The electron transport chain (ETC) transfers electrons from nutrients to oxygen to generate energy in the form of ATP. It is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and consists of five protein complexes linked by electron carriers. As electrons move through the complexes, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. The overall reaction produces approximately 30-32 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule depending on the electron shuttle used. Key components of the ETC include NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome reductase, cytochrome oxidase, and ATP synthase.
Decarboxylation is the reaction by which CO2 is removed from the COOH group of an amino acid as a result an amine is formed. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme decarboxylase, which requires pyridoxal-P (B6-PO4) as coenzyme. Tissues like liver, kidney, brain possess the enzyme decarboxylase and also by microorganisms of intestinal tract. The enzyme removes CO2 from COOH and converts the amino acid to corresponding amine.
Phenylalanine is an essential, aromatic amino acid. The need for phenylalanine becomes minimal, if adequate tyrosine is supplied in the food. This is called the sparing action of tyrosine on phenylalanine.
Tyrosine is an aromatic amino acid. It is synthesized from phenylalanine, and so is a non-essential amino acid. The need for phenylalanine becomes minimal, if adequate tyrosine is supplied in the food. This is called the sparing action of tyrosine on the phenylalanine.
Seven amino acids produce acetyl CoA or acetoacetate and therefore are categorized as ketogenic. Of these, isoleucine, threonine, and the aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) are converted to compounds that produce both glucose and acetyl CoA or acetoacetate. Leucine and lysine do not produce glucose; they produce acetyl CoA and acetoacetate.
The name phenylketonuria is coined due to the fact that the metabolite phenylpyruvate is a keto acid (C6H5CH2−CO−COO−) excreted in urine in high amounts.
Phenylalanine cannot be converted to tyrosine. So, phenylalanine accumulates. Phenylalanine level in blood is elevated.
Electron Transport Chain and oxidative phosphorylation @meetpadhiyarmeetpadhiyar88
A story of electron transport to the ATP synthase complex by 4 complexes and oxidative phosphorylation.
Present at College of basic science and Humanities, Dantiwada.
Decarboxylation is the reaction by which CO2 is removed from the COOH group of an amino acid as a result an amine is formed. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme decarboxylase, which requires pyridoxal-P (B6-PO4) as coenzyme. Tissues like liver, kidney, brain possess the enzyme decarboxylase and also by microorganisms of intestinal tract. The enzyme removes CO2 from COOH and converts the amino acid to corresponding amine.
Phenylalanine is an essential, aromatic amino acid. The need for phenylalanine becomes minimal, if adequate tyrosine is supplied in the food. This is called the sparing action of tyrosine on phenylalanine.
Tyrosine is an aromatic amino acid. It is synthesized from phenylalanine, and so is a non-essential amino acid. The need for phenylalanine becomes minimal, if adequate tyrosine is supplied in the food. This is called the sparing action of tyrosine on the phenylalanine.
Seven amino acids produce acetyl CoA or acetoacetate and therefore are categorized as ketogenic. Of these, isoleucine, threonine, and the aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) are converted to compounds that produce both glucose and acetyl CoA or acetoacetate. Leucine and lysine do not produce glucose; they produce acetyl CoA and acetoacetate.
The name phenylketonuria is coined due to the fact that the metabolite phenylpyruvate is a keto acid (C6H5CH2−CO−COO−) excreted in urine in high amounts.
Phenylalanine cannot be converted to tyrosine. So, phenylalanine accumulates. Phenylalanine level in blood is elevated.
Electron Transport Chain and oxidative phosphorylation @meetpadhiyarmeetpadhiyar88
A story of electron transport to the ATP synthase complex by 4 complexes and oxidative phosphorylation.
Present at College of basic science and Humanities, Dantiwada.
The electron transport chain is comprised of a series of enzymatic reactions within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which are cell organelles that release and store energy for all physiological needs.
As electrons are passed through the chain by a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, energy is released, creating a gradient of hydrogen ions, or protons, across the membrane. The proton gradient provides energy to make ATP, which is used in oxidative phosphorylation.
The electron transport chain is comprised of a series of enzymatic reactions within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which are cell organelles that release and store energy for all physiological needs.
As electrons are passed through the chain by a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, energy is released, creating a gradient of hydrogen ions, or protons, across the membrane. The proton gradient provides energy to make ATP, which is used in oxidative phosphorylation.
ETC and Phosphorylation by Salman SaeedSalman Saeed
ETC and Phosphorylation lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, and Chemistry Students by Salman Saeed lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.SC (Botany), M. Phil (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M. Ed & B. Ed from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. The electrons that are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to the ETC involves four multi-subunit large enzymes complexes and two mobile electron carriers. Many of the enzymes in the electron transport chain are embedded within the membrane.
