The document discusses display devices and touch screen technology. It describes the key components and working principles of different display devices like CRT, LED, and LCD displays. It also explains the components of a touch screen like the touch sensor, controller, and software driver. Finally, it summarizes the working principles and characteristics of different touch screen technologies such as resistive, capacitive, SAW, and infrared touchscreens.
SHORT-CHANNEL EFFECTS
A MOSFET is considered to be short when the channel length ‘L’ is the same order of magnitude as the depletion-layer widths (xdD, xdS). The potential distribution in the channel now depends upon both, transverse field Ex, due to gate bias and also on the longitudinal field Ey, due to drain bias When the Gate channel length <<1 m, short channel effect becomes important .
This leads to many
undesirable effects in MOSFET.
The short-channel effects are attributed to two physical phenomena:
A) The limitation imposed on electron drift characteristics in the channel,
B) The modification of the threshold voltage due to the shortening channel length.
In particular five different short-channel effects can be distinguished:
1. Drain-induced barrier lowering and “Punch through”
2. Surface scattering
3. Velocity saturation
4. Impact ionization
5. Hot electrons
A signal is a pattern of variation that carry information.
Signals are represented mathematically as a function of one or more independent variable
basic concept of signals
types of signals
system concepts
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FPGA devices can deliver the performance and reliability of dedicated hardware circuitry.
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touch screen technology contains some limitations with it, it is fast, accurate, user friendly and fun to operate .It is being widely accepted. With some modifications, it can completely replace mouse and keyboard completely in the near future.
SHORT-CHANNEL EFFECTS
A MOSFET is considered to be short when the channel length ‘L’ is the same order of magnitude as the depletion-layer widths (xdD, xdS). The potential distribution in the channel now depends upon both, transverse field Ex, due to gate bias and also on the longitudinal field Ey, due to drain bias When the Gate channel length <<1 m, short channel effect becomes important .
This leads to many
undesirable effects in MOSFET.
The short-channel effects are attributed to two physical phenomena:
A) The limitation imposed on electron drift characteristics in the channel,
B) The modification of the threshold voltage due to the shortening channel length.
In particular five different short-channel effects can be distinguished:
1. Drain-induced barrier lowering and “Punch through”
2. Surface scattering
3. Velocity saturation
4. Impact ionization
5. Hot electrons
A signal is a pattern of variation that carry information.
Signals are represented mathematically as a function of one or more independent variable
basic concept of signals
types of signals
system concepts
This presentation gives an overview of FPGA devices. An FPGA is a device that contains a matrix of re-configurable gate array logic circuitry. When a FPGA is configured, the internal circuitry is connected in a way that creates a hardware implementation of the software application.
FPGA devices can deliver the performance and reliability of dedicated hardware circuitry.
Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a method of changing the duration of a pulse with respect to the analog input. The duty cycle of a square wave is modulated to encode a specific analog signal level. This pulse width modulation tutorial gives you the basic principle of generation of a PWM signal. The PWM signal is digital because at any given instant of time, the full DC supply is either ON or OFF completely. PWM method is commonly used for speed controlling of fans, motors, lights in varying intensities, pulse width modulation controller etc. These signals may also be used for approximate time-varying of analogue signals. Below you can see the pulse width modulation generator circuit diagram (pulse width modulator) using op amp. PWM is employed in a wide variety of applications, ranging from measurement and communications to power control and conversion. Pulse width modulation dc motor control is one of the popular circuits in Robotics.
This presentation discusses the Lambda based design rules for drawing the layouts. The spacing between ltwo layers, extent if of overlap, minimum dimensions of each layer etc are decided by the lambda based design rules. the separation between metal and poly, poly and diffusion , width of metal etc
touch screen technology contains some limitations with it, it is fast, accurate, user friendly and fun to operate .It is being widely accepted. With some modifications, it can completely replace mouse and keyboard completely in the near future.
