fascia, and lumbar part of the thoracolumbar fascia.
4) Retroperitoneal structures in the posterior wall include the duod
The medial compartment of the thigh contains four muscles - gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and the pubic part of adductor magnus. It also contains the profunda femoris artery and vein, and the obturator artery and vein. The obturator nerve innervates the muscles and sends articular branches to the hip.
This document describes the muscles and innervation of the pectoral region. It discusses the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, serratus anterior muscles and their origins, insertions, actions, and nerve supplies. It also mentions the clavipectoral fascia that splits below the clavicle to enclose the pectoralis minor muscle and continues as the suspensory ligament of the axilla.
This document provides an overview of upper limb anatomy, beginning with a general description of its divisions into shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. It then describes the anatomy of specific regions in more detail, including the bones, joints, muscles, and other structures of the shoulder, arm, and forearm. The shoulder region contains the clavicle, scapula, and proximal humerus. Key details are provided on the anatomy of these bones, including their processes, tubercles, fossae, and other features. The document concludes with a description of the shaft and distal end of the humerus.
The document describes the anatomy of the arm, including cutaneous innervation, fascial compartments, contents of the anterior compartment, and structures passing through the anterior compartment. Specifically, it notes that the arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa, with the anterior compartment containing the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, as well as the brachial artery, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and other structures passing through.
This document provides an overview of surface anatomy landmarks for the face, neck, thorax, abdomen, extremities, and spine. It describes key landmarks such as the jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphoid process, ribs, costal arches, quadrants of the abdomen, and boundaries and regions of the thorax. Anatomical structures including the clavicle, coracoid process, and vertebrae are located in relation to these surface landmarks.
The document describes the various muscles of the back, including their origins, insertions, innervation, and actions. It discusses the superficial, intermediate, and deep back muscles, categorizing them as extrinsic or intrinsic muscles. Key muscles described include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae group, rotatores, multifidus, semispinalis, and the suboccipital muscles.
This document discusses the anatomy of the scapular region. It lists the surface landmarks and cutaneous nerves. It describes the three layers of posterior axio-appendicular muscles - superficial, intermediate, and deep layers. It also discusses the scapulohumeral muscles including the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, and subscapularis. The rotator cuff muscles and movements of the scapula are mentioned. It provides details on the trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles, including their origins, insertions and actions.
The axilla is the pyramid-shaped space between the upper arm and chest. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes passing between the neck and upper limb. The axilla is bound by the chest wall medially, muscles anteriorly and posteriorly, and the humerus laterally. Within the axilla run the axillary artery and vein, as well as the brachial plexus nerves. The axillary artery branches several times within the axilla to supply the surrounding muscles and skin.
There are two groups of muscles in the back of the forearm - a superficial group and a deep group. The superficial group contains 7 muscles that originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and insert on the bones of the hand and fingers. They function to extend the wrist and fingers. The deep group contains 5 muscles that originate on the bones of the forearm and insert on the thumb and second finger. They function to supinate the forearm and extend the thumb.
The axilla is the area under the arm where the upper limb meets the thorax. It contains muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes. The axilla provides passage from the neck, chest, and arm. Structures like the brachial plexus, axillary artery and vein pass through the apex. The axilla is bounded by the pectoralis major muscle anteriorly and the latissimus dorsi muscle posteriorly. Clinically, the axilla is important for diagnosing conditions like thoracic outlet syndrome and performing lymph node biopsies for breast cancer screening and staging.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the axilla region. It discusses the boundaries and walls of the axilla, including the anterior, medial, posterior and lateral walls. It describes the main neurovascular structures in the axilla, including the axillary artery and its branches, the axillary vein and its tributaries, and the axillary lymph nodes. It also discusses the contents of the axilla, noting the axillary vessels, brachial plexus, and axillary lymph nodes are surrounded by the axillary sheath.
The axilla is the triangular space between the upper arm and chest. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes passing between the neck and upper limb. The walls are formed by muscles and ribs. The axillary artery begins as a continuation of the subclavian artery and divides into three parts above, behind, and below the pectoralis minor muscle. It gives off several branches and terminates becoming the brachial artery. The axillary vein accompanies the artery and drains into the subclavian vein.
The axilla is the pyramid-shaped space between the upper arm and chest wall. It has an apex, base, and four walls. The contents of the axilla include the axillary artery and vein, brachial plexus nerves, lymph nodes, fat and connective tissue. The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. Injuries to specific nerves in the brachial plexus can result in characteristic paralysis patterns, such as Erb's palsy which affects movement of the shoulder and arm.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the intercostal muscles and related structures in the thoracic wall. It describes three layers of intercostal muscles - external, internal, and transversus thoracicus. It also details the intercostal nerves, arteries and veins, and their branches. The azygos vein is summarized as connecting the inferior vena cava to the superior vena cava, passing through the thorax on the right side behind structures like the esophagus and lung roots.
