Pathogenesis
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This document discusses the pathogenesis of bacterial infections in three parts: 1) It defines pathogenesis as the step-by-step development of disease from microbial infection through resolution. Key concepts are infection, virulence, and pathogenicity. 2) It explains that host susceptibility is determined by a balance between bacterial virulence factors and host defenses like barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. Compromised host defenses increase risk of infection. 3) It categorizes pathogens as strict, only causing disease in normal hosts, or opportunistic, usually infecting hosts with underlying conditions. Transmission occurs through carriers, zoonoses, and hospitals. Asymptomatic infections aid microbial transmission between hosts.
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Pathogenesis
1. The document discusses various types of plant parasites including obligate parasites, necrotrophs, saprophytes, semibiotrophs, and facultative parasites.
2. It then covers the pathogenesis or chain of events of plant diseases caused by parasites including inoculation, penetration, establishment of infection, colonization and growth, and dissemination. Specific details are provided on methods of penetration and invasion.
3. Key stages in the chain of events include spore germination, attachment to the host, formation of specialized structures like appresoria, recognition between host and pathogen, and direct penetration or penetration through natural openings or wounds.
introduction of plant pathology
This document provides an introduction to plant pathology. It discusses why plant pathology is important, as plants sustain life but are vulnerable to microorganisms. A healthy plant performs normal functions like growth, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis and reproduction. A diseased plant fails at one or more of these functions. The science of plant pathology has four main objectives: to study disease causes and development, plant-pathogen interactions, and control methods. Key terms are defined, such as pathogen, infection, and symptom. Several examples of serious historical diseases causing famines are described. The major types of phytopathogenic organisms that cause plant diseases are identified as fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids and others.
Epidemiology
In this slide you will get all the important information of epidemiology.
For more information you can see my youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUsmJMc2xvL3O3UkDh8knrA
Pathogenesis
This document provides terminology related to plant pathology and pathogenesis. It defines key terms like necrotroph, saprophyte, pathogenicity, and pathogenesis. It also defines signs, symptoms, and syndromes. Other terms defined include virulence, infection, inoculum, and disease cycle. The document explains that a disease cycle involves events like inoculation, penetration, infection, invasion, reproduction, dissemination, and survival of a pathogen. It also discusses primary and secondary inoculum sources.
Plant - Pathogen Interaction and Disease Development
Plant diseases are the result of infection by any living organisms that adversely affect the growth, development, physiological functioning and productivity of a plant, manifesting outwardly as visible symptoms.
causes of plant disease
This document provides an outline and overview of the causes of plant diseases. It discusses both abiotic factors such as nutrient deficiencies or toxicities, pesticide exposure, environmental pollutants, and extreme weather conditions. It also examines biotic factors including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and phytoplasmas. Specific examples are given for each type of pathogen and the symptoms they cause in plants.
Plant pathogenic bacteria
This lecture includes history of bacteria, structure, morphology, flagellation n bacteria, classification and asexual reproduction in bacteri
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease development
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
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Pathogenesis
1. The document discusses various types of plant parasites including obligate parasites, necrotrophs, saprophytes, semibiotrophs, and facultative parasites.
2. It then covers the pathogenesis or chain of events of plant diseases caused by parasites including inoculation, penetration, establishment of infection, colonization and growth, and dissemination. Specific details are provided on methods of penetration and invasion.
3. Key stages in the chain of events include spore germination, attachment to the host, formation of specialized structures like appresoria, recognition between host and pathogen, and direct penetration or penetration through natural openings or wounds.
introduction of plant pathology
This document provides an introduction to plant pathology. It discusses why plant pathology is important, as plants sustain life but are vulnerable to microorganisms. A healthy plant performs normal functions like growth, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis and reproduction. A diseased plant fails at one or more of these functions. The science of plant pathology has four main objectives: to study disease causes and development, plant-pathogen interactions, and control methods. Key terms are defined, such as pathogen, infection, and symptom. Several examples of serious historical diseases causing famines are described. The major types of phytopathogenic organisms that cause plant diseases are identified as fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids and others.
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In this slide you will get all the important information of epidemiology.
For more information you can see my youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUsmJMc2xvL3O3UkDh8knrA
Pathogenesis
This document provides terminology related to plant pathology and pathogenesis. It defines key terms like necrotroph, saprophyte, pathogenicity, and pathogenesis. It also defines signs, symptoms, and syndromes. Other terms defined include virulence, infection, inoculum, and disease cycle. The document explains that a disease cycle involves events like inoculation, penetration, infection, invasion, reproduction, dissemination, and survival of a pathogen. It also discusses primary and secondary inoculum sources.
