This document discusses important geological considerations for dam site selection, including:
1) Narrow river valleys and shallow bedrock are preferable as they reduce construction costs.
2) Bedrock foundations must be competent to safely support the dam. Igneous rocks are generally most suitable.
3) Geological structures like horizontal or mildly tilted strata are ideal, while steep dips, faults, folds or intense fracturing indicate less competent foundations.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Types of dams, geological considerations in site selection, Competency of Rocks to offer stable dam foundation, effect of geological structures on dam, selection of dam site, Reservoir, purpose of reservoir, influence of water table, geological structures, life of reservoir, geophysical studies
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Types of dams, geological considerations in site selection, Competency of Rocks to offer stable dam foundation, effect of geological structures on dam, selection of dam site, Reservoir, purpose of reservoir, influence of water table, geological structures, life of reservoir, geophysical studies
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
HOW THE JOINTS WERE FORMED ,WHAT ARE THE FORMATION OF JOINTS ,CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ,ORIGIN AND OCCURENCE OF JOINTS ,AND ENGINEERING IMPORTANTS OF JOINTS HAS BEEN GIVEN HERE .FOR ANY CLARIFICATION PLEASE CONTACT VIA EMAIL .
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
The presentation comprises the Gravity Method, It's anomaly, reduction, and its applications. The Gravity method is commonly used in Geology specifically in Geophysics.
A pumping test is a field experiment in which a well is pumped at a controlled rate and water-level response (drawdown) is measured in one or more surrounding observation wells and optionally in the pumped well (control well) itself; response data from pumping tests are used to estimate the hydraulic properties of aquifers, evaluate well performance and identify aquifer boundaries.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
HOW THE JOINTS WERE FORMED ,WHAT ARE THE FORMATION OF JOINTS ,CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ,ORIGIN AND OCCURENCE OF JOINTS ,AND ENGINEERING IMPORTANTS OF JOINTS HAS BEEN GIVEN HERE .FOR ANY CLARIFICATION PLEASE CONTACT VIA EMAIL .
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
The presentation comprises the Gravity Method, It's anomaly, reduction, and its applications. The Gravity method is commonly used in Geology specifically in Geophysics.
A pumping test is a field experiment in which a well is pumped at a controlled rate and water-level response (drawdown) is measured in one or more surrounding observation wells and optionally in the pumped well (control well) itself; response data from pumping tests are used to estimate the hydraulic properties of aquifers, evaluate well performance and identify aquifer boundaries.
Geology of Dams, Reservoirs, Tunnels and Bridges, Dam, types of dams, Influence of geological conditions on location, alignment, design and types of a dam, geological considerations in site selection for dams, Site improvement techniques, dams on carbonate rocks, sedimentary rocks, folded strata and Deccan traps, favorable and unfavorable geological conditions for a reservoir site. Tunneling:- Types of tunnels, the influence of geological conditions on tunneling, difficulties during tunneling, tunnel lining, tunneling in folded strata, sedimentary rocks and Deccan traps. Bridges:- Types of bridges, dependence of types of bridges on geological conditions.
INTRODUCTION
MAIN PURPOSE OF DAM CONSTRUCTION
PARTS OF DAM
FORCE ACTING ON DAM TYPES OF DAMS
GEOLOGY AND FOUNDATION CONDITION
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND DAM
COCLUSION
Influence of geological condition on foundation and design of buildingDarshan Darji
these ppt is about Influence of geological condition on foundation and design of building. This Ppt clear your doubt about this influence of geological condition on foundation and design of building.
A gravity dam is a solid structure, made of concrete or masonry, constructed across a river to create a reservoir on its
upstream. The section of the gravity dam is approximately triangular in shape, with its apex at its top and maximum width at bottom.