1. The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.
2. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle innervated by the radial nerve.
3. The cubital fossa is a triangular space in front of the elbow containing the biceps tendon, brachial artery and its branches, median nerve, and radial nerve. Its boundaries include the brachioradialis laterally and pronator teres medially.
Anatomy of the breast for medical/dental students. This presentation also contains MCQs to test your knowledge as well as clinical scenario to apply your knowledge.
The breast lies in the superficial fascia of the pectoral region between the 2nd and 6th ribs. It has lobes of glandular tissue drained by lactiferous ducts that open at the nipple. The blood supply comes from intercostal arteries and the lymphatic drainage is primarily to axillary lymph nodes. The breast develops from the mammary ridge in fetal life. Human milk produced by the breast contains water, lactose, fats, proteins and antibodies to nourish infants.
This document describes several back and shoulder muscles. Pectoralis major originates from the clavicle, sternum and ribs, and inserts on the humerus. It functions in arm adduction, flexion and rotation. Pectoralis minor originates from ribs and inserts on the coracoid process, depressing and protracting the scapula. Subclavius originates from a rib and inserts on the clavicle to depress it. Trapezius originates from the skull and spine and inserts on the clavicle and scapula, elevating, retracting and depressing the scapula. Latissimus dorsi originates from the spine and ribs and inserts on the humerus for
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the breast. It describes the case of Dr. Nipun, who was the youngest known survivor of breast cancer at age 2 after undergoing a total mastectomy. The breast is an apocrine gland located in the pectoral region that is well-developed in females after puberty. It discusses the lobes, lobules, ducts, stroma, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and development of the breast.
The mammary gland is modified sweat gland tissue located in the superficial fascia of the anterior chest wall. In females, it is well-developed and plays an important role in reproduction through milk production. The breasts are composed of lobules that drain into lactiferous ducts which open onto the nipple. Lymphatic drainage of the breast is important for staging breast cancer as the disease commonly spreads via lymphatics. The breast receives its blood supply from intercostal and thoracoacromial arteries and drains venously into axillary veins.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the arm and pectoral region. It describes the origins, insertions, innervations, and actions of muscles like the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis. It also details the fascia, compartments, and structures of the arm, forearm, cubital fossa, and pectoral region including bones, muscles, vessels and nerves.
This document provides an overview of breast anatomy, risk factors for breast cancer, and common presentations of breast cancer. It describes the structure and vasculature of the breast in detail. The most important risk factors are increasing age, family history and genetic mutations. Most women present with a hard, painless lump in the breast, though some lumps can cause discomfort. Thorough examination of any breast lump is important for early diagnosis.
The breast is composed of lobes, lobules, and ducts. It receives its blood supply from the internal and external mammary arteries. Lymph drainage is primarily to the axillary lymph nodes.
Breast anatomy and development can vary between individuals. Common benign breast conditions include fibroadenomas, cysts, and fibrocystic changes.
Breast cancer originates in the breast ducts or lobules. HER2-positive breast cancer is a type where cancer cells overexpress the HER2 receptor, causing rapid growth. Physical signs may include a painless breast mass, nipple retraction, and enlarged lymph nodes.
Seminar clinical anatomy of upper limb joints and musclesQuan Fu Gan
This is not all, there are many more clinical anatomy in terms of condition such as Popeye Deformity with are not included here and Special Test such as Neer's Impingement and Hawkins Kennedy etc... with touches on the upper limb muscles and joints. Also not forgotten Long tendon test and so forth. In general, this is just a simplified slides. Tq
The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint formed between the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. It allows for a great range of motion but lacks stability. Stability is provided by bony structures like the acromion and ligaments like the glenohumeral and coracohumeral ligaments. The joint is surrounded by muscles like the deltoid and rotator cuff which both move the arm and provide dynamic stability. Blood supply comes from branches of the axillary artery and it is innervated by nerves like the axillary nerve.
The document outlines the development of several endocrine glands, the central nervous system, eyes, ears, and skin/skin appendages. It describes how the hypophysis, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreatic islets develop from different embryonic tissues. It also summarizes the development of the neural tube, brain, spinal cord, eyes, ears, skin, hair follicles, sweat glands, and nails from the ectoderm and mesoderm during various embryonic weeks.
This document summarizes various musculoskeletal pathologies of the upper extremity that can be evaluated using nuclear medicine techniques like bone scintigraphy. It describes common conditions like impingement syndrome, osteomyelitis, fractures, and overuse injuries of the shoulder, elbow, and forearm that present with pain. Nuclear medicine imaging plays an important role in identifying these pathologies when plain radiographs are negative or inconclusive.
