2. Technology - definition
Technology is a concept that deals with an specialized
usage of tools, utilities and knowledge. It is a
consequence of science and engineering.
Technology refers to material objects of use by people,
such as machines, hardware, software or utensils.
It can also be understood as systems, methods of
organisation and techniques.
The practical use of applying science for industrial use
3. The four elements of technology
Technique: machinery, tools, materials, and their
application in the work process
Knowledge: applied science, skills, intuition
Organization: Structuring of the work process
according to technological or socioeconomic goals or
constraints
Product: The output of the work process and the
purpose of applying the technology
4. Drivers of technology
How is the innovation made? Who creates innovation?
Stakeholders participants of innovation system
Customers and technology – changing environment –
driver of innovations
Sponsors of innovation
IT standards
5. Examples of technology categories
Black box technology: A technology which is implemented partly, so that
only its application (but not adoption, improvement or development) is
mastered by the user, e.g. a word processing system
Disembodied technology: Technology which is transferred independent of
specific capital equipment, e.g. by journals or training programs
Embodied technology: Technology which is transferred together with
specific capital equipment, e.g. application of a production machinery
Generic technology: Basic engineering knowledge that is not yet
proprietary (public domain methodology, e.g. as developed by public
research institutions)
6. Examples of technology categories
High-technology: 'Sophisticated technology based on recent scientific
advances'. The element of theoretical knowledge is pronounced, whereas
the element of practical experience may be accordingly weak
Proprietary technology: Technology directly related to processes and
products and not freely available ('in-house technology'), e.g. a patented
process, or simply a technology unknown or unavailable to outsiders.
Proprietary technology can be traded (like a commodity)
Service technology: Technology for production of services (rather than
goods)
7. Management - definition
The art and science of extracting the most from specific
assets for fulfilling desired goals.
Hence:
Finance Management
Human Resources Management
Materials Management
Operations Management.
Maintenance Management
Technology Management
8. Technology management
integrated planning, design, optimization, operation and
control of technological products, processes and
services, a better definition would be the management
of the use of technology for human advantage
9. Technology management
– why it’s important
It is the Age of technology and knowledge so it must be
managed to live with it
Only societies and people who gain maturity in
technology will have the right in the global discussion
To get the best results , technology can be mastered
only by managing it efficiently and effectively
10. Parameters of Technology Management:
Product Quality
Machine Productivity
Environment Management
Effective use of Raw Material
Machine Availability
Energy Consumption
Life cycle of components
Innovative aspects
11. Effective Technology Management
Strong Planning
Reduce Interruptions
Reduce Production Rejections
Strengthen the Information System
Provide Technology Leadership
Provide Good Administration
Preventive Maintenance
13. How technology affects life ;-)
A programmer works in a software-development
company. One day he didn't come to work. The
next day too. His co-workers called his phone,
but nobody answers. They started to worry about
him and decided to visit him. So, they found him
in the bath, wet and blue because of cold, half-
dead, holding an empty bottle from shampoo and
reading the label of it.
It says: "Apply a small amount to wet hair,
massage it through, rinse out thoroughly.
Repeat."
14. Development (definition)
As compared with a change - a process leading from
one state of affairs towards a different state of affairs -
a development is an intended process leading from an
original state towards a desired state - towards a
development goal
15. Actor-network theory
ANT is a approach to social theory and research which originated in the
field of science studies. ANT maps relations that are simultaneously
material (between things) and 'semiotic' (between concepts). It assumes
that many relations are both material and 'semiotic' (e.g. the interactions
in a bank involve both people and their ideas, and technologies. Together
these form a single network).
ANT assumes that all the elements in a network, human and non-human,
can and should be described in the same terms. This is called the
principle of generalized symmetry. The rationale for this is that differences
between them are generated in the network of relations, and should not
be presupposed.
16. Concept of translation
Process, in which innovators attempt to create a forum,
a central network in which all the actors agree that the
network is worth building and defending.
Four moments of translation:
Problematisation
Interessement
Enrolment
Mobilisation of allies
17. Concept of translation
1. Problematisation
What is the problem that needs to be solved? Who are the relevant
actors? Delegates need to be identified that will represent groups of
actors. So, a union head represents workers or a Member of
Parliament represents his constituency. During problematisation, the
primary actor tries to establish itself as an obligatory passage point
(OPP) between the other actors and the network, so that it becomes
indispensable.
2. Interessement
Getting the actors interested and negotiating the terms of their
involvement. The primary actor works to convince the other actors that
the roles it has defined them are acceptable.
18. Concept of translation
3. Enrolment
Actors accept the roles that have been defined for them
during interessement
4. Mobilisation of allies
Do the delegate actors in the network adequately represent
the masses? If so, enrolment becomes active support.
19. Elements in a network
Actants
Actants are human and non-human actors, and they do
by virtue of their relations with one another. ANT
assumes that nothing lies outside the network of
relations, and there is no difference in the ability of
technology, humans, animals, or other non-humans to
act (and that there are only enacted alliances.) As soon
as an actor engages with an actor-network it is caught
up in the web of relations.
20. Elements in a network
Punctualisation
If taken to its logical conclusion, nearly any actor can be considered
merely a sum of other, smaller actors. An automobile is an example of a
complex system. It contains many electronic and mechanical components,
all of which are essentially hidden from view to the driver, who simply
deals with the car as a single object. This effect is known as
punctualisation, and is similar to the idea of abstraction in object-oriented
programming. When an actor network breaks down, the punctualisation
effect tends to cease as well. In the automobile example above, a non-
working engine would cause the driver to become aware of the car as a
collection of parts rather than just a vehicle capable of transporting him or
her from place to place. This can also occur when elements of a network
act contrarily to the network as a whole.
21. Elements in a network
Tokens/quasi-objects
In the above examples, 'social order' and 'functioning car' come into being
through the successful interactions of their respective actor-networks, and
actor-network theory refers to these creations as tokens or quasi-objects
which are passed between actors within the network.
As the token is increasingly transmitted or passed through the network, it
becomes increasingly punctualized and also increasingly reified. When
the token is decreasingly transmitted, or when an actor fails to transmit
the token (e.g., the oil pump breaks), punctualization and reification are
decreased as well.
22. How technology changes human
behaviour?
Restricts some behaviours (e.g. DRM copy restriction)
It is hard to find out who is „good person” and who is
„bad person”, because technology makes a decision
instead of single person
-> Technology makes people immoral
23. Innovation
The “functional” source of innovation depends upon the
functional relationship between innovator and
innovation:
An INNOVATION is anything new that is actually used
(“enters the marketplace”) – whether major or minor.
An innovation is a USER innovation when the developer
expects to benefit by USING it;
An innovation is a MANUFACTURER innovation when the
developer expects to benefit by SELLING it.
27. Business Strategy to the Technology
Strategy
Definitions of Business strategy
Definitions of Technology Strategy
Influence of business on technology
Influence of technology on business petterns
28. New technologies and competition
Aspects of technology development
Specialisation,
Niche
Core competencies
Other
Editor's Notes
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