The document outlines the scientific method used by scientists to conduct research in a series of steps: (1) making observations and asking questions, (2) developing hypotheses to predict answers, (3) designing and conducting experiments to test hypotheses, (4) analyzing data and drawing conclusions, and (5) repeating experiments to verify results. An example is given of an experiment to test if Miracle Grow or cow manure makes tomato plants produce larger tomatoes.

1. A set of steps used by scientists as they conduct research

2. Observations The process of obtaining information by using the senses This is when you look at what is around you and take note

3. Problem The question you are trying to answer A question raised for consideration or solution.

4. Hypothesis An educated guess Predict the answer to the problem Phrased “If…then…” (Example: If the plants are exposed to sunlight then they will grow.)

5. Experiment A procedure to test the hypothesis.

6. Experiment continued: Variables - factors that can change Manipulating/ independent variable  variable that is deliberately changed Or the one you have control over Responding/ dependent variable  variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable This is what you are measuring Controlled variables  variables that remain the same in all the experiments

7. Experiment continued: Control Group The control group acts as a reference point or measuring stick to compare with the variable group. Any difference between the two groups can only be due to the one experimental factor that is being tested.

8. Data Results of the experiment. Can be: Quantitative – numerical in nature (think “quantity”; ex: 5 cm, 9 seconds) Qualitative – descriptive in nature (ex: color changes, odors, other observations made by senses)

9. Data Reporting Data can be reported both in narrative form and through diagrams, tables and graphs.

10. Conclusion The answer to the hypothesis, once it has been tested is often called a “theory”.

11. Retest In order to verify the results, experiments must be repeatable . If they cannot be produced through repeating the experiment again, then they are not valid.

12. Got it? Let’s see…

13. For example… Let’s say I wanted to see whether Miracle Grow or cow manure would make my tomato plants produce the largest tomatoes. (On a piece of paper, jot down your answers to these questions.) What would be my independent variable? What would be my dependent variable? What would be my controlled variables? What would be my control group?

14. Tomato Experiment – answers ! What would be my independent variable? Variable you are changing = type of fertilizer What would be my dependent variable? Variable you are measuring = size of tomatoes What would be my controlled variables? Everything same for the two plants: soil, sunlight, water, etc. What would be my control group? A tomato plant grown in the same conditions without any fertilizer