The section is so proportioned that it resists the various forces acting on it by its own weight. Most of the gravity dams are solid, so that
no bending stress is introduced at any point and hence, they are sometimes known as solid gravity dams to distinguish them from hollow
gravity dams in those hollow spaces are kept to reduce the weight. Early gravity dams were built of masonry, but now-a-days with
improved methods of construction, quality control and curing, concrete is most commonly used for the construction of modern gravity
dams.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
1. Engineering Applications
Dams & Geology of Dams
(ENGINEERING GEOLOGY)
LECTURE – 11
Instructor: Engr. Naeem Bashir AwanHITEC, University
2. Outline
1. Introduction to Dams
2. Components of Dams
3. Geology of Dam Sites
i. Important Geological Considerations at Dam Site
3. Dams
Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a suitable location across
a river valley to store flowing water.
Storage of water is utilized for following objectives:
Hydropower
Irrigation
Water for domestic consumption
Drought and flood control
For navigational facilities
Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries
6. Heel: contact with the ground on the upstream side
Toe: contact on the downstream side
Abutment: Sides of the valley on which the structure of the dam rest
Galleries: small rooms like structure left within the dam for checking operations.
Diversion tunnel: Tunnels are constructed for diverting water before the construction of dam.
This helps in keeping the river bed dry.
Spillways: It is the arrangement near the top to release the excess water of the reservoir to
downstream side
Sluice way: An opening in the dam near the ground level, which is used to clear the silt
accumulation in the reservoir side.
7. Emergency Spillway: this type of spillway is designed for extreme flood conditions.
Chute : is sloping/sliding part of a spillway.
Stilling Basin: is collecting pond for flowing water by spillway.
Training Wall: side walls of a spillway to stop overtopping of water by sides of spillway.
8. Geology of Dam Sites
The success of a dam is not only related to its own safety and
stability but also to the success of associated reservoirs.
In other words, on construction, if a dam stands firmly but if
its reservoir leaks profusely then such a dam is to be treated
only as a failure because the purpose of which it was
constructed was not served.
9. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
The important Geological requirements which should be
considered in the selection of dam are as follows;
1. Narrow River Valley
2. Occurrence of bedrock at a shallow depth
3. Competent rocks to offer a stable foundation
4. Proper Geological Structures
10. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
Narrow River Valley:
At the proposed dam site, if the river valley is narrow i.e. least areal
cross-section, only a small dam is required, which means the cost of
dam construction will be less. On the other hand, if the valley is wide, a
bigger dam is necessary which means the construction cost will be very
high.
But such sites should not be blindly selected without further
investigations, because sometimes they may have severe defects which
may lead to serious leakage from the reservoir and may effect the safety
of the dam.
11. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
Bedrock at Shallow Depths:
To ensure its safety and stability a dam has to necessarily rest on
(Physically) very strong and (Structurally) very stable. i.e. (Bedrock). If
such competent bedrocks occur near the surface or at shallow depths,
the foundation cost of the dam will be naturally be less. On the other
hand, if competent bedrocks occur at a greater depths, the cost of the
foundation will be very high because it involves extensive work of
excavation of loose overburden and concrete refilling.
12. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
Bedrock at Shallow Depths:
The thickness of sediments or loose overburden along the river valley
depends on the nature and the stage of development of the river. In
other words, strong and fresh bedrocks may occur at or near the
surface, therefore only small dams may be suitable there to serve a
limited purpose.
The general occurrence of material like clay, silt, sand and gravel along
the river bed, naturally makes it difficult to assess the thickness of loose
overburden by mere surficial studies. Therefore to know the bedrock
profile, geophysical investigations such as Electrical Resistivity Studies
or Seismic Refraction Studies are carried out carefully.
13. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
Competent Rocks for Safe Foundation:
If igneous rock occurs at the selected dam site, they will offer a safe
basis, and weak sedimentary rocks, particularly shale’s, poorly
cemented sandstones and limestone’s shall naturally be undesirable to
serve as foundation rocks.
14. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
Competent Rocks for Safe Foundation:
The other characteristics along with the rock type which must be
considered at the site for the rock to serve as a foundation for major
dams depends on:
1. The extent of weathering it has undergone
2. The occurrence of intrusions
3. The extent of fracturing
4. The extent of geological structures, the mode and number of rock types concerned.
15. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
Suitability of Metamorphic Rocks:
Among the Metamorphic Rocks:
1. Gneisses are generally competent like granite, unless they possess very high degree of foliations and are
richly accompanied by mica-like minerals.