The document summarizes an anatomy revision session on the upper limb. It discusses various muscles of the upper limb including their origins, insertions, innervations and functions. Key muscles covered include the pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, deltoid, biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis, and triceps. It also discusses the rotator cuff muscles and muscles of the forearm including flexor carpi ulnaris and radialis. The session aims to help students identify upper limb muscles and understand their relations to nerves.
Skin cancer is very common, with melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers accounting for over half of all cancers. The main risk factor for skin cancer is overexposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, which can damage skin cells' DNA. Early detection of skin cancers through monthly skin self-exams and recognition of warning signs like moles that change size or color is important for treatment and prevention of metastasis. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of skin cancer and may involve surgical excision, chemotherapy, radiation, or newer targeted therapies.
Breast anatomy varies among patients. Understanding the vascular supply, innervation, and supporting structures is important for safe surgical planning. The blood supply to the breast comes from several arteries, with the internal mammary vessels providing about 60% of blood flow. Sensory innervation comes mainly from intercostal nerves T3-T5. The breast overlies muscles including the pectoralis major, which can provide coverage for implants. Understanding the relevant muscles and fascia is crucial for proper implant placement and reconstruction.
This document discusses breast cancer, including its symptoms, risk factors, and prevention. It notes that breast cancer is the leading cancer in Indian women, but has a high survival rate if caught early. Some key symptoms include lumps, discharge from the nipple, and changes to breast skin. Major uncontrollable risk factors include age, family history, dense breast tissue, and genetics. Controllable risk factors include having children later in life, not breastfeeding, alcohol use, obesity, and lack of exercise. The document emphasizes that prevention is better than cure and encourages awareness of breast cancer.
This document discusses the evolution of breast cancer surgery from radical mastectomy to breast-conserving surgery (BCS). It provides an overview of the key factors to consider when determining eligibility for BCS, including tumor characteristics, family history, genetic factors, and patient age/health status. Multiple studies have shown that BCS followed by radiation therapy provides equivalent survival outcomes to mastectomy for appropriately selected early-stage patients. Surgical challenges include achieving negative margins, maintaining cosmesis, and detecting local recurrence after BCS. Patient selection factors and techniques to help guide BCS are discussed.
The axilla is the space between the upper arm and chest wall. It has 4 walls - anterior, posterior, medial and lateral. The apex faces upwards and medially, allowing structures like blood vessels and nerves to pass through. The base faces downwards and is bound by skin and fascia. The axilla contains the axillary artery and vein, brachial plexus cords, lymph nodes, fat and other tissues. The axillary lymph nodes drain the lymphatics of the upper limb and lateral breast.
The document summarizes anatomy and common injuries of the upper extremities, including the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. It describes the bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles of the shoulder and elbow. It then discusses common shoulder conditions like rotator cuff tears, dislocations, and bursitis. It also reviews elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand fractures and other injuries, along with mechanisms of injury, signs, symptoms, and treatment approaches.
Evaluating different techniques for pneumoperitonium in comparison to Needle Scope, reaching a risk score for laparoscopy. Reaching best technique for pneumoperitonium for each individual patient..
lecture 5b The breast and pectoral region.pdfNatungaRonald1
The breast lies in the pectoral region and develops during puberty under the influence of female sex hormones. It is composed of lobules that radiate from the nipple. The breast undergoes changes during pregnancy and menopause. Cancer is a major health concern and can spread via the lymphatic drainage pathways.
The pectoral region contains muscles that act on the arm including the pectoralis major and minor. The serratus anterior muscle rotates the scapula. All three muscles receive nerve innervation from branches of the brachial plexus. Knowledge of the anatomical structures of the breast and pectoral region is important for clinical diagnosis and management.
The breast develops from mammary ridges in the embryo. It is composed of lobes and lobules that produce milk during lactation. The breast develops further at puberty in response to hormones and reaches full development during pregnancy. Benign breast conditions are common and include cysts, fibroadenomas, and fibrocystic changes. Proliferative disorders without atypia present a slightly increased cancer risk, while atypical hyperplasias present a higher risk and require close monitoring. Understanding normal breast anatomy, development, and benign conditions is important for evaluating breast symptoms and assessing cancer risk.
Lecture 5- FEMALE BREAST ANATOMY FOR NURSING STUDENT 2-1.pptprincessufookoye
Female breast anatomy for nursing students. Female breast anatomy for nursing students. Female breast anatomy for nursing students. Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nurs
The document provides information about the female breast (mammary gland), including its:
- Shape (conical), position (extending from the 2nd to 6th ribs), and parts (base, apex, tail).
- Internal structure of lobes, lobules, and lactiferous ducts.
- Blood supply from perforating branches of the internal thoracic and lateral thoracic arteries.
- Lymphatic drainage into axillary lymph nodes arranged into groups.