In an electron transport chain, the redox reactions are driven by the difference in the Gibbs free energy of reactants and products. The free energy released when a higher-energy electron donor and acceptor convert to lower-energy products, while electrons are transferred from a lower to a higher redox potential, is used by the complexes in the electron transport chain to create an electrochemical gradient of ions. It is this electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP via coupling with oxidative phosphorylation with ATP synthase.
Describe the major components of the electron transport chain. How w.pdfduttakajal70
Describe the major components of the electron transport chain. How would the following
conditions affect ATP production by the electron transport chain? (7 marks)
Abundance of NADH and O2
Cyanide added
Lack of O2
Solution
There are five major components in electron system. They are:
Complex I:
It is a large, multisubunit complex with about 40 polypeptide chains passes electron from NADH
to CoQ. It contains one molecule of FMN and 6-7 Fe-S clusters that participate in electron
transport process. During transport of each pair of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q,
complex I pumps 4 protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Complex II:
Succinate dehrogenase, an inner mitochondrial membrane bound enzyme is an integral
component of the succinate-CoQ reductase complex. It converts succinate to fumarate during
krebs cycle. The two electrons released in the conversion of succinate to fumarate are transferred
first to FAD, then to an Fe-S centre, and finally to CoQ. Thus, CoQ draws electrons into the
respiratory chain, not only from NADH but also from succinate. No protons are translocated
across the membrane by this complex.
Complex III:
Complex I and complex II donates two electrons to the complex III and regenerates oxidized
CoQ. Concomitantly, it releases two protons picked up on the cytosolic face into the
intermembrane space generating proton gradient. Within complex III, the released electrons are
transferred to an Fe-S centre and then to 2b-type cytochromes or cytochrome c. finally, the two
electrons are transferred to 2 molecules of the oxidized form of cytochrome c. 2 additional
protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane
for each pair of electrons transferred.
Complex IV:
Cytochrome c transports electrons, one at a time, to the complex IV. Within this complex,
electrons are transferred, first to a pair of copper ions, then to cytochrome a, next to a complex of
another copper ion and cyt a3 and finally to O2, the ultimate electron acceptor, yielding H2O.
ATP synthase:
The use of proton motive force for synthesis is catalyzed by ATP synthase. The multi protein
ATP synthase for F0-F1 complex or complex V catalyzes ATP synthesis as protons flow back
through the inner membrane down the electrochemical proton gradient.
2. Abundance of NADH and O2:
ETC occurs more to produce more ATP.
Cyanide added:
Cyanide binds with cytochrome oxidase complex and inhibits the terminal transfer of electrons
to oxygen. Cyanide react with the oxidized form of cytochrome.
Lack of O2:
ETC will not take place in the absence of oxygen..
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. [SUBHASMITH] Page 1
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
SUBHASMITH PRADHAN
B.PHARMACY(2016-20)
ADITYA PHARMACY COLLEGE
Electron transport chain :-
ETC is the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to
oxygen via multiple carriers. • The electrons derieved from
NADH and FADH2 combine with O2, and the energy
released from these oxidation/reduction reactions is used to
derieve the synthesis of ATP from ADP. • This transfer of
electrons is done by multiple carriers which constitute the
ELECTRON TRASPORT CHAIN.
LOCATION-
ETC is localized in Mitochondria.
MC are the centres for metabolic oxidative reactions to
generate reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2)
which in turn, are utilized in ETC to liberate E in the
form of ATP.
2. [SUBHASMITH] Page 2
Hence, MC is regarded as Power House of the Cell.
MYTOCHONDRIAL ORGANIGATION-
5 distinct parts.
1. the outer membrane
2. the inner membrane
3. [SUBHASMITH] Page 3
3. the inter membrane space
4. the cristae
5. the matrix.
INNER MITO CHONDRIAL MEMBRAIN:-
ETC and ATP synthesizing system are located on
IMM.
IMM is rich in proteins.
It is impermeable to ions(H+ ,K+ ,Na+ ) and small
molecules (ADP, ATP).
IMM is highly folded to form Cristae.
The surface area of the IMM is greatly increased
due to Cristae.
The IMM Possesses specialized particles ( that look
like lollipops ), the phosphorylating subunits which
are the centres for ATP production.
MIROCHONDRIAL MATRIX-
The interior ground substance.
Rich in enzymes responsible for TCA Cycle,
oxidation of FA and the oxidation of amino
acids.
5. [SUBHASMITH] Page 5
COMPONENTS OF ETC
COMPLEX NAME NO.OF
PROTINE
PROSTHETIC
GROUP
Complex-I NADH
Dehydrogenase
46 FMN,9 Fe-S
cntrs
Complex-II Succinate-CoQ
Reductase
5 FAD, cyt b560,
3Fe-S cntrs
6. [SUBHASMITH] Page 6
Complex-III CoQ-cyt C
Reductase
11 cyt bH, cyt bL,
cyt c1, Fe-SRieske
Complex-IV Cytochrome
oxidase
13 cyt a, cyt
a3,Cua, Cub
COMPLEX-1 NADH Dehydrogenase
Complex I catalyses oxidation of NADH, with reduction of
coenzyme Q.
