A computer network connects devices through communication channels to allow for resource sharing. An enterprise network integrates systems across departments to eliminate isolated users. A telecommunication network transmits information electronically over long distances. It consists of terminals, computers, transmission media, and software. Benefits of telecommunication networks include overcoming barriers of time, distance, and costs. Components include devices, connecting hardware, software protocols, and security measures. Network topologies determine how devices are arranged and connected, with common examples being bus, star, ring, and hybrid configurations. Major trends impacting telecommunications include growth of internet technologies, digital networks, and increased business applications.

1. TELECOMMUNICATION
AND NETWORK MIS

2. NETWORK
A network is common term referring to set of related elements or
entities linked to each other.
A computer network is a group of computer systems and other
computing hardware devices that are linked together through
communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-
sharing among a wide range of users.
Computers on network may be linked through wire or wireless such
as cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or
Infrared beams.

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Computer network needs different major components:
Devices (computer, Printer, faxes)
Connecting devices (HUB, Switch, Router etc.)
NIC ( wire or wireless)
Transmission media (Wire(Twisted, Coaxial, Optical) or Wireless(Wi-
max, Wi-Fi, Satellite, Radio link, etc.)
Software (OS, Utilities etc.)
Protocol (TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP etc.)
Firewall (Software/ Hardware)

4. NETWORK ENTERPRISE
Businesses are becoming networked enterprise. The internet,
Intranet, extranet and other types of networks have become primary
information technology infrastructure of many organization.
An enterprise network is an enterprise’s communications backbone
that helps connect computer and related devices across departments
and workgroup networks, facilitating insight and data accessibility.
The key purpose of an enterprise network is to eliminate isolated user
and workgroup so that all systems should be able to communicate
and provide and retrieve information.
An enterprise network can integrate all systems, including windows,
Apple computers, Operating systems, Unix Systems, Mainframes and
related devices Like Smart Phones and tablets.

5. TELECOMMUNICATION
Telecommunication refers to the exchange of information by
electronic and electrical means over a significant distance.
A complete telecommunication arrangement is made up of two or
more station equipped with transmitter and receiver devices.
Telecommunication devices includes telephones, telegraph, Radio,
Micro-wave communication arrangements, fiber optics, satellite and
internet.
In telecommunication data is transmitted in the form of electrical
signal known as carrier waves which are modulated into analog or
digital signal for transmitting information.

6. TELECOMMUNICATION
NETWORK
A telecommunication network is a collection of nodes and links that is
capable of carrying audio, visual and data communications.
The main function of telecommunication network is to provide
effective transmission of information from a point of origin to a point
of termination.
Internet is the largest example of telecommunication network. Other
small scale examples of telecommunication network are:
Computer networks Aeronautical ACARS network
Telephone network Corporate and academic WANs
Global Telex Network Police and fire communication
systems

7. COMPONENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATION
NETWORK
A telecommunication network is an arrangement of computing and
telecommunications resources for communication of information
between distant locations. A telecommunication network includes the
following components:
1. Terminal for accessing the network
2. Computers that process information and are interconnected by the
network
3. Telecommunication link that form a channel through which the
information is transmitted from a sending device to receiving device.
4. Telecommunication equipment that facilitates the transmission of
information.
5. Telecommunication software that controls message transmission

8. BUSINESS VALUE OF
TELECOMMUNICATION
NETWORK
Telecommunication gives an organization the capability to move the
information rapidly between distance locations and to provide ability
for the employees, customers, and suppliers to collaborate from
anywhere.
Telecommunication may provide these values through the following
impacts:
1. Time compression (Overcome time barriers): Enables firm to
transmit raw data and information quickly and accurately between
remote sites.
2. Overcoming geographical dispersions (barriers): Enable an
organization with geographically remote site to function, to a degree,
as though these sites were a single unit.

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3. Restructuring Business relationship: makes it possible to create
systems which restructure the interactions of people within firm as
well as firm’s relationship with customer.
4. Overcome cost barrier: Reduce the cost of more traditional means
of communication. It reduce expensive business trips, allows
customers, suppliers and employees to collaborate, thus improving
the quality of decision reached.