- Clinical relevance including cancer detection via sentinel node biopsy and risk of lymphedema after node removal.
This document summarizes the anatomy and embryological development of the breast. It describes how the breast develops from mammary ridges in the embryo and can have accessory breasts or nipples from failed regression. The blood supply, innervation, and lymphatic drainage of the breast is outlined. Infectious disorders of the breast are also summarized, including bacterial infections commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus in the postpartum period. Treatment involves antibiotics and may require surgical drainage for abscesses.
The development of the female genital system is determined at fertilization by the presence of two X chromosomes. In female embryos, the primitive sex cords dissociate and are replaced by the ovarian medulla and cortex. The paramesonephric ducts develop into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper vagina, while the sinovaginal bulbs form the lower vagina. Defects can occur if the paramesonephric ducts fail to fuse properly, resulting in conditions like a septate, bicornuate, or didelphys uterus. The genital tubercle forms the clitoris and genital swellings become the labia, with the urethral folds
The document provides information about embryology and the development of the fetus and placenta from weeks 4-8 of gestation. It defines embryology and describes key events like fertilization, implantation, trophoblast formation, villi development, and placenta formation. It discusses the formation of the embryo, amnion, and body stalk, as well as developmental changes that occur each week such as elongation of the embryo, formation of the circulatory system, development of the hands and feet, and the embryo taking on more human characteristics.
The document describes the anatomy of the pectoral region, including muscles like the pectoralis major and minor, and serratus anterior. It also discusses the mammary gland/breast, describing its structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and applied aspects like mammography and breast abscesses. Key structures mentioned include the clavicle, sternum, ribs, humerus, and scapula.
This document provides information about the anatomy of the female breast (mammary gland). It describes the shape and position of the breast as conical and extending from the 2nd to 6th ribs laterally to the midaxillary line. It details the structure of the breast as having 15-20 lobes made up of lobules drained by 15-20 lactiferous ducts opening at the nipple. It discusses the blood supply from perforating branches of the internal thoracic artery and lateral thoracic artery. It outlines the lymphatic drainage from subareolar and deep plexuses into axillary lymph nodes arranged into 5 groups. It covers applied anatomy regarding breast cancer occurrence in the upper lateral quadrant and drainage to axillary nodes
Breast cancer with anatomy physiology and staging .pptxDoctorDeath3
The document provides details about the anatomy of the breast. It describes how the breast is composed of ductal and lobular structures that produce and carry milk. It notes the blood, nerve and lymphatic supply of the breast and how these systems are involved in the physiology of lactation. The document also discusses common breast pathologies like invasive ductal carcinoma and outlines investigations and treatments for breast cancer.
The document discusses the anatomy of the breast. It covers topics such as location and extent of the breast, layers and structures within the breast like skin, parenchyma, ducts and lobes. It also discusses blood supply, lymphatic drainage including lymph node stations, nerve supply and radiological anatomy of the breast.
The document provides an overview of the breast and pectoral region. It discusses the structure, development, blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the breast. It also outlines the muscles of the pectoral region including the pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, and subclavius. The presentation additionally covers cancer of the breast including causes, signs, diagnosis and management.
The abdominal wall has 9 layers and develops from the lateral plate mesoderm. It closes by the end of the third month except at the umbilical ring. There are 4 muscles of the abdominal wall along with fascia layers. The rectus sheath surrounds the rectus abdominis muscle. Blood vessels and nerves pass through the abdominal wall. Congenital abnormalities include umbilical hernias such as omphalocele and gastroschisis. Persistence of the omphalomesenteric duct can lead to abnormalities like Meckel's diverticulum.
The document provides information on breast anatomy and physiology. It discusses:
- The external anatomy of the breast including the nipple, areola, skin, and internal anatomy such as lobes, lobules, ducts and fatty tissue.
- Breast development from fetal stage through puberty and changes that occur during pregnancy, menopause and with age.
- Composition of the breast including glandular and fatty tissues.
- Radiographic appearance and changes in breast density with age.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of mammary glands. It begins by defining mammary glands as breasts in medical terminology, originating from the Latin word for breasts. It then describes the basic structure of mammary glands, which consist of skin, parenchyma (lobes and ducts), and stroma (connective tissue). The document outlines the development of mammary glands from an embryonic ridge, and their histology in non-pregnant, pregnant, and lactating states. It also reviews the blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and clinical aspects such as breast cancer.