NADH + H+
+ Q → NAD+
+ QH2
It includes at least 46 proteins, along with prosthetic groups
FMN & several Fe-S centers.
Pumps 4 protons across the mitochondrial membrane.
The initial electron transfers are:
NADH + H+
+ FMN → NAD+
+ FMNH2
FMNH2 + (Fe-S)ox → FMNH· + (Fe-S)red+ H+
After Fe-S is reoxidized by transfer of the electron to the next
iron-sulphur center in the pathway:
FMNH· + (Fe-S)ox → FMN + (Fe-S)red + H+
Iron-sulphur centers are arranged as a wire, providing a
pathway for e- transfer from FMN through the protein
7. [SUBHASMITH] Page 7
N2, the last Fe-S center in the chain, passes e-
one at a time to
the mobile lipid redox carrier coenzyme Q. A proposed
binding site for CoQ is close to N2 at the interface of
peripheral & membrane domains. Coenzyme Q accepts 2e-
and picks up 2H+
to yield the fully reduced QH2.
NADH
NAD+
COMPLEX-1
Co-enzymeQ(Ubiquinone)
It is a benzoquinone linked to a number of isoprene units. •
Coenzyme Q (CoQ, Ubiquinone) is very hydrophobic. It
dissolves in the hydrocarbon core of a membrane. • 3 redox
states- 1. Fully oxidised- UbiquinoneQ 2. Partially oxidised-
Semiquinone 3. Fully reduced- Ubiquione
• Only electron carrier that is not a protein bound prosthetic
group.
Complex-2 succinate dehydrogenase
• Succinate Dehydrogenase of the Krebs Cycle is also called
complex II or Succinate-CoQ Reductase.
• Inner mitochondrial membrane bound protein.
MEMBRAIN
DOMAIN
FMN
INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRAIN
PERIPHERAL DOMAIN
MATRIX
8. [SUBHASMITH] Page 8
• FAD is the initial e- acceptor.
•FAD is reduced to FADH2 during oxidation of succinate to
fumarate.
•FADH2 is then reoxidized by transfer of electrons through a
series of 3 iron- sulphur centers to CoQ, yielding QH2.
•It does not pump any proton during transport of electron
across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
9. [SUBHASMITH] Page 9
• X-ray crystallographic analysis of E. coli complex II
indicates a linear arrangement of electron carriers within
complex II, consistent with the predicted sequence of electron
transfers:
FAD → FeScenter 1 → FeScenter 2 → FeScenter 3 → CoQ
Complex-3 CoQ- Cyt Reductase
Complex III accepts electrons from coenzyme QH2 that is
generated by electron transfer in complexes I & II.
• Concominantly, it releases two protons into trans membrane
space.
• Within complex 3,the released electrons are transferred to an
iron sulfur center and then to two b-type cytochromes or
cytochrome c1.
• Finally the two electrons are transferred to two molecules of
the oxidised form of cytochrome c. two additional protons are
translocated from mitochondrial matrix across the
intermembrane space. This transfer of protons involves the
proton motive Q cycle.
11. [SUBHASMITH] Page 11
Cytochromes
Cytochromes are proteins with heme prosthetic groups. They
absorb light at characteristic wavelengths.
• It carries electron one at a time to complex 4.
• Major respiratory Cytochromes- b, c or a.
• In ETC-
Two a type cyt i.e. cyt a and a3.
12. [SUBHASMITH] Page 12
Two b type cyt i.e. cyt b1 and b2.
Two c type cyt i.e. cyt c and c1.
• Cytochrome c is a key regulator of programme cell death in
mammalian cells.
Complex-4 Cytochrome Oxidase
It catalyses the transfer of electrons from reduced cyt c to
molecular oxygen.
• Contains 13 subunits
• 2 heme groups i.e. heme a & heme a3
• 3 copper ions arranged as 2 copper centers designated as
Cua & Cub.
• Cua contain 2 copper ions linked by 2 bridging disulfide
residues.
• Cub is coordinated by 3 histidine residues.
• Two protons per pair of electron are pumped across the
membrane and another two protons are transferred to
molecular oxygen to form water.
13. [SUBHASMITH] Page 13
• Metal centers of cytochrome oxidase (complex IV):
• heme a & heme a3,
• CuA (2 adjacent Cu atoms) & CuB.
• O2 reacts at a binuclear center consisting of heme a3 and
CuB.
•Electrons enter complex IV one at a time from cyt c to CuA.