Plant - Pathogen Interaction and Disease Development
Plant diseases are the result of infection by any living organisms that adversely affect the growth, development, physiological functioning and productivity of a plant, manifesting outwardly as visible symptoms.
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This document provides an outline and overview of the causes of plant diseases. It discusses both abiotic factors such as nutrient deficiencies or toxicities, pesticide exposure, environmental pollutants, and extreme weather conditions. It also examines biotic factors including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and phytoplasmas. Specific examples are given for each type of pathogen and the symptoms they cause in plants.
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BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Microbial Pathogenesis
1. Microbial pathogens must gain access to the host, adhere to tissues, and evade host defenses in order to cause disease. Common entry points include mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genital tracts.
2. Once inside the host, pathogens must adhere using adhesins and penetrate host defenses using mechanisms like capsules, cell wall components, and enzymes to damage tissues. They may also produce toxins or utilize host nutrients.
3. Viruses evade immunity by growing inside host cells and causing cytopathic effects that disrupt cell functions or directly damage cells. Eukaryotic pathogens like fungi and protozoa can also invade tissues and cause disease.
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The document discusses the disease triangle and disease cycle in plants. The disease triangle illustrates the three factors required for disease: a susceptible host, a pathogen, and a favorable environment. The disease cycle describes the stages a pathogen goes through when infecting a host plant, including inoculation, penetration, infection, invasion, colonization, dissemination, and overwintering/oversummering. It explains each step and how pathogens are able to survive between seasons and continue their life cycles.
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Symptoms of bacterial infection in plants are much like the symptoms in fungal plant disease.
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scabs,
cankers and a
soft rots of roots,
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Disease development: Role of enzymes, toxins and growth regulators.
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The document discusses the role of enzymes, toxins, and growth regulators in plant pathology and disease development. It defines plant pathology and describes how diseases develop through a complex process influenced by environmental factors and stress. The summary is:
1) Plant pathology studies plant diseases and their causes and controls. Disease develops through interactions between pathogens, hosts, and the environment.
2) Key stages of disease development include inoculation, penetration, infection, pathogen growth and reproduction, and dissemination. Disease occurs when conditions are suitable for the pathogen but not the host.
3) Factors like temperature, moisture, light, soil properties, and wind influence disease development by affecting the pathogen, host, or their interaction. UnderstandingInfection, Invasion, Growth and Reproduction of pathogen
This document discusses the infection, invasion, growth, and reproduction of plant pathogens. It describes how pathogens infect plants through various means such as intracellularly or intercellularly. Successful infections result in symptoms. The incubation period is the time between inoculation and symptom appearance, which depends on factors like the pathogen-host combination and environment. Pathogens invade tissues and spread systematically or locally within the plant. They continue growing and branching out indefinitely. Pathogens reproduce through various means like spores, fission, or eggs. Reproduction rates vary greatly between pathogen types but large numbers can be produced rapidly, facilitating widespread infection.
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Toxins produced by plant pathogens play an important role in disease development. There are three classes of toxins: pathotoxins which cause disease symptoms, phytotoxins which may contribute to disease, and vivotoxins which function in disease production but are not the initial cause. Toxins can be host-specific, affecting only the pathogen's host, or non-host specific. Host-specific toxins like T-toxin and victorin are primary determinants of disease in susceptible hosts by disrupting mitochondrial function or stimulating cell death. Non-host specific toxins like tabtoxin and tentoxin do not have host specificity and can affect plant physiology. Toxins cause effects like
Bacterial vilt
This slide will help in understanding the symptoms, effects of bacterial wilt on solencous crops like Potato, Brinjil and Pepper.I hope all of you will understand my points.
Plant Viruses Diseases and Symptoms
This document discusses several plant viruses that cause diseases in crops such as banana, potato, tomato, chilli, and tobacco. It describes the symptoms, transmission methods (e.g. aphids, mechanical), epidemiology, and management (e.g. removing infected plants, using resistant varieties, controlling insect vectors) for each virus, including Banana Bunchy Top Virus, Potato Virus X, Potato Virus Y, Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, Tomato Leaf Curl Virus, Chilli Mosaic Virus, and Tobacco Mosaic Virus. The viruses can spread rapidly and cause significant crop yield losses if not properly managed.
Different techniques for detection of plant pathogens.
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. Major plant pathogens include fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses. Techniques used to detect pathogens include histopathological examination of infected tissues, culture growth on media, staining, microscopy, and analysis of biochemical properties. Symptoms caused by pathogens can provide clues to identification. Isolation and purification of the pathogen allows for reinoculation to fulfill Koch's postulates.
