All about Telecom and network

1. 6 - 1Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Telecommunications
And Networks
Via
myIQ.in

2. 6 - 2Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Identify several major developments and
trends in the industries, technologies
and business applications of
telecommunications and Internet
technologies.
2. Provide examples of the business value
of Internet, intranet, and extranet
applications.
Learning Objectives

3. 6 - 3Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
3. Identify the basic components, functions,
and types of telecommunications
networks used in business.
4. Explain the functions of major types of
telecommunications network hardware,
software, media, and services.

4. 6 - 4Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why Study Networking?
• When computers are networked, two
industries – computing and
communications – converge, and the
result is vastly more than the sum of the
parts.
• Suddenly, computing applications become
available for business-to-business
coordination and commerce, and for small
as well as large organizations.

5. 6 - 5Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #1: Wireless Business Applications
Business Value of Wireless:
• Time is money. Pocket PCs help reduce
travel time at Celanese Chemicals related
to plant equipment diagnosis.
• Fidelity Investments attracts customers by
offering services via wireless devices.
• GM uses wireless devices to improve
forklift operator productivity and cut costs.

6. 6 - 6Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #1: Wireless Business Applications
1. What is the business value of wireless
technologies in the chemicals and automotive
manufacturing industries? What other
manufacturing applications might benefit from
wireless technologies? Why?
2. What are some of the business benefits of
wireless technologies in finance and
investments? What other applications would
you recommend? Why? Check the website
of Fidelity.com to help you answer.

7. 6 - 7Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #1: Wireless Business Applications
3. What are some of the business benefits and
challenges of using wireless technologies in
retailing? What are some other applications
that might be beneficial to consumers, as well
as retailers? Why?
4. What are some of the major challenges
limiting the widespread use of wireless
technologies in many business applications?
What can be done to meet such challenges?

8. 6 - 8Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Telecommunications
Definition:
• The exchange of information in any form
(voice, data, text, images, audio, video)
over networks

9. 6 - 9Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Trends in Telecommunications

10. 6 - 10Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Open Systems
Definition:
• Information systems that use common
standards for hardware, software,
applications, and networking

11. 6 - 11Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Connectivity
Definition:
• The ability of networked computers and
other devices to easily access and
communicate with each other and share
information

12. 6 - 12Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Interoperability
Definition:
• The ability of an open system to enable
the many different applications of end
users to be accomplished using the
different varieties of computer systems,
software packages, and databases
provided by a variety of interconnected
networks

13. 6 - 13Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Digital Network Technologies
Definition:
• Digital transmission technologies that transmit
information in the form of discrete pulses
Benefits:
• Higher transmission speeds
• Movement of larger amounts of information
• Greater economy
• Lower error rates

14. 6 - 14Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Business Value of Telecommunications

15. 6 - 15Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Internet
Definition:
• A network made up of millions of smaller
private networks each with the ability to
operate independent of, or in harmony
with, all the other millions of networks
connected to the Internet

16. 6 - 16Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Internet

17. 6 - 17Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Internet Applications

18. 6 - 18Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Business Use of the Internet

19. 6 - 19Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Business Value of the Internet

20. 6 - 20Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Intranet
Definition:
A network inside an organization that uses
Internet technologies to provide an
Internet-like environment within the
enterprise for information sharing,
communications, collaboration, and the
support of business processes

21. 6 - 21Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Business Value of Intranets
• Communications and Collaboration – includes
email, voicemail, paging, faxes, and groupware
• Web Publishing – easy, attractive and low-cost
way of publishing and accessing multimedia
business information
• Business Operations and Management –
platform for developing and deploying critical
business applications to support business
operations and managerial decision making
across the inter-networked enterprise

22. 6 - 22Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Business Value of Intranets

23. 6 - 23Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Extranet
Definition:
• Network links that use Internet
technologies to interconnect the intranet
of a business with the intranets of its
customers, suppliers, or other business
partners

24. 6 - 24Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Business Value of Extranets

25. 6 - 25Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Intranets & Extranets

26. 6 - 26Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #2: Serving Citizens without Wires
MEMA Technologies:
• Global-positioning satellite
communications
• Cellular phones
• Geospatial technologies
• Microelectronics technologies

27. 6 - 27Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #2: Serving Citizens without Wires
Features:
• A device to communicate warnings to
properly position individuals before an
event happens
• A tool to collect timely information after a
disaster hits

28. 6 - 28Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #2: Serving Citizens without Wires
1. What is the business value of advanced
mobile technologies to Maryland’s emergency
management services?
2. In what other government services could GPS
serve to provide business value? Give some
examples.
3. Are there disadvantages or risks associated
with the deployment of GPS systems to
monitor the location of people? Explain.