2. Quartzites are very hard and highly resistant to weathering. They are neither porous nor permeable.
3. Marbles, like quartzite, are compact, bear a granulose structure, are not porous, nor permeable and
reasonably strong too. But by virtue of their chemical composition and minerals they are unsuitable at
dam sites.
4. Slates bear a typical slaty cleavage. Hence this rock is soft and weak and undesirable at dam sites.
16. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
Suitability of Metamorphic Rocks:
Among the Metamorphic Rocks:
1. Gneisses are generally competent like granite, unless they possess very high degree of
foliations and are richly accompanied by mica-like minerals.
2. Quartzites are very hard and highly resistant to weathering. They are neither porous nor
permeable.
3. Marbles, like quartzite, are compact, bear a granulose structure, are not porous, nor
permeable and reasonably strong too. But by virtue of their chemical composition and
minerals they are unsuitable at dam sites.
4. Slates bear a typical slaty cleavage. Hence this rock is soft and weak and undesirable at dam
sites.
17. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
Effects of Associated Geological Structures:
For the stability of a dam, the occurrence of favourable geological structures is a
very important requirement.
Cases of undisturbed i.e. Horizontal Strata:
This geological situation is good at the dam site because the load of the dam
acts perpendicular to the bedding planes, which means that beds are in an
advantageous position to bear the loads with full competence.
Further, the seepage of reservoir water that may take place beneath the dam is
effectively prevented by the weight of the dam which acts vertically downwards.
Thus the possible uplift pressure which is dangerous to the stability of dam is
effectively reduced.
18. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
Tilted Beds:
Situation with beds having 10 Degree to 30 Degree inclination in the upstream
direction is ideal because the resultant force act more or less perpendicular to the
bedding plane which are dipping in the upstream side.
Beds with Steep Upstream Dip:
Such a situation is not bad but not as advantageous as that of previous
situations, for obvious reasons, i.e. in this case, there shall be no uplift on the
dam site and no leakage of water from the reservoir, but due to the steep dip the
bedding planes are not perpendicular to the resultant force, this means the rock
will not be as compatible as in previous case.
19. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
Beds with Steep Downstream Dip:
For obvious reason this situation has all the disadvantages of previous case.
Further, here the resultant force and bedding planes are nearly parallel, which
means the beds will be even less competent.
Beds which are folded:
Folding of beds, which occurs on a relatively large scale, is generally less
dangerous then faulting. Unless the folds are of a complex nature.
However the folded rocks are not only under strain but also physically fractured
along the crests. Hence grouting and other precautions may have to be
considered, depending on the context, to improve the stability and competence of
rocks at the site.
20. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
Beds which are faulted:
Occurrence of faulting irrespective of its attitude (Strike and Dips), right at the
dam site in most undesirable. If the faults are active, under no circumstances, can
dam construction be taken up there. This is not only because of the fear of
possible relative displacement of the site itself but also due to the possible
occurrence of earthquakes.
Further, if the fault zone is crushed or intensely fractured, it becomes physically
incompetent to withstand the forces of the dam.
Thus location of dams on a fault zone is undesirable for different reasons.
21. Geological Considerations at Dam Sites
Beds which have Joints:
Among the different geological structures, joints are the most common and are
found to occur in all kinds of rocks, almost everywhere.
But since the rocks with these joints are not under any strain, and also because of
the scope to overcome their effects easily by simple treatment, they are not
considered as serious defects. Grouting is generally capable of overcoming the
adverse effects of joints because it fill the gaps of joints, increase compactness
and competency of the rocks and reduce porosity and permeability.
22. HITEC University, Taxila
The End
“Everything has beauty, but not everyone can see.” – Confucius
“Happiness is not something ready made. It comes from your own actions.”– Dalai Lama