The document discusses the four main types of large biomolecules (macromolecules) that are essential for living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes what each macromolecule is made of at the atomic level, its monomers, its functions, and examples of where each can be found in food and living things. The document aims to explain polymers and monomers, and provide an overview of the four major biochemical macromolecules that make up living things.

1. Organic Compounds The BIG Four

2. Before we talk about the “Big 4”, let’s define a few terms… Macro Polymer Monomer

3. MACRO Micro What do these words mean? So What Is A Macromolecule? A BIG molecule!

4. What does “Mono” mean? 1

5. Polygons (many sides) Polygamy (many wives) Means... "Poly" Next Word…POLYMER MANY

6. Polymers & Monomers Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace? EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN ? A PEARL NECKLACE ?

7. A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace? EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN THE CARS A PEARL NECKLACE EACH PEARL

8. The Big Four Now we are ready to begin our study of... There are FOUR important biochemical molecules

9. When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in finding out….. what they do for living things. what they generally look like. what their monomers are. and how they may help the body gain energy to sustain life.

10. CARBOHYDRATES

11. CARBOHYDRATES They are the main source for the body to gain energy . They are our fuel! They function in short-term energy storage for animals and plants WHAT THEY DO:

12. CARBOHYDRATES WHERE THEY ARE FOUND: In plant foods - in the cell walls of plants - fruits, vegetables In animal products - in milk Cookies, candy, fruits, sugar, breads, potatoes, vegetables

13. CARBOHYDRATES AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each carbohydrate is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “CHO”

14. CARBOHYDRATES MADE UP OF... Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is… Glucose is called a monosaccharide GLUCOSE

15. LIPIDS

16. LIPIDS Source of STORED ENERGY INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature CUSHION the internal organs for protection. Produce hormones for the body called STERIODS Waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! (Yes, beeswax and your earwax too!) WHAT THEY DO:

17. LIPIDS WHERE THEY ARE FOUND: In plants- in the seeds ---------------------------------- In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue ----------------------------------- Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells. Oils, butter, margarine

18. LIPIDS AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each lipid is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “CHO”

19. LIPIDS MADE UP OF... Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is… Lipids are shaped like the letter “E” TRIGLYCERIDES

20. PROTEINS

21. PROTEINS Major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair: muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails Present in all cell membranes Make antibodies in the immune system Make enzymes for helping chemical reactions Make non-steroid hormones (ex: insulin that breaks down sugar in your bloodstream) Make hemoglobin , which carries oxygen in your blood WHAT THEY DO:

22. PROTEINS WHERE THEY ARE FOUND: In plant foods - in the cell membranes In animal products - in the cell membranes- in the muscles of living things- cows, chicken, fish… Eggs, fish, chicken, meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains

23. PROTEINS AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each protein is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur THINK: “CHONS”

24. PROTEINS MADE UP OF... Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer… AMINO ACID

25. The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string Amino Acid chain All wound up How the amino acid folds and its resulting shape determine the specific function of the protein

26. Enzymes…a special protein example Enzymes speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) They are required for all biochemical reactions Stay tuned…We will learn more about enzymes later in this week!

27. NUCLEIC ACIDS

28. NUCELIC ACIDS DNA Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA. Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body. RNA Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your body. WHAT THEY DO:

29. “ DNA” is short for D eoxyribo N ucleic A cid Now you know why they just call it DNA! Another common type is RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid ) DNA You may have heard of…

30. NUCELIC ACIDS WHERE THEY ARE FOUND: In every living cell, often in the nucleus

31. NUCLEIC ACIDS AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each nucleic acid is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus THINK: “CHONP”

32. NUCLEIC ACIDS MADE UP OF... Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of Nucleotides Something we will learn more about when we study DNA

33. In interesting point…three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

34. Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) (13 grams in this product) (9 grams in this product) FAT a.k.a. lipids Carbohydrates Protein

35. Resources www.bio.kimunity.com www.slideshare.net/guest13161d/big-4-macromolecules Repacholi, Stephen. www.slideshare.net/chalkie28/biological-molecules Mr. J. Willis, science teacher, Hibriten High School Miller, Ken and Joe Levine. Prentice hall Biology . Pearson Education Inc. New Jersey, 2005.