29. 6 - 29Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #2: Serving Citizens without Wires
4. What is the business value of the
various applications of GPS satellite
networks beyond those discussed in the
case? Check out the websites of
satellite services providers like Hughes
Network Systems (www.hns.com) or G-
Com International (www.g-com.com) to
help you answer.

30. 6 - 30Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Telecommunications Network Components
• Terminals – any input/output device that uses
telecommunications networks to transmit or receive data
• Telecommunications Processors – devices that perform
control and support functions
• Telecommunications Channels – media over which data
are transmitted and received
• Computers – all sizes and types
• Telecommunications Control Software – programs that
control telecommunications activities

31. 6 - 31Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Telecommunications Network Components

32. 6 - 32Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Telecommunications Networks
• Wide Area Network (WAN) – network that
covers a large geographic area
• Local Area Network (LAN) – network connecting
information processing devices within a limited
physical area
• Virtual Private Network (VPN) – secure network
that uses the Internet as its main backbone
network, but relies on network firewalls,
encryption, and other security features of its
Internet and intranet connections and those of
participating organizations

33. 6 - 33Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
LAN & VPN

34. 6 - 34Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Telecommunications Networks
• Client/Server – PCs and workstations, called
clients are interconnected by local area
networks and share application processing with
network servers
• Network Computing – Thin clients provide a
browser-based user interface for processing
small application programs
• Peer-to-Peer – file-sharing software connects
each PC to a central server or to another online
user’s PC

35. 6 - 35Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Client/Server

36. 6 - 36Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Client/Server & Network Computing

37. 6 - 37Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peer-to-Peer

38. 6 - 38Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peer-to-Peer

39. 6 - 39Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Telecommunications Media
• Twisted-Pair Wire – copper wire twisted
into pairs
• Coaxial Cable – sturdy copper or
aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to
insulate and protect it
• Fiber Optics – one or more hair-thin
filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a
protective jacket

40. 6 - 40Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Telecommunications Media

41. 6 - 41Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Wireless Technologies
• Terrestrial Microwave – earthbound
microwave systems that transmit high-
speed radio signals in a line-of-sight path
between relay stations spaced
approximately 30 miles apart
• Communications Satellites - high-earth
orbit communications satellites placed in
stationary geosynchronous orbits

42. 6 - 42Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Wireless Technologies
• Cellular and PCS Systems – a geographic area
divided into cells with one low-power transmitter
device per cell used to relay calls from one cell
to another
• Wireless LANs –high- or low-frequency radio
technology installed in an office or building
• Wireless Web – wireless, Web-enabled
information appliances accessing the Internet,
intranets and extranets

43. 6 - 43Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

44. 6 - 44Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Telecommunications Processors
• Modems – convert digital signals from a
computer into analog frequencies that can
be transmitted over ordinary telephone
lines
• Multiplexers – allows a single
communications channel to carry
simultaneous data transmissions from
many terminals

45. 6 - 45Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Modem

46. 6 - 46Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Telecommunications Technologies

47. 6 - 47Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Internetwork Processors
• Switch – makes connections between
telecommunications circuits in a network
• Router – intelligent communications processor
that interconnects networks based on different
protocols
• Hub – a port switching communications
processor
• Gateway – connects networks using different
communications architectures

48. 6 - 48Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Communications Processors

49. 6 - 49Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Processors

50. 6 - 50Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Management
• Traffic Management – manage network
resources and traffic to avoid congestion
and optimize telecommunications service
levels to users
• Security – provide authentication,
encryption, firewall, auditing and
enforcement

51. 6 - 51Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Management
• Network Monitoring – troubleshoot and
watch over the network, informing network
administrators of potential problems
before they occur
• Capacity Planning – survey network
resources and traffic patterns and users’
needs to determine how best to
accommodate the needs of the network
as it grows and changes

