Optimal pollution control
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This document discusses optimization techniques for pollution control. It introduces optimization analysis as a process for firms to determine output levels that maximize profit by minimizing costs. The document examines the relationship between marginal, total, and average economic concepts like revenue, cost, and profit. It then presents a case study where the optimal level of pollution is determined by balancing marginal costs and marginal benefits, with the equilibrium point Q* representing the optimal pollution level that should be controlled for.
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2. For environmental goods like air and water, market failure arises because there are no property rights, they are non-rival and non-excludable public goods, and pollution externalities are not priced into production.
3. Externalities can be corrected by taxing polluters an amount equal to the external cost imposed on society, known as a Pigouvian tax, which internalizes the externality into the firm's production decision and leads to a more efficient market outcome.
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A brief and To-The-Point content about the environmental accounting , environmental audit, and environmental ethics
Environmental accounting
Environmental accounting identifies, measures, and allocates environmental costs and integrates them into business decisions. It aims to bring environmental costs to the attention of stakeholders to identify ways to reduce costs while improving environmental quality. There are different forms including environmental management accounting, environmental financial accounting, and environmental national accounting. Environmental accounting can help managers make decisions to reduce environmental costs and better understand product environmental impacts. However, there is no standard method and environmental costs are not always easily measurable.
Environmental Accounting.pptx
The term “environmental accounting” is open to interpretation. In this guideline, environmental accounting is the identification, measurement and allocation of environmental costs, the integration of these environmental costs into business decisions and the subsequent communication of the information to a company’s stakeholders. Identification includes a broad examination of the impact of corporate products, services and activities on all corporate stakeholders.
Sustainability Accounting
This document discusses sustainability accounting, which accounts for social, environmental, and economic impacts of decision making. It focuses on non-financial reporting and the triple bottom line of people, planet, profit. Sustainability accounting measures performance in these areas, evaluates companies' environmental/social/governance performance, and complements traditional financial accounting. It identifies risks/benefits and encourages stakeholder partnerships. Techniques include shadow pricing, life cycle analysis, and restating financial statements to reflect environmental, social, and economic value added. External impacts are also accounted for through scoping, boundary setting, valuation, and calculating sustainable profit.
Triple Bottom Line the way forward to rehumanize the businesses of the world
The document provides details on each of the three P's:
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Socialization
Socialization is the lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, behaviors, and social skills needed to function in their culture. It occurs through interactions with others and influences personality development from infancy through adulthood. The main socialization agents are family, education systems, peer groups, media, and religion. Socialization helps convert individuals into social beings by teaching them appropriate roles, skills, discipline, and how to interact with others. It allows people to learn from each other and adapt across their lifespan.
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The document discusses the process of recruiting and selecting a sales force. It involves analyzing job requirements, preparing job descriptions, identifying qualifications, attracting applicants from various sources, screening candidates, and selecting the best recruits through a multi-step process. Once selected, new salespeople go through a socialization process to integrate them into the sales force and organization.
Money laundering
Money laundering is the process of making illegally-obtained money, such as that from drug trafficking or tax evasion, appear legitimate. It involves three steps: placement, where cash enters the financial system through methods like structuring small deposits; layering, where complex transactions disguise the original source; and integration, where the laundered money is acquired as legitimate wealth. Anti-money laundering regulations require financial institutions to monitor for and report suspicious transactions over $10,000 to prevent laundering activities.
New keynesian economics
New Keynesian economics evolved in response to new classical critiques of Keynesian macroeconomics. It incorporates Keynesian ideas like sticky prices and wages to explain short-run economic fluctuations. A key difference from new classical economics is the assumption that prices and wages adjust slowly rather than quickly clearing markets. This allows for involuntary unemployment and a role for monetary policy. A new synthesis has emerged merging tools from both new classical and new Keynesian models.
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Managerial Economics discusses risks in demand forecasting. There are two main risks: overestimating demand due to unforeseen events, and underestimating demand due to inadequate market analysis. Forecasting is difficult and not possible in most business sectors. Managers should prepare for different outcomes. Steps to reduce forecasting errors include carefully defining the market, dividing demand into components, forecasting main users, and conducting sensitivity analyses.
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Islam promotes labor productivity and prohibits discrimination in several ways:
1) It makes education obligatory for Muslims, improving employable skills and productivity.
2) Restricting the accumulation and idle hoarding of wealth through zakat encourages greater investment and circulation of wealth, increasing jobs and wages.
3) Prohibiting interest prevents the systematic concentration of wealth and income inequality that arises from earning fixed returns on wealth.
4) While wage differences based on productivity are allowed, discrimination based on attributes like gender, religion or ethnicity is prohibited. Mechanisms like zakat help ensure equitable access to resources.
International monetary fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization of 188 member countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation and secure financial stability. Formed in 1944, the IMF provides loans to countries experiencing economic crises in order to correct payment imbalances. In exchange for loans, the IMF requires countries to implement policy reforms aimed at stabilizing their economies. The IMF is governed by a Board of Governors and led by a Managing Director.
Human capital and rural development
This document discusses human capital and its importance for rural development. It defines human capital as investments in education, training, and health that increase people's productivity. Studies show education increases incomes. For developing countries with large rural populations, transforming people into human capital through education, health, and values can help address lack of tangible capital. Rural development aims to improve quality of life and economies in isolated areas, and is characterized by locally-led strategies and programs from groups like Aga Khan Foundation, CTA, and USDA Rural Development.