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1. Display Devices
And
Touch Screen Technology
Presented By:-
Abhishek Pal
2. Outline
• Introduction of Display Devices
• Types of Display Devices
1. CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) Displays
2. LED Displays
3. LCD Displays
• Introduction of Touch Screen Technology
• Components of Touch Screen
• Types of Touch Screen Technology
1. Resistive Touchscreen
2. Capacitive Touchscreen
3. Saw Touchscreen
4. Infrared Touchscreen
3. Introduction of Display Devices
• A display device is an output device for presentation of
information in visual or tactical form
• One of the earliest electronic displays is the cathode ray tube
(CRT), which was made commercial in 1922
• Since then electronic display
devices based on various
principles are developed.
4. Types of Display devices
• Active display devices are based on luminescence.
• Luminescence
• Photo-luminescence
• Cathodo-luminescence
• Electro-luminescence
• Passive display devices reflect or modulate light.
5. Outline
• Introduction of Display Devices
• Types of Display Devices
1. CRT Displays
2. LED Displays
3. LCD Displays
• Introduction of Touch Screen Technology
• Components of Touch Screen
• Types of Touch Screen Technology
1. Resistive Touchscreen
2. Capacitive Touchscreen
3. Saw Touchscreen
4. Infrared Touchscreen
6. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Displays
• The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) was invented by German
physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun in 1897.
• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) contains four basic parts:
• Electron gun,
• Evacuated glass
• Focusing and
accelerating systems,
• Deflecting systems,
7. CRT Displays Principles
• Display principle
• Raster Scan Display Principle
In this system the screen is scan in vertically and
horizontally
• Random Scan Display Principle
Here the electron gun of CRT illuminates point and/or
straight lines in any order
• The frequency at which a picture is redrawn on the screen is
referred to as the “Refresh Rate”.
• The maximum number of points that can be displayed on a
CRT is referred to as the “Resolution”.
8. Outline
• Introduction of Display Devices
• Types of Display Devices
1. CRT Displays
2. LED Displays
3. LCD Displays
• Introduction of Touch Screen Technology
• Components of Touch Screen
• Types of Touch Screen Technology
1. Resistive Touchscreen
2. Capacitive Touchscreen
3. Saw Touchscreen
4. Infrared Touchscreen
9. LED Display
• An LED display is a flat panel display, which uses light-emitting
diodes as a video display.
• A cluster of red, green, and blue diodes is driven together to
form a full-color pixel, usually square in shape.
• Matrix of diodes is arranged to form pixels and picture definition
is stored in refresh buffer.
• Information is read from refresh buffer
and converted into voltage levels that
are provided to diodes, thus
producing light patterns in the display.
10. Techniques Used
Three techniques are used in making LED displays:-
1. Edge-Led :- It is done around the rim by using a special
diffusion panel to spread the light evenly behind the screen.
2. Full-array Led :- The are arranged behind the screen and
their brightness are not controlled individually.
3. Dynamic „Local Dimming‟ Led:- This type of back-lightning
allows dimming of specific areas of darkness on the screen.
11. Outline
• Introduction of Display Devices
• Types of Display Devices
1. CRT Displays
2. LED Displays
3. LCD Displays
• Introduction of Touch Screen Technology
• Components of Touch Screen
• Types of Touch Screen Technology
1. Resistive Touchscreen
2. Capacitive Touchscreen
3. Saw Touchscreen
4. Infrared Touchscreen
12. LCD Displays
• George H. Heilmeier invented LCD in 1964
• The heart of all liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is a liquid crystal
itself.
• Produces pictures by passing polarized light through liquid-
crystal material.
• There are three basic types of
liquid crystals which are termed
1. Nematic
2. Chiral
3. Smetic
14. Working Principle
Off State
1. Surrounding light is polarized on the upper plate.
2. Light moves along with
liquid crystals and
twisted at right angle
3. Molecules and lights are
parallel to the lower
analyzer.
4. Light passes through the
plate and thus screen
appear transparent.