The document summarizes fetal development from the 9th week of gestation through birth. It describes how the fetus grows in length and weight each month. It also discusses the development of organs and tissues like the brain, lungs, skin, and muscles. The document then covers the fetal membranes - the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois, and umbilical cord. It explains their roles in protecting the fetus and transporting nutrients. The placenta forms from the chorion and develops branched villi to facilitate nutrient exchange between mother and fetus.
breast is the mammary gland with lobes and ductules with lactiferous ducts.
it extends from 2nd intercostal to 6 intercostal ribs and lies over pectoralis major muscle
Similar to Pectoral region and breast surgical anatomy (20)
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Answers Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. CLAVICLE
Shape :
• Its medial 2/3 are
convex forward.
• Its lateral 1/3 is
concave forward.
04/16/16 3aquinas emma
4. CLAVICLE
Functions :
• Holds the arm away from
the trunk.
• Transmits forces from the
upper limb to the axial
skeleton.
• Gives attachment to
muscles.
04/16/16 4aquinas emma
6. CLAVICLE
• It is a long bone that
lies horizontally
across the root of
the neck.
• It is subcutaneous
throughout its
length.
04/16/16 6aquinas emma
7. PECTORAL MUSCLES
• They are four
muscles that
move the
shoulder girdle
and attach it to
the thoracic
wall.
04/16/16 7aquinas emma
8. PECTORALIS MAJOR
• It triangular in shape.
• It covers the upper chest.
• Its lower border forms the
anterior wall of the axilla.
• Superiorly it is separated
from deltoid muscle along
the clavicle by the
deltopectoral triangle.
04/16/16 8aquinas emma
9. PECTORALIS MAJOR
Origin
• It has two heads :
Clavicular :
• from the medial half of
the clavicle.
Sternocostal:
• Anterior sternum.
• Upper six costal
cartilages.
• External oblique
aponeurosis.
04/16/16 9aquinas emma
10. PECTORALIS MAJOR
Insertion :
• Lateral lip of the bicipital
groove of the humerus.
Nerve supply :
• Medial and lateral
pectoral nerves.
Action :
• Adduction and medial
rotation of humerus.
• Flexion of arm (clavicular
head).
04/16/16 10aquinas emma
11. CLAVIPECTORAL FASCIA
• It is a strong sheet of fascia.
• Attachment :
• Superiorly :
• It is attached to the clavicle
and splits to enclose the
subclavius muscle.
• Inferiorly : It encloses the
pectoralis minor and
continues as the suspensory
ligament of the axilla and
joins the fascia of its floor.
04/16/16 11aquinas emma
13. SUBCLAVIUS MUSCLE
Origin :
• 1st
costal cartilage.
Insertion :
• Inferior surface of the
clavicle.
Nerve supply :
• A branch from the upper
trunk of the brachial plexus.
Action : Depresses the clavicle.
04/16/16 13aquinas emma
14. PECTORALIS MINOR
• It is a thin triangular
muscle that is
covered by
pectoralis major.
Origin :
• Anterior surfaces of
3rd
-5th
ribs.
Insertion :
• Coracoid process of
scapular
04/16/16 14aquinas emma
15. PECTORALIS MINOR
Nerve supply :
• Medial pectoral nerve.
Action :
• Pulls the shoulder
downwards and
forwards.
• It elevates the ribs
(accessory muscle of
respiration) when the
scapula is fixed.
04/16/16 15aquinas emma
17. Learning Goals
• To learn the development, histology, function
and surgical anatomy of mammary glands.
04/16/16 17aquinas emma
18. Development of Mammary Glands
• Are a modified and highly specialized type of
apocrine sweat glands.
• Consist of parenchyma, which is formed from ducts, and
connective tissue stroma.
• Parenchyma derives embryonically from surface ectoderm;
stroma arises from surrounding mesenchyme.
• Mammary buds begin to develop during the sixth
week as solid downgrowths of the epidermis into the
underlying mesenchyme
• These changes occur in response to an inductive
influence from the mesenchyme.
04/16/16 18aquinas emma
20. • Mammary buds develop as downgrowths from thickened mammary
crests, which are thickened strips of ectoderm extending from the axillary
to the inguinal regions
• The mammary crests (ridges) appear during the fourth week
but normally persist in humans only in the pectoral area,
where the breasts develop
• Each primary bud gives rise to several secondary mammary
buds that develop into lactiferous ducts and their branches
• Canalization of these buds is induced by placental sex
hormones entering the fetal circulation. This process continues
until late gestation, and by term, 15 to 20 lactiferous ducts are
formed.
• The fibrous connective tissue and fat of the mammary gland
develop from the surrounding mesenchyme.
04/16/16 20aquinas emma
22. • A, Ventral view of an embryo of approximately 28 days showing the mammary
crests. B, Similar view at 6 weeks showing the remains of these crests. C,
Transverse section of a mammary crest at the site of a developing mammary
gland. D to F, Similar sections showing successive stages of breast development
between the 12th week and birth.04/16/16 22aquinas emma
23. Development of Nipples and Areola
• During the late fetal period, the epidermis at the
site of origin of the mammary gland becomes
depressed, forming a shallow mammary pit
• The nipples are poorly formed and depressed in
newborn infants.