Methods of transmission of plant viruses
This document discusses various methods of plant virus transmission including mechanical, grafting, seed, insect, nematode, and fungal transmission. It provides details on each method such as the viruses transmitted, vectors involved, and procedures. Mechanical transmission involves sap inoculation using leaf rubbing or pinprick methods. Grafting and dodder transmission are also discussed. Seed and pollen transmission of certain viruses is possible. Insect vectors like aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers transmit many plant viruses in a circulative or non-persistent manner. Finally, nematodes and fungi can act as vectors for some viruses.
Classification of fungi
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually. They include mushrooms, yeasts, molds, and crop parasites. Fungi play important roles in symbiotic relationships with plants. They are classified into two divisions - Myxomycota containing plasmodial fungi and Eumycota containing filamentous fungi. Eumycota is further divided into five subdivisions - Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina - based on characteristics like cell structure, life cycle, and mode of reproduction. Many fungi are plant pathogens that cause diseases in important crop species
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This document provides information about bacterial infections in plants. It discusses how bacteria infect plants, including entering through natural openings or wounds. It describes different types of bacterial diseases like blight, cankers, and black rot and their associated symptoms. The mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria are also summarized, such as producing enzymes that damage plant cell walls or toxins that cause disease symptoms.
Procedures in the diagnosis of plants diseases
This document provides an overview of basic procedures for diagnosing plant diseases. It discusses the main types of plant diseases which are infectious diseases caused by pathogens and non-infectious diseases caused by environmental factors. For infectious diseases, it describes the signs and symptoms of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, parasitic plants, nematodes, viruses, and mollicutes. It also discusses procedures for identifying the causal pathogens and key signs and symptoms.
Rust
Rust is a plant disease caused by obligate parasitic fungi belonging to the class basidiomycetes. The disease causes severe damage to wheat, oats, barley, and vegetable crops. Symptoms include rust-colored spots on leaves and stems that rupture the epidermis. Rust fungi like Puccinia infect hosts like wheat, barley, oats, and beans. They have complex life cycles producing spores that allow the disease to spread. Control methods include removing alternate hosts, growing resistant varieties, spraying fungicides, crop rotation, and field sanitation.
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Microbial Pathogenesis
1. Microbial pathogens must gain access to the host, adhere to tissues, and evade host defenses in order to cause disease. Common entry points include mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genital tracts.
2. Once inside the host, pathogens must adhere using adhesins and penetrate host defenses using mechanisms like capsules, cell wall components, and enzymes to damage tissues. They may also produce toxins or utilize host nutrients.
3. Viruses evade immunity by growing inside host cells and causing cytopathic effects that disrupt cell functions or directly damage cells. Eukaryotic pathogens like fungi and protozoa can also invade tissues and cause disease.
Disease triangle and disease cycle
The document discusses the disease triangle and disease cycle in plants. The disease triangle illustrates the three factors required for disease: a susceptible host, a pathogen, and a favorable environment. The disease cycle describes the stages a pathogen goes through when infecting a host plant, including inoculation, penetration, infection, invasion, colonization, dissemination, and overwintering/oversummering. It explains each step and how pathogens are able to survive between seasons and continue their life cycles.
Detection and characterization of plant viruses on major food crops in togo ...
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Symptoms of bacterial infection in plants are much like the symptoms in fungal plant disease.
They include
leaf spots,
blights,
wilts,
scabs,
cankers and a
soft rots of roots,
storage organs and fruit,
Disease forecasting
This document discusses disease forecasting models that use weather data to predict outbreaks. It provides examples of models for rice blast, potato late blight, wheat yellow rust, and more. The potato late blight model for India, JHULSACAST, is specifically discussed. Disease forecasting is useful for giving advance warning to apply protective chemicals before infection starts and help control economically important crop diseases. Both empirical and fundamental forecasting systems are covered, along with their components and requirements for developing useful forecasting.
Symptoms of plant disease (symptomology)
The document discusses various symptoms, signs, and syndromes of plant disease. Symptoms are the physiological responses of plants to pathogens, while signs are structures produced by the pathogen itself, such as mycelium or spores. Syndromes describe the sequential appearance of symptoms during disease development. Symptoms can be morphological, like necrosis, hypertrophy, or chlorosis, and appear externally on plants. They can also be histological and detected microscopically. Common morphological symptoms discussed include spots, blights, rots, rusts, and wilts.