15. Working Principle
ON State
1. Surrounding light is polarized on the upper plate.
2. Light moves along with liquid crystals which moves straight
along the electric field.
3. Molecules and lights are
perpendicular to the lower analyzer.
4. Light cannot pass through.
5. Screen appear dark.
16. Comparison
CRT LCD LED
POWER High power is consumes 50-70% consumes 30-40%
CONSUMPTION consumed less energy as of less power than
compared to CRT LCD
PICTURE High contrast ratio Poor picture Superior than CRT
QUALITY quality than LED and LCD
COST Low cost High cost Very high cost
(~2 times of CRT) (~4 times of CRT)
17. Outline
• Introduction of Display Devices
• Types of Display Devices
1. CRT Displays
2. LCD Displays
3. LED Displays
• Introduction of Touch Screen Technology
• Components of Touch Screen
• Types of Touch Screen Technology
1. Resistive Touchscreen
2. Capacitive Touchscreen
3. Saw Touchscreen
4. Infrared Touchscreen
19. Introduction
• First described by E.A Johnson in his work on capacitive
touchscreen in 1967.
• A Touchscreen is basically a input device
so it should be combined with a display
device and a computer.
• A Touchscreen basically includes:-
1. Touch Screen Sensor
2. Controller
3. Software Driver
20. Outline
• Introduction of Display Devices
• Types of Display Devices
1. CRT Displays
2. LCD Displays
3. LED Displays
• Introduction of Touch Screen Technology
• Components of Touch Screen
• Types of Touch Screen Technology
1. Resistive Touchscreen
2. Capacitive Touchscreen
3. Saw Touchscreen
4. Infrared Touchscreen
21. Components
Touch Screen Sensor
• A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch
responsive surface.
• The sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going
through it.
• Voltage change determine the point of touch.
21
22. Components
Controller
• The controller connects between the touch sensor and the PC.
• The controller determines what
type of connection you will
need on the PC.
• Controllers are available that
work with DVD players and
other devices.
22
23. Components
Software Driver
• The driver allows the touchscreen and computer to work
together.
• Most touch screen drivers today
are a mouse-emulation type driver.
• This allows the touchscreen
to work with existing software.
23
24. Outline
• Introduction of Display Devices
• Types of Display Devices
1. CRT Displays
2. LCD Displays
3. LED Displays
• Introduction of Touch Screen Technology
• Components of Touch Screen
• Types of Touch Screen Technology
1. Resistive Touchscreen
2. Capacitive Touchscreen
3. Saw Touchscreen
4. Infrared Touchscreen
25. Introduction
• In 1971, the first "touch sensor" was developed by Doctor Sam
Hurst
• A touch screen is an Electronic
Visual Display.
• The touch screen is one of the
easiest to use and most intuitive
of all PC interfaces
• This touch screen works on the
principle of voltage dividers.
25
26. Resistive Technology
V=Voltage (Volts)
A difference in electrical potential
I=Current (Amps)
A flow of electric charge which (by convention) flows from a higher to
a lower voltage potential
R=Resistance (Ohms)
Resists the flow of electric current
I = V/R
Current flow proportional to Voltage and inversely proportional to
resistance
27. Potential Divider
V
I
R
R R1 R2
V
I
R1 R2
V V1 V2
V2 IR2
V
V2 R2
R1 R2
R2
V2 V
R1 R2
28. Potentiometer
V2 is proportional to
the position of the
arrow. At the top V2=V
and at the bottom V2=0
29. Resistive Touch Sensor
• The sensor panel consists of several layers, the most important
of which are two thin, transparent layers separated by thin
space.
• Top screen has coating on the
underside surface.
.
• Voltage is applied to one layer
and sensed by the other.
• Generally a 4-wire technology
is used.
30. 4-Wire Technology
• It consists of 4 resistances arranged so indicate X and Y
Cartesian axis.
• When the screen is touched
the conductive coating on
the coversheet connects
with the coating on the
glass.
• The controller reads the
X and Y positions.