• Soon after birth, the nipples usually rise from the
mammary pits because of proliferation of the
surrounding connective tissue of the areola, the
circular area of skin around the nipple.
• The smooth muscle fibers of the nipple and areola
differentiate from surrounding mesenchymal cells.04/16/16 23aquinas emma
25. Postnatal Development of Female
Breast.
• A, Newborn. B, Child. C, Early puberty. D, Late puberty. E,
Young adult. F, Pregnant female. Note that the nipple is
inverted at birth
• (A). Normally the nipple elevates during childhood. Failure of
this process to occur gives rise to an inverted nipple. At puberty
(12-15 years), the breasts of females enlarge because of
development of the mammary glands and the increased
deposition of fat.
04/16/16 25aquinas emma
26. • The rudimentary mammary glands of newborn males and
females are identical and are often enlarged.
• Some secretion, often called "witch's milk," may be produced
caused by maternal hormones passing through the placental
membrane into the fetal circulation.
• Newborns breasts contain lactiferous ducts but no alveoli.
Before puberty, there is little branching of the ducts.
• In females, the breasts enlarge rapidly during puberty, mainly
because of development of the mammary glands and the
accumulation of the fibrous stroma and fat associated with
them
• . Full development occurs at approximately 19-20 years
• The lactiferous ducts of male breasts remain rudimentary
throughout life.
04/16/16 26aquinas emma
27. Gynecomastia
• The rudimentary lactiferous ducts in males normally undergo
no postnatal development.
• Gynecomastia (Gr. gyne, woman + mastos, breast) refers to
the development of the rudimentary lactiferous ducts in the
male mammary tissue.
• During midpuberty, approximately two thirds of boys develop
varying degrees of hyperplasia of the breasts. This subareolar
hyperplasia may persist for a few months to 2 years.
• A decreased ratio of testosterone to estradiol is found
• 80% of males with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) have
gynecomastia
04/16/16 27aquinas emma
29. Absence of Nipples (Athelia) or
Breasts (Amastia)
• Rare congenital anomalies may occur bilaterally or
unilaterally.
• Result from failure of development or disappearance of the
mammary crests.
• May also result from failure of mammary buds to form.
• More common is hypoplasia of the breast, often found in
association with gonadal agenesis and Turner syndrome
04/16/16 29aquinas emma
31. Aplasia of Breast
• The breasts of a postpubertal female often differ in
size. Marked differences are regarded as
anomalies because both glands are exposed to
the same hormones at puberty.
• In these cases, there is often associated
rudimentary development of muscles of the
thoracic wall, usually the pectoralis major
04/16/16 31aquinas emma
32. The thorax of an infant with congenital absence of the left pectoralis major muscle.
Note the absence of the anterior axillary fold on the left and the low location of the
left nipple. (From Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Arvin AM [eds]: Nelson Textbook of
Pediatrics, 15th ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1996.)
04/16/16 32aquinas emma
33. Supernumerary Breasts and Nipples
• An extra breast (polymastia) or nipple (polythelia) occurs in
approximately 1% of the female population as an inheritable
condition.
• An extra breast or nipple usually develops just inferior to the
normal breast.
• Supernumerary nipples are also relatively common in males;
often they are mistaken for moles
• Less commonly, supernumerary breasts or nipples appear in
the axillary or abdominal regions of females developing from
extra mammary buds that develop along the mammary crests.
They become more obvious in women when pregnancy
occurs.
• Approximately one third of affected persons have two extra
nipples or breasts.
• Supernumerary mammary tissue very rarely occurs in a
location other than along the course of the mammary crests. It
probably develops from tissue that was displaced from these
crests.
04/16/16 33aquinas emma
36. A man and a female infant with
extranipples (polythelia)
04/16/16 36aquinas emma
37. Inverted Nipples
• Nipples fail to elevate above the skin surface after birth,
remaining in their prenatal location (A)
• May make breast-feeding of an infant difficult;
04/16/16 37aquinas emma
38. Mammary glands-histology
• Compound tubuloalveolar glands
• Consist of 15 to 20 lobes radiating out from the nipple
and are
• Separated from each other by adipose and collagenous
connective tissue.
• Secrete milk, a fluid containing proteins, lipids, and
lactose as well as lymphocytes and monocytes,
antibodies, minerals, and fat-soluble vitamins
• Provide the proper nourishment for the newborn.04/16/16 38aquinas emma
40. Mammary Glands Development
• Develop in the same manner and are of the same
structure in both sexes until puberty,
• At puberty changes in the hormonal secretions in
females cause further development and structural
changes within the glands.