•They then pass via cyt a to the binuclear center where the
chemical reaction takes place.
e- transfer:
cyt c → CuA → cyt a → heme a3/CuB → O2
16. [SUBHASMITH] Page 16
Complex-5 ATP Synthase
• Mitochondrial ATP synthase consist of two multisubunit
components F0 and F1 which are linked by a slender stalk.
17. [SUBHASMITH] Page 17
• F0 is a electrically driven motor that spans the lipid bilayer
forming a channel through which protons can cross the
membrane.
• F0 provides channel for protons.
• F1 harvest the free energy derived from proton movement
down the electrochemical gradient by catalyzing the synthesis
of ATP.
• F1 Phosphorylates ADP to ATP.
18. [SUBHASMITH] Page 18
SUMMARY OF ATP SYNTHESIS
PATHWAY NADH FADH2 ATP
GLYCOLYSIS 2 0 2
KREBS
CYCLE
8 2 2
TOTAL 10 2 4
TOTAL ATP 25 3 4
1 NADH
10H+
× 𝟏𝑨𝑻𝑷
𝟒𝐇+
1FADH2
6H+
×
𝟏𝑨𝑻𝑷
𝟒𝑯+
TOTAL ATP FROM MITOCONDRIAL MATRIX
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
NADH………………… 2.5 ATP
Krebs cycle
3NADH ×2.5ATP̸ NADH………… 7.5ATP
FADH2×1.5 ATP̸ FADH2………… 1.5ATP
19. [SUBHASMITH] Page 19
GTP×1ATP̸ GTP ……………… 1.0 ATP
(from a separate reaction)
total
........ 12.5 ATP
WHAT ABOUT NADH FROM GLYCOLYSIS-
NADH made in cytosol
can´t get into matrix of mitochondrion
2 mechanism
1. In muscle and brain
(Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle)
2. In Liver and Heart
(Malate/Aspartate Shuttle)
GLYCEROL PHOSPHATE SHUTTLE
In Muscle and Brain
Each NADH converted to FADH2
FADH2 enters later in electron
transport chain
Produces 1.5 ATP
GLYCEROLPHOSPHATE SHUTTLE-
2 NADH per glucose→2FADH2
2FADH2×1.5 ATP/ FADH2……… 3.0 ATP
20. [SUBHASMITH] Page 20
2 ATP in glycolysis…………. 2.0ATP
From pyruvate and krebs
12.5 ATP × 2 per glucose………. 25.0 ATP
TOTAL= 30.0 ATP / Glucose
21. [SUBHASMITH] Page 21
MALTATE ASPERTATE SHUTTLE
In Liver and Heart
NADH oxidized while reducing oxaloacetate to
malate
22. [SUBHASMITH] Page 22
→ Malate Dehydrogenase
Malate crosses membrane
TOTAL ATP PER GLUCOSE IN LIVER AND HEART:-
Malate – Aspertate Shuttle
2 NADH Per Glucose→2 NADH
2NADH× 2ATP/ NADH………. 5.0 ATP
2ATP from glycolysis…………. 2.0 ATP
From pyruvate and krebs,
12.5 ATP× 2per glucose……. 25.0 ATP
TOTAL= 32.0 ATP/ Glucose
25. [SUBHASMITH] Page 25
Inhibitors of ETC
ROTENONE-Complex-1
AMYTAL-Complex-1
Piericidine- Competes with CoQ
AntimicinA-Complex3
Cyanide, Azide, Carbon monoxide- Binds with
complex 4 and inhibits transfer of electron to oxygen.
UNCOUPLERS OF ETC
2,4 Dinitrophenol
dicoumarol
carbonyl cyanide p-
Fluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone(FCCP)
The main key points:-
26. [SUBHASMITH] Page 26
what is the chain
location
structuralfeatures
components and the types
cytochromes
ATP calculations
malate aspartate shuttle
glucose phosphate shuttle
inhibitiors of ETC
Uncoupler of ETC
![[SUBHASMITH] Page 1
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
SUBHASMITH PRADHAN
B.PHARMACY(2016-20)
ADITYA PHARMACY COLLEGE
Electron transport chain :-
ETC is the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to
oxygen via multiple carriers. • The electrons derieved from
NADH and FADH2 combine with O2, and the energy
released from these oxidation/reduction reactions is used to
derieve the synthesis of ATP from ADP. • This transfer of
electrons is done by multiple carriers which constitute the
ELECTRON TRASPORT CHAIN.
LOCATION-
ETC is localized in Mitochondria.
MC are the centres for metabolic oxidative reactions to
generate reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2)
which in turn, are utilized in ETC to liberate E in the
form of ATP.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/electrontransportchain-200811090102/85/Electron-transport-chain-1-320.jpg)
![[SUBHASMITH] Page 2
Hence, MC is regarded as Power House of the Cell.
MYTOCHONDRIAL ORGANIGATION-
5 distinct parts.
1. the outer membrane
2. the inner membrane](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)