33. Advantages & Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES
• Force activated so can use finger even with a glove, stylus or
any other (non sharp) prodding device.
• Tolerates dust/dirt, rain and insects.
DISADVANTAGES
• Conductive coating reduces display brightness.
• Continual flexing of outer layer causes microscopic cracks so
affects linearity of resistance (other processes can overcome
this)
34. Outline
• Introduction of Display Devices
• Types of Display Devices
1. CRT Displays
2. LCD Displays
3. LED Displays
• Introduction of Touch Screen Technology
• Components of Touch Screen
• Types of Touch Screen Technology
1. Resistive Touchscreen
2. Capacitive Touchscreen
3. Saw Touchscreen
4. Infrared Touchscreen
35. Capacitive Touch Screen
• It is an all glass touch screen with a transparent metallic
conductive coating.
• It is made up of
all-glass material
with transparent
conductive coating.
• The transparent
conductor used is
Indium Tin Oxide.
37. Working principle
• The basic idea is the consideration of human body to be
conducting.
• Whenever the screen is touched a small amount of current is
attracted by the finger
causing change in the
capacitance.
• These are of 2 types:-
1. Surface Capacitive
2. Projected Capacitive
38. Surface Capacitive Touchscreen
• It consists of uniform conductive coating on one side of the
glass panel.
• Electrodes around the panel edge evenly distribute a low
voltage around the conducting layer.
40. Projected Capacitive Touchscreen
• It have front and protective glass to provide additional optical
and strength enhancements options.
• Its middle layer consists of laminated sensor grid of micro-fine
wires.
41. Projected Capacitive Touchscreen
• The screen is divided into small
grids of unit cell.
• Whenever a touch occurs, the
finger disturbs the electric field
projected by sensor by
conducting electric current.
• The location is calculated by
checking the capacitance at
each point on the grid regularly.
42. Advantages & Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES
• It has high resolution and Image clarity.
• Immune to surface contaminants like dirt, grease or moisture.
• Durable and resistant to scratches.
DISADVANTAGES
• Will work only when touched by a conductive device.
• Some capacitive touches can have erratic behavior when
touched by more than one input.
43. Outline
• Introduction of Display Devices
• Types of Display Devices
1. CRT Displays
2. LCD Displays
3. LED Displays
• Introduction of Touch Screen Technology
• Components of Touch Screen
• Types of Touch Screen Technology
1. Resistive Touchscreen
2. Capacitive Touchscreen
3. Saw Touchscreen
4. Infrared Touchscreen
44. SAW Touchscreen Technology
• It have a glass overlay
with transmitting and
receiving piezoelectric
transducers.
• Transmitting transducer,
converts the electric
signal into ultrasonic
waves within the glass.
• These waves are reflected
across the screen by
reflectors.
46. Advantages and Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES
• It provides superior image clarity, resolution, and higher light
transmission.
• It has the highest durability factor.
DISADVANTAGES
• It must be touched only by finger, gloved hand, or soft-tip
stylus.
• It is not completely sealable, can be affected by large amounts
of dirt, dust, and / or water in the environment.
47. Outline
• Introduction of Display Devices
• Types of Display Devices
1. CRT Displays
2. LCD Displays
3. LED Displays
• Introduction of Touch Screen Technology
• Components of Touch Screen
• Types of Touch Screen Technology
1. Resistive Touchscreen
2. Capacitive Touchscreen
3. Saw Touchscreen
4. Infrared Touchscreen
48. Infrared Touchscreen Technology
• In 1983, the computer manufacturing company, Hewlett-
Packard introduced the HP-150.
• The HP-150 had a built in grid of infrared beams across the
front of the monitor which detected finger movements.
50. Advantages & Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES
• It can detect essentially any input including a finger, gloved
finger, stylus or pen.
• It have better durability and optical clarity.
DISADVANTAGE
• It is sensitive to dirt/dust that can interfere with the IR beams.
• It suffer from parallax in curved surfaces and accidental press.