• Secretions of estrogen and progesterone from the
ovaries (and later from the placenta) and prolactin from
the acidophils of the anterior pituitary gland initiate
development of lobules and terminal ductules.
• Full development of the ductal portion of the breast
requires glucocorticoids and further activation by
somatotropin.04/16/16 40aquinas emma
42. Mammary Glands Development
• Concomittant with these events is an increase in
connective tissue and adipose tissue within the stroma,
causing the gland to enlarge.
• Full development occurs at about 20 years of age
• Minor cyclic changes occur during each menstrual period,
• Major changes occur during pregnancy and in lactation.
• After age 40 or so, the secretory portions and some of the
ducts and connective tissue elements of the breasts begin
to atrophy, and they continue this process throughout
menopause.
04/16/16 42aquinas emma
44. Gland Structure
• The glands within the breasts are classified as
compound tubuloalveolar glands,
• Make 15 to 20 lobes radiating out from the nipple and
separated from each other by adipose and collagenous
connective tissue.
• Each lobe is drained by its own lactiferous duct leading
directly to the nipple, where it opens onto its surface.
• Before reaching the nipple, each of the ducts is dilated
to form a lactiferous sinus for milk storage and then
narrows before passing through the nipple
04/16/16 44aquinas emma
46. • Near the opening at the nipple, lactiferous ducts are
lined by a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.
• The lactiferous sinus and the lactiferous duct leading to
it are lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium,
• Smaller ducts leading to the lactiferous duct are lined by
a simple columnar epithelium.
• Stellate myoepithelial cells located between the
epithelium and the basal lamina wrap around the
developing alveoli and become functional during
pregnancy
04/16/16 46aquinas emma
47. Resting (Non secreting) Mammary
Gland
• Alveoli are not developed in nonpregnant women
• nonpregnant women have the same basic
architecture as the lactating (active) mammary
gland, except that they are smaller and without
developed alveoli, which occur only during
pregnancy..
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04/16/16 47aquinas emma
48. Lactating (Active) Mammary Glands
• are activated by elevated surges of estrogen and progesterone
during pregnancy to become lactating glands to provide milk for the
newborn.
• Terminal portions of the ducts branch and grow and the alveoli
develop and mature
• As pregnancy progresses, the breasts enlarge as a result of
hypertrophy of the glandular parenchyma and engorgement with
colostrum,
• Colostrum is a protein-rich fluid, in preparation for the newborn.
• Within a few days after birth, when estrogen and progesterone
secretions have subsided, prolactin, secreted by acidophils of the
anterior pituitary gland, activates the secretion of milk, which
replaces the colostrum
04/16/16 48aquinas emma
49. Lactating (Active) Mammary Glands
• During pregnancy,
the terminal
portions of the
ducts branch and
grow and develop
secretory units
known as alveoli.
• Inset shows a
longitudinal
section of a gland
and duct of the
active mammary
gland.
04/16/16 49aquinas emma
50. Alveoles and Alveolar Cells
• The alveoli are composed
of cuboidal cells partially
surrounded by a meshwork
of myoepithelial cells.
• These secretory cells
possess abundant RER and
mitochondria, several Golgi
complexes, many lipid
droplets, and numerous
vesicles containing caseins
(milk proteins) and lactose.
• Not all regions of the
alveolus are in the same
stage of production,
because different acini
display varying degrees of
preparation for synthesis of
milk substances
Electron micrograph of an
acinar cell04/16/16 50aquinas emma
51. Milk Secretion from Alveolar Cells
• The secretions of the alveolar cells are of two kinds: lipids and
proteins.
• Stored as droplets within the cytoplasm.
• Released from the secretory cells by the apocrine mode of
exocytosis,
• Small droplets coalesce to form larger and larger droplets that
move to the periphery of the cell.
• Once there, they project as cytoplasmic blebs into the lumen;
eventually, the lipid droplets containing blebs are pinched off and
become part of the secretory product.
• Each bleb consists of a central lipid droplet surrounded by a
narrow rim of cytoplasm and enclosed by a plasmalemma.
• Proteins synthesized within these secretory cells are liberated
from the cells by the merocrine mode of exocytosis in much the
same manner as would be expected of other cells that synthesize
and release proteins into the extracellular space
04/16/16 51aquinas emma
52. Areola and Nipple
• The circular, heavily pigmented skin in the center of the
breast is the areola.
• Areola contains sweat glands and sebaceous glands at its
margin as well as areolar glands (of Montgomery) that
resemble both sweat and mammary glands.
• In the center of the areola is the nipple, a protuberance
covered by stratified squamous epithelium containing the
terminal openings of the lactiferous ducts.
• In fair-skinned individuals, a pinkish color is imparted to the
nipple as a result of the color of blood in the rich vascular
supply within the long dermal papillae that extend near its
surface.