52. 6 - 52Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Topologies
• Star – ties end user computers to a
central computer
• Ring – ties local computer processors
together in a ring on a relatively equal
basis
• Bus – local processors share the same
communications channel

53. 6 - 53Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Topologies

54. 6 - 54Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Topologies

55. 6 - 55Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Architectures & Protocols
• Protocol – standard set of rules and procedures
for the control of communications in a network
• Network Architecture – the use of standard
protocols, standard communications hardware
and software interfaces and the design of a
standard multilevel interface between end users
and computer systems with the goal of
promoting an open, simple, flexible, and efficient
telecommunications environment

56. 6 - 56Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
OSI & TCP/IP Models
• Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) -
model is a seven-layer model that serves
as a standard model for network
architectures
• Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) – is a five layer
telecommunications protocol used by the
Internet

57. 6 - 57Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
OSI & TCP/IP Models

58. 6 - 58Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
IP Address

59. 6 - 59Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Bandwidth
Definition:
• Classification of communications speed
and capacity of telecommunications
networks
Transmission Rates:
• Narrow-band – low-speed
• Broadband – high-speed

60. 6 - 60Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Transmission Speeds

61. 6 - 61Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Switching Alternatives
• Circuit Switching – a switch opens a
circuit to establish a link between a sender
and receiver; it remains open until the
communication session is completed
• Message Switching – a message is
transmitted a block at a time from one
switching device to another

62. 6 - 62Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Switching Alternatives
• Packet Switching – messages are divided
into fixed or variable length packets, and
packets are sent across networks
• Cell Switching – breaks voice, video and
other data into fixed cells of 53 bytes and
routes them to their next destination in the
network

63. 6 - 63Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #3: Wi-Fi Networks
Benefits:
• Superfast
• Lower cost

64. 6 - 64Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #3: Wi-Fi Networks
Challenges:
• Hit-or-miss hotspots
• Lost productivity due to disruptions
• Must create billing systems
• Must establish technical standards
• Must develop tighter security measures

65. 6 - 65Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #3: Wi-Fi Networks
1. What are the business benefits of Wi-Fi
networks?
2. What are some of the problems faced by
companies who are using Wi-Fi networks?
What are some solutions to those problems?
3. What are some other business uses for Wi-Fi
networks not mentioned in this case? What
are their business benefits and challenges?

66. 6 - 66Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #4: Voice Over IP
Services:
• Combine email with voicemail
• Audio-conferencing
• Collaboration technologies
• Video

67. 6 - 67Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #4: Voice Over IP
Benefits:
• Install one line to carry voice and data
• Reduced staff training
• Improved productivity

68. 6 - 68Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case #4: Voice Over IP
1. What are the main benefits that can be gained
by companies that switch to VoIP systems?
2. What are some of the major cost factors that
may limit a positive rate of return from
investments in VoIP projects?
3. Should more companies switch to VoIP
systems? Visit the websites of Avaya and
Cisco Systems to view their VoIP news,
products, and services to help you answer.

69. 6 - 69Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Summary
• Organizations are becoming networked
enterprises that use the Internet, intranets, and
other telecommunications networks to support
business operations and collaboration within the
enterprise, and with their customers, suppliers,
and other business partners.
• Telecommunications technology is moving
toward open, inter-networked digital networks
for voice, data, video and multimedia.

70. 6 - 70Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Summary
• Open systems with unrestricted connectivity
using Internet technologies are the primary
telecommunications technology drivers in e-
business systems.
• Companies are deriving strategic business
value from the Internet, which enables them to
disseminate information globally, communicate
and trade interactively with customized
information and services for individual
customers, and foster collaboration of people
and integration of business processes within the
enterprise and with business partners.

71. 6 - 71Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Summary
• Businesses are installing and extending
intranets throughout their organizations to:
• Improve communications and collaboration
among individuals and teams within the
enterprise
• Publish and share valuable business
information easily, inexpensively, and
effectively via enterprise information portals
• Develop and deploy critical applications to
support business operations and decision
making

72. 6 - 72Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Summary
• The primary role of extranets is to link the
intranet resources of a company to the intranets
of its customers, suppliers, and other business
partners.
• The major generic components of any
telecommunications network are:
• Terminals
• Telecommunications processors
• Communications channels
• Computers
• Telecommunications software