Patrick Goodman, Dublin Technical University, Ireland
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Patrick Goodman, Dublin Technical University, Ireland
- 1. Newgrange
- 2. Lessons from reducing air pollution, it can be done and it works! Prof.Pat Goodman Europe day 13th June 2013 Helsinki pat.goodman@dit.ie
- 3. Talk structure Sources of air pollution Air pollution and health Examples of reducing air pollution and health benefits WHO work Conclusions
- 4. Where does air pollution come from? Most of the harmful pollution, the very fine particles come from combustion process; Namely burning such as coal, oil wood And engine emissions, especially diesel Can also have industrial sources
- 7. Modern understanding of air pollution London 1952
- 8. Dublin SMOG 1982 Dublin 1982 Case Fatality Rates Kelly and Clancy, Irish Medical Journal; 77:10: 322-324. 1984CFR 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jan '80 Jan '81 Jan '82 Jan '83 Date
- 9. Daytime in Dublin Jan. 1982
- 10. Dublin space heating 1980s The main source of particulate pollution was the burning of coal in open grates Space heating for homes was 100% solid fuel for social housing 80% for private housing (partially supported by Government grants to reduce the dependence on imported oil)
- 12. Dublin Coal ban 30th Sept 1990 Banned the marketing, sale and distribution of smoky coal in greater Dublin
- 13. Dublin Black Smoke 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 F 1984F 1985F 1986F 1987F 1988F 1989F 1990F 1991F 1992F 1993F 1994F 1995F 1996 µg/m3 Ban on Coal Sales
- 14. Effect of Air Pollution Control on Mortality in Dublin Clancy et al, Lancet • Effect of ban on sale of coal on air pollution in Dublin – 36 µg/m3 BS (-71%) – 11 µg/m3 SO2 (-34%) • Effect on mortality – 7% Total Mortality – 13% Cardiovascular – 16% Respiratory – 3% Other
- 15. JAWMA 2009 extensions of the Irish coal ban1998 Ban Cities 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 w w w w w w w w w w v s a w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 BlackSmoke(µg/m 3 ) Arklow Drogheda Dundalk Limerick Wexford 1998 Ban
- 16. Utah Valley, 1980s • Winter inversions trap local pollution • Natural test chamber • Local Steel mill contributed ~50% PM2.5 • Shut down July 1986-August 1987 • Natural Experiment
- 17. Large difference in air quality when inversions trap air pollution in valley Utah Valley: Clean day Utah Valley: Dirty day (PM10 = 220 µg/m3 )
- 18. When the steel mill was open, total children’s hospital admissions for respiratory conditions approx. doubled. Mill Open Mill Closed
- 19. Event Authors Outcomes German Reunification Peters et al 2009 Suguri et al 2006 Frye et al 2003 Improved air quality and health benefits Improved Lung function in Children Improved FVC, drop in bronchitis etc Bejing Olympic Games Summer 2008 Li et al 2010 Huang et al 2009 Drop in Asthma admissions Improved heart rate criteria Residential Wood Burning SJ Valley CA. Lightall et al 2009 Improved air quality. Mortality and morbidity cost savings Stockholm Congestion Charging Zone Johanson et al 2009 Improved life expectancy Workplace Smoking Goodman et al 2009 Reduced MI, improved
- 21. REVIHAAP: Process and progress
- 22. Harvard 6 cities study
- 23. Other evidence APHEA in Europe NMMAPS in the US Air pollution harmful even at low levels
- 24. The challenges! Cooking on open fires indoors (very high exposures in developing countries) Industrial development in developing countries Developed countries, nee dto reduce fuel consumption, and thus emissions!
- 25. Conclusions Interventions can improve air quality Interventions can improve the health of the general population
Editor's Notes
- For example, in the 1980s I moved to the Provo/Orem area of Utah. This metro area is situated in a mountain valley. Temperature inversions often trap air pollution near the valley floor which serves as a natural test chamber for pollution exposure. Furthermore, in the 1980s the largest local source of air pollution, the Geneva Steel Mill, shut down for 13-months and then reopened, providing a novel natural experiment.
- On days without an inversion, like the one in this photo, the air in Utah Valley is very clean. However, as illustrated in this photo on the right, when inversions trap local air pollution, air quality can get very bad—but not as bad as the killer smog episodes of Meuse Valley, Donora, or London. If you look closely, you can see “thermal bubbles” on the top of the inversion layer above smoke stacks of the steel mill.
- The intermittent operation of the steel mill provided a natural experiment, where the primary source of pollution in our natural exposure chamber was shut off for 13 months and then turned back on. We used this opportunity to study pollution effects on children’s respiratory hospitalizations. The operation of the mill clearly contributed to elevated levels of air pollution and pediatric hospital admissions for bronchitis, asthma, and total respiratory conditions were approximately doubled.