Panel data analysis is a statistical method used in social science and econometrics to analyze two-dimensional data collected over time for the same individuals. A regression is run over both the time and individual dimensions. There are three main models: pooled OLS which treats all data as one set without segregation; fixed effect which allows different intercepts for changes in cross-sectional units; and random effect which examines changes over time and units. Tests like Chow, Breusch-Pagan, and Hausman are used to determine the best model to use.

2.  statistical method, widely used in social
science, epidemiology, and econometrics,
which deals with two-dimensional (cross
sectional/times series)panel data.
 The data are usually collected over time and
over the same individuals and then
a regression is run over these two
dimensions.

3. • where y is the dependent variable, x is
the independent variable, a and b are
coefficients, i and t are indices for
individuals and time.

4. Pooled OLS
o It considers data as one data set.
o No segregation
Fixed effect model
o When we want different intercepts
o Change in cross sectional units
o No sampling is done
Random effect Model
o When we want to see changes in time and
units

5. o Chow Test
Ho: Pool is better than fixed
Hi: fixed is better than pool
o Breusch-Pagan test
Pool is better than Random Effect
Random is better than Pooled
o Hausman test
Random is better than fixed
Fixed is better than random