• During pregnancy, the color becomes darker because of
increased pigmentation of the areola and the nipple.04/16/16 52aquinas emma
54. • The core of the nipple is composed of dense collagenous
connective tissue with abundant elastic fibers connected to the
surrounding skin or interlaced within the connective tissue and a
rich component of smooth muscle cells.
• The wrinkling of the skin on the nipple results from the
attachments of the elastic fibers.
• The abundant smooth muscle fibers are arranged in two ways:
circularly around the nipple and radiating longitudinally along the
long axis of the nipple.
• The contraction of these muscle fibers is responsible for erection
of the nipple.
• Most of the sebaceous glands located around the lactiferous
ducts open onto the surface or sides of the nipple, although some
open into the lactiferous ducts just before those ducts open onto
the surface.04/16/16 54aquinas emma
56. Mammary Gland Secretion: Milk Production
• Prolactin is responsible for the production of milk
• Oxytocin is responsible for the milk ejection reflex.
• Although the mammary gland is prepared to secrete milk
even before birth, certain hormones prohibit this.
• When the placenta is detached in the adult female,
prolactin from the anterior pituitary stimulates the
production of milk, which reaches full capacity in a few
days.
• Before that, for the first 2 or 3 days after birth, a protein-
rich thick fluid called colostrum is secreted.
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57. • Colostrumis a high-protein secretion, rich in
vitamin A, sodium, and chloride, also contains
lymphocytes and monocytes, minerals,
lactalbumin, and antibodies (immunoglobulin A)
to provide nutrition and passive immunity to the
newborn.
• Milk, usually produced by the 4th day after
parturition, is a fluid that contains minerals,
electrolytes, carbohydrates (including lactose),
immunoglobulins (mostly immunoglobulin A),
proteins (including caseins), and lipids.
• Production of milk results from the stimuli of
sight, touch, handling of the newborn, and
anticipation of nursing, events that create a surge
in prolactin release.
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58. • Once initiated, milk production is continuous, with the
milk being stored within the duct system.
• Concomitant with the production of prolactin, oxytocin
is released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary.
• Oxytocin initiates the milk ejection reflex by inducing
contractions of the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli
and the ducts, thus expelling the milk.
• Mothers who cannot breast-feed their infants on a
regular feeding schedule are inclined to suffer from poor
lactation. This may motivate a decision to discontinue
nursing altogether, with the result that the infant is
deprived of the passive immunity conferred by ingesting
antibodies from the mother.
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59. BREAST POSITION
• Most of the gland
lies in the
superficial fascia.
• Its base extends
from :
• 2nd
-6th
ribs.
• Lateral margin of
the sternum to the
midaxillary line.
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60. BREASTS
• They are surrounded by a
small colored area (areola).
• The breast tissue is formed
of little duct system
embedded in connective
tissue that is restricted to
the margin of the areola.
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61. STRUCTURE
Areola glands:
• They produce tiny tubercles
on the areola.
Retromammary space of
Spence:
• It is a loose connective tissue
separating the breasts from
the underlying deep fascia.
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62. STRUCTURE
Ducts :
• A main duct arises from
each lobe.
• It opens separately on
the summit of the nipple.
• Each duct has a dilatation
(ampulla) prior to its
termination.
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63. STRUCTURE
lobes :
• It is formed of (15-20)
lobes radiating from the
nipple.
• The lobes are separated by
fibrous septa.
• In the upper part, they are
well developed
(suspensory ligaments)
binding the skin to the
deep fascia.
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64. Axillary Tail:
• It is the part
of the gland
in the deep
fascia.
• It extends
upward and
laterally to
enter the
axilla.
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65. BREAST QUADRANTS
• Regarding the lymph
drainage,
• the breast (mammary
gland) is divided into
four quadrants:
• Upper medial.
• Lower medial.
• Upper lateral.
• Lower lateral.
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66. LYMPH DRAINAGE • It is of
considerable
clinical
importance
because of the
frequent
development of
cancer of the
gland and the
dissemination of
the malignant
cells along the
lymph vessels.
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67. BLOOD SUPPLY Veins :
• Correspo
nd to the
arteries.
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70. • Cancer occurring
in the lateral
quadrants of the
breast spreads to
the axillary lymph
nodes which can
be removed
surgically.
• 60% of
carcinomas of the
breast occur in
the upper lateral
quadrant.
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71. LYMPH DRAINAGE
• To the opposite
breast.
• To the anterior
abdominal wall.
• To the posterior
intercostal nodes
along the
posterior
intercostal
arteries.
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72. LYMPH DRAINAGE
Lateral quadrants:
• To anterior axillary
(pectoral) group of
lymph nodes.
Medial quadrants:
• To internal thoracic
lymph nodes along the
internal thoracic artery
within the thoracic
cavity.
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