History of economic thoughts
Mercantilism was an economic theory that dominated Britain in the 16th-17th centuries. It held that a positive balance of trade and accumulation of gold were crucial. Thomas Mun was a key early proponent of mercantilism who argued that England should regulate trade to export more than it imports to gain gold. He defended practices of the East India Company that were importing more than exporting and sending gold to India to pay for imports. Mun's writings laid out mercantilist ideas including banning competing imports, reducing luxury imports, and cultivating wastelands to boost domestic production and reduce imports.
Formation of Prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude towards a group based solely on membership in that group. There are three main types of prejudice: racial, automatic, and gender prejudice. Prejudice arises from desires to justify social status differences and childhood exposure, though it is not necessarily maintained into adulthood. Prejudice has motivational sources like frustration-aggression theory and social identity theory, and cognitive sources like categorization of people into groups and perception of differences between in-groups and out-groups. Ways to reduce prejudice include empathy training, anti-discrimination laws and regulations, changing social norms, increasing awareness of inconsistent beliefs, and more contact between groups.
Central Banks
Central banks are institutions that manage a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates. They have a monopoly on increasing the money supply and often print the national currency. The primary functions of central banks are to manage the money supply, act as a lender of last resort during financial crises, promote monetary and financial stability, and oversee the banking system. Central banks also maintain commercial bank reserves and implement monetary policy through tools like open market operations and adjusting interest rates. Several major central banks discussed in the document are the Federal Reserve System, Bank of England, Bank of Japan, and State Bank of Pakistan, each with their own objectives and functions for monetary policy and financial stability.
Factors of job Satisfaction
This document discusses factors that influence job satisfaction. It identifies organizational factors like occupational level, job content, leadership style, pay/promotions, working conditions, respect from coworkers, and workload/stress levels. It also notes personal factors such as personality-job fit, finding fulfillment in one's work, and accurate role perception can impact satisfaction. Job satisfaction is determined by how content employees feel with their job or aspects of their job. Both individual and workplace characteristics shape an employee's attitudes and satisfaction.
Welfare function in Islamic Economics
The document presents a model for representing total human welfare (Wh) as a function of welfare in worldly life (Wt) and welfare in eternal life after death (We). Wt depends on positive factors like career and family that are allowed in Islam as long as they don't violate religious constraints. We depends on following God's commands, which guide believers to live morally in this life while working towards rewards in the afterlife. The model aims to maximize both Wt and We to achieve lasting happiness by balancing worldly and spiritual pursuits in accordance with Islamic principles.
Colours and gemstone presentation
This document discusses the relationship between colors and gemstones. It begins by defining color and gemstones. It then associates different colors with meanings, emotions, and corresponding gemstones. Red is associated with passion and the gemstone garnet. Yellow represents intellect and the gemstone topaz. Green symbolizes harmony and the emerald. Pink signifies love and affection, relating to pink pearls. Blue inspires devotion, connecting to lapis lazuli. The document concludes by discussing gemstones that can attract love, such as moonstones, rose quartz, sapphires, rhodonite and lapis.
Trade policies of pakistan
This document outlines Pakistan's second strategic trade policy framework for 2012-2015. It discusses challenges facing Pakistan's economy like security issues and energy shortages but notes the economy has still grown. The framework aims to strengthen regional trade, export development, and monitoring. It proposes several initiatives like establishing an Export Import Bank, Services Trade Development Council, and subsidizing food processing plants in less developed areas to diversify and increase exports. The goal is to increase exports from $67 billion in 2009-2012 to $95 billion by 2015.
International trade of pakistan
Pakistan is involved in international trade through organizations like the WTO and has trade agreements with many countries. It has a trade deficit that fluctuates due to demand for exports and domestic issues. In 2013/14, exports were $10.37 billion while imports were $18.11 billion. Pakistan's top exports are cotton textiles and apparel, while top imports are petroleum, edible oils, chemicals and fertilizer. The EU granted Pakistan GSP Plus status in 2013 to boost exports. Top export partners for Pakistan are the US, China, Afghanistan, Germany and UK.
Globalization and human resource challenges
The document discusses the challenges that globalization poses for human resource management. It defines globalization as the increased openness of economies to international trade, financial flows, and foreign direct investment. Some of the key human resource challenges discussed are diversity recruitment to relate to an increasingly diverse customer base, the need for professional development and training to gain new skills for the global marketplace, managing laws across different jurisdictions to avoid legal issues, developing work place flexibility including virtual offices, needing language capabilities or translators to work with international employees, developing a global workforce and managing cultural differences to promote diversity.
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留信网认证的作用:
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Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
1.2 Business Ideas Business Ideas Busine
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Does teamwork really matter? Looking beyond the job posting to understand lab...
Does teamwork really matter? Looking beyond the job posting to understand lab...Labour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightnessLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trends
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trendsLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
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Optimal pollution control
- 2. Introduction • optimization analysis we mean a process through which a firm determines the output level at which it maximizes total profit. • method for maximizing the profit or minimizing the cost of an organization.
- 3. • Objective of the firm is to maximize the profit or minimize the cost of production • first step in presenting optimization techniques is to examine ways and methods to express economic relationship • We examine the relationship between marginal, total ,average concepts and measures such as revenue, product, cost and profit
- 4. Case Study • Optimal level of pollution is not possible. • Pollution is a by product of economic production. • The optimal level of pollution is when MC=MB • Horizontal axis shows level of pollution per year. • Vertical axis measures the marginal cost and benefit of pollution of the society.
- 6. • When MC increases MB decreases. • If pollution control is zero, producers will dump the waste the into the environment • Optimal of pollution is Q* given by Equilibrium.