TYPES OF epidemiology
This document discusses types of plant disease epidemics. It defines an epidemic as a disease occurring year after year at a moderate to severe level or an increase in disease within a population. Epidemiology is the study of disease in populations. The main types of epidemics discussed are monocyclic, polycyclic, and polyetic. Monocyclic diseases have one infection cycle per season, while polycyclic diseases can have multiple cycles from secondary infections. Polyetic diseases take multiple years to produce inoculum and may not cause new infections every year. Examples of each type are provided.
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This document provides an introduction to the course PPATH 503: Epidemiology and Forecasting of plant disease. It defines key epidemiological concepts such as epidemic, epidemiology, monocyclic and polycyclic pathogens. It discusses how host, pathogen and environmental factors influence disease development. It also examines the history of epidemiology from ancient times to modern developments. Disease progress curves and mathematical modeling of epidemics are introduced.
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Disease development: Role of enzymes, toxins and growth regulators.Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
The document discusses the role of enzymes, toxins, and growth regulators in plant pathology and disease development. It defines plant pathology and describes how diseases develop through a complex process influenced by environmental factors and stress. The summary is:
1) Plant pathology studies plant diseases and their causes and controls. Disease develops through interactions between pathogens, hosts, and the environment.
2) Key stages of disease development include inoculation, penetration, infection, pathogen growth and reproduction, and dissemination. Disease occurs when conditions are suitable for the pathogen but not the host.
3) Factors like temperature, moisture, light, soil properties, and wind influence disease development by affecting the pathogen, host, or their interaction. UnderstandingInfection, Invasion, Growth and Reproduction of pathogen
This document discusses the infection, invasion, growth, and reproduction of plant pathogens. It describes how pathogens infect plants through various means such as intracellularly or intercellularly. Successful infections result in symptoms. The incubation period is the time between inoculation and symptom appearance, which depends on factors like the pathogen-host combination and environment. Pathogens invade tissues and spread systematically or locally within the plant. They continue growing and branching out indefinitely. Pathogens reproduce through various means like spores, fission, or eggs. Reproduction rates vary greatly between pathogen types but large numbers can be produced rapidly, facilitating widespread infection.
Role of Plant toxin
Toxins produced by plant pathogens play an important role in disease development. There are three classes of toxins: pathotoxins which cause disease symptoms, phytotoxins which may contribute to disease, and vivotoxins which function in disease production but are not the initial cause. Toxins can be host-specific, affecting only the pathogen's host, or non-host specific. Host-specific toxins like T-toxin and victorin are primary determinants of disease in susceptible hosts by disrupting mitochondrial function or stimulating cell death. Non-host specific toxins like tabtoxin and tentoxin do not have host specificity and can affect plant physiology. Toxins cause effects like
Bacterial vilt
This slide will help in understanding the symptoms, effects of bacterial wilt on solencous crops like Potato, Brinjil and Pepper.I hope all of you will understand my points.
Plant Viruses Diseases and Symptoms
This document discusses several plant viruses that cause diseases in crops such as banana, potato, tomato, chilli, and tobacco. It describes the symptoms, transmission methods (e.g. aphids, mechanical), epidemiology, and management (e.g. removing infected plants, using resistant varieties, controlling insect vectors) for each virus, including Banana Bunchy Top Virus, Potato Virus X, Potato Virus Y, Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, Tomato Leaf Curl Virus, Chilli Mosaic Virus, and Tobacco Mosaic Virus. The viruses can spread rapidly and cause significant crop yield losses if not properly managed.
Different techniques for detection of plant pathogens.
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. Major plant pathogens include fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses. Techniques used to detect pathogens include histopathological examination of infected tissues, culture growth on media, staining, microscopy, and analysis of biochemical properties. Symptoms caused by pathogens can provide clues to identification. Isolation and purification of the pathogen allows for reinoculation to fulfill Koch's postulates.
Methods of transmission of plant viruses
This document discusses various methods of plant virus transmission including mechanical, grafting, seed, insect, nematode, and fungal transmission. It provides details on each method such as the viruses transmitted, vectors involved, and procedures. Mechanical transmission involves sap inoculation using leaf rubbing or pinprick methods. Grafting and dodder transmission are also discussed. Seed and pollen transmission of certain viruses is possible. Insect vectors like aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers transmit many plant viruses in a circulative or non-persistent manner. Finally, nematodes and fungi can act as vectors for some viruses.