10. TYPES OF
TELECOMMUNICATION
NETWORK
Basically classified into two different types: They are:
1. On the basis of geographical region
2. On the basis of Architecture

11. ON THE BASIS OF
GEOGRAPHICAL REGION
Local Area Network (LAN): LAN is a telecommunication network that
connects information processing devices within a limited physical
area. These network cover area such as Classroom, Floor, Offices,
Buildings, Manufacturing plants.
LAN uses various telecommunication media such as telephone wiring,
twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, wireless radio system.
LAN’s allows end user in workgroup to communicate electronically,
share hardware, software and data resources.
Simple and economical networks.

13. METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK (MAN)
MAN is a telecommunication network that interconnects various LANs
within a metropolitan area.
Similar technology to LAN and similar speed.
Coaxial cable is used.
It is privately owned by owner or company.
E.g. TV channel

15. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
Wan is a telecommunications network that covers a large
geographical areas. These networks cover areas such as:
Large city or metropolitan area, whole country, Many countries and
continents.
Generally wireless technologies and wire (fiber optic is used in WAN)
Different protocols are used
It is slower than LAN and MAN
Internet is an example.

17. ON THE BASIS OF
ARCHITECTURE
Peer to peer Network (P2P): Peers are computer system which are
connected to each other via the Network.
Files can be directly shared between systems on the network without
the need of a central server. i.e. every computer acts as client and
server.
The only requirement for P2P network is network and P2P software
and can simply be connected using twisted pair cable.
It has no privacy and security of the data in this system.

19. CLIENT SERVER NETWORK
A network in which at least one computer acts as a server and other
computers act as clients.
Files and resources are centralized and is stored on server.
If server is turned off its resources are not available.
Advantage of client server network is that security is created,
managed, and can highly get enforced.
Centralized backup, intranet and internet monitoring are advantages
of this network.

21. VALUE ADDED NETWORK
(VAN)
A value- added network is a private network provider that is hired by
a company to facilitate electronic data interchange (EDI) or provide
other network services.
The VAN acts as intermediary between business partners that share
standards based or proprietary data.
They were widely used by companies to transfer data before the
introduction of WWW.
Due to increase of E- Commerce EDI remains important part of
business and still rely on VANs.

23. TELECOMMUNICATION LINKS
(MEDIA)
Telecommunication links can be implemented with various
communication media which can be wire or wireless.
Different potential media are employed to implement
telecommunication links:
Twisted pair
Coaxial cable
Fiber optics cable
Terrestrial Microwave
Satellite transmission
Radio transmission

24. TWISTED PAIR CABLE
It is wired communication medium consisting a pair of wires twisted
each other.
Two primary types of twisted pair cable industry standard are
defined- Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair
(STP).
It is simple, economic , enough data transfer speed and mostly used
cable in LAN.
The optimum data transfer is upto 100m.

26. COAXIAL CABLE
It is a guided medium that consists of a relatively thick central
conductor shielded by several layers of insulation and the second
conductor shielded by several layers of insulation and the second
conductor just under the protective cable’s shell.
It is much less susceptible to interference and can carry much more
data.
Coaxial cable are connected and split using metal connectors known
as T- Pieces.

28. FIBER OPTIC CABLE
It is a guided high speed communications medium that consists of
many strands of pure glass with a data carrying core in the middle,
surrounded by a reflective coating and a protective sheath.
The core of fiber optic cable is made of glass and signals are sent
along the cable optically rather than electrically.
Two primary types of fiber optic cable industry standards are
defined- single mode and multimode.

30. TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE
It is unguided long distance telecommunications by means of
microwave signals that travel on the surface of earth.
Microwave can be used for point to point communication because
their small wavelength allows conveniently- sized antennas to direct
them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at receiving
antenna.
The microwave are limited to line of sight propagation.
They cannot pass around hills or mountains.
Traditional TV broadcasting is the example of microwaves.

32. SATELLITE TRANSMISSION
It is a form of microwave transmission in which signal is transmitted
by an earth station to a satellite which rebroadcast the signal to the
receiving station.
It provides communication links between various points on earth.
Types of information that can be transferred include: television,
telephone, radio, internet and military.
In order for people to communicate over a long distance, a satellite
must be used to redirect the signal.

34. RADIO TRANSMISSION
It is wireless communication technology that transmits voice or data
over the air using lower frequency band than microwave.
Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths
in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light.
Like all other electromagnetic spectrum they travel at the speed of
light.
The signal travel in up and down manner so that it can reach any
place until the strengths of waves.

36. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Computer switches and terminals are interconnected by network links
are collectively called nodes.
The arrangement of nodes and links in a network is called topology.
A variety of arrangement is possible each with its own advantages
and drawbacks.
The different topologies mostly used in computer network are:

37. HIERARCHICAL TOPOLOGY
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a
hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical topology. It should at least have three
levels to the hierarchy.
Features of Tree Topology
Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
Used in Wide Area Network.
Advantages of Tree Topology
Extension of bus and star topologies.
Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
Easily managed and maintained.
Error detection is easily done.

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Disadvantages of Tree Topology
Heavily cabled.
Costly.
If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
Central hub fails, network fails.

40. BUS TOPOLOGY
Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is
connected to single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is
called Linear Bus topology.
Features of Bus Topology
It transmits data only in one direction.
Every device is connected to a single cable
Advantages of Bus Topology
It is cost effective.
Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
Used in small networks.
It is easy to understand.
Easy to expand joining two cables together.

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Disadvantages of Bus Topology
Cables fails then whole network fails.
If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the
network decreases.
Cable has a limited length.
It is slower than the ring topology.

43. RING TOPOLOGY
It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is
connected to another computer, with the last one connected to the first.
Exactly two neighbours for each device.
Features of Ring Topology
A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of
nodes, because if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the
ring topology with 100 nodes, then the data will have to pass through 99
nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are
used in the network.
The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by
having 2 connections between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring
Topology.
In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in
opposite direction in them. Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as
a backup, to keep the network up.
Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data
transmitted, has to pass through each node of the network, till the

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Advantages of Ring Topology
Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding
more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can transmit data.
Cheap to install and expand
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.

46. STAR TOPOLOGY
In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single
hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others
nodes are connected to the central node.
Features of Star Topology
Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.
Advantages of Star Topology
Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
Hub can be upgraded easily.
Easy to troubleshoot.

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Easy to setup and modify.
Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can
work smoothly.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
Cost of installation is high.
Expensive to use.
If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the
nodes depend on the hub.
Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity

49. MESH Topology
It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected to each
other. Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are :
1.Routing
2.Flooding
Routing
In routing, the nodes have a routing logic, as per the network requirements. Like routing logic to direct
the data to reach the destination using the shortest distance.
Or, routing logic which has information about the broken links, and it avoids those node etc. We can
even have routing logic, to re-configure the failed nodes.
Flooding
In flooding, the same data is transmitted to all the network nodes, hence no routing logic is required. The
network is robust, and the its very unlikely to lose the data. But it leads to unwanted load over the
network.

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Features of Mesh Topology
Fully connected.
Robust.
Not flexible.
Advantages of Mesh Topology
Each connection can carry its own data load.
It is robust.
Fault is diagnosed easily.
Provides security and privacy.

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Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
Installation and configuration is difficult.
Cabling cost is more.
Bulk wiring is required.

53. HYBRID TOPOLOGY
It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or
more topologies. For example if in an office in one department ring
topology is used and in another star topology is used, connecting
these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and
star topology).
Features of Hybrid Topology
It is a combination of two or topologies
Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included

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Advantages of Hybrid Topology
Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.
Effective.
Scalable as size can be increased easily.
Flexible.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
Complex in design.
Costly.

56. TRENDS IN
TELECOMMUNICATION
Major trends in the field of telecommunications have a significant
impact on management decisions in this area.

57. INDUSTRY TREND
Telecommunication services are available from numerous large and
small telecommunication companies.
Growth of internet and WWW have created a host of a new
telecommunication products, services and providers.
Business firms have dramatically increased their use of the internet
and the Web for electronic commerce and collaboration.

58. TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
Using internet networking technologies as the technology platform,
are becoming the primary telecommunication technology drivers.
Increased industry and technical moves towards building Client/
Server networks based on Open system architecture.
Change from analog to digital network technology.
Change in communication media.

59. BUSINESS APPLICATION
TRENDS
The trend toward more vendors, services, Internet technologies and
open systems, Internet dramatically increased the number of feasible
telecommunication applications.
Telecommunication networks are playing vital roles in electronic
commerce, enterprise collaboration, and internal business application
that support the operation, management and strategic objectives of
both large and small companies.
Telecommunications functions have become an integral part of local
and global computer networks.