This document discusses optimizing data plane resources for multipath flows. It introduces the concepts of routing with minimum overhead (RMO) and decomposition with minimum overhead (DMO) to minimize forwarding costs when splitting traffic flows across multiple paths.
The key ideas are:
1) Dividing a traffic flow across multiple paths improves bandwidth utilization but incurs higher forwarding costs due to additional network resources used.
2) RMO and DMO problems are defined to minimize these forwarding costs by reducing the number of