Classification of fungi
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually. They include mushrooms, yeasts, molds, and crop parasites. Fungi play important roles in symbiotic relationships with plants. They are classified into two divisions - Myxomycota containing plasmodial fungi and Eumycota containing filamentous fungi. Eumycota is further divided into five subdivisions - Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina - based on characteristics like cell structure, life cycle, and mode of reproduction. Many fungi are plant pathogens that cause diseases in important crop species
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This document provides information about bacterial infections in plants. It discusses how bacteria infect plants, including entering through natural openings or wounds. It describes different types of bacterial diseases like blight, cankers, and black rot and their associated symptoms. The mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria are also summarized, such as producing enzymes that damage plant cell walls or toxins that cause disease symptoms.
Procedures in the diagnosis of plants diseases
This document provides an overview of basic procedures for diagnosing plant diseases. It discusses the main types of plant diseases which are infectious diseases caused by pathogens and non-infectious diseases caused by environmental factors. For infectious diseases, it describes the signs and symptoms of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, parasitic plants, nematodes, viruses, and mollicutes. It also discusses procedures for identifying the causal pathogens and key signs and symptoms.
Rust
Rust is a plant disease caused by obligate parasitic fungi belonging to the class basidiomycetes. The disease causes severe damage to wheat, oats, barley, and vegetable crops. Symptoms include rust-colored spots on leaves and stems that rupture the epidermis. Rust fungi like Puccinia infect hosts like wheat, barley, oats, and beans. They have complex life cycles producing spores that allow the disease to spread. Control methods include removing alternate hosts, growing resistant varieties, spraying fungicides, crop rotation, and field sanitation.
Microbial pathogenicity
This document discusses various aspects of infectious diseases including definitions, classification, transmission, and pathogenic mechanisms. It defines infection as the lodgement and multiplication of an infectious agent in the body. Infections are classified as endogenous or exogenous depending on the source, and as acute, chronic, latent, or atypical depending on clinical manifestations. Microbes can be transmitted via contact, airborne droplets, ingestion, inoculation, transplacentally, or through iatrogenic means. Pathogenicity is determined by microbial adhesion, invasiveness, antiphagocytic factors, and toxins. Exotoxins are often heat-labile proteins that can be converted to toxoids.
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The document discusses various aspects of bacterial pathogenesis and infection. It defines key terms like infection, pathogenicity, and virulence. It describes the host susceptibility factors and different types of pathogens. It explains the various routes of bacterial entry into the human body and the patterns of infections. It discusses Koch's postulates and how pathogens are linked to specific diseases. It also summarizes the multistep process bacteria use to cause infection, including acquiring virulence genes, sensing the environment, expressing virulence factors, adhering to and invading tissues, acquiring nutrients, surviving host defenses, and evading the immune system.
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pathogenesis of microbial infections dr. ihsan alsaimary
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
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- 1. M. SRI ARAVIND LAL ROLL NO 17 Madurai kamaraj university PATHOGENESIS
- 3. INTRODUCTION 2) Pathogenesis The step by step development of a disease from infection by a pathogen to termination of either the germ or the host.
- 4. Introduction of Bacterial Pathogenesis 1. Infection: growth and multiplication of a microbe in or on the body with or without the production of disease. 2. The capacity of a bacterium to cause disease reflects its relative “Pathogenicity.” 3. Virulence is the measure of the pathogenicity of a microorganism. 4. Pathogenesis refers both to (1) the mechanism of infection and to (2) the mechanism by which disease develops.
- 5. Host Susceptibility 1. Susceptibility to bacterial infections => Host Defenses vs Bacterial Virulence 2. Host Defenses: - Barriers (skin & mucus) – the first line - Innate Immunity (complement, macrophages & cytokines) – the early stage - Adaptive Immunity (Ag-specific B & Tcells)–the later stage 3. Host defenses can be comprised by destructing barriers or defective immune response. e.g. Cystic Fibrosis => poor ciliary function => NOT clear mucus efficiently from the respiratory tract => Pseudomonas aeruginosa => serious respiratory distress.
- 6. Strict pathogens are more virulent and can cause diseases in a normal person. Opportunistic pathogens are typically members of normal flora and cause diseases when they are introduced into unprotected sites; usually occur in people with underlying conditions.
- 7. Transmission of infection Carrier: a person or animal with asymptomatic infection that can be transmitted to another person or animal. The clinical symptoms of diseases produced by microbes often promote transmission of the agents. Zoonosis: infectious diseases transmitted between animals and men. Hospital- (nosocomial) vs. community-acquired infections By producing asymptomatic infection or mild disease, rather than death of the host, microorganisms that normally live in people enhance the possibility of transmission from one person to another. Many bacteria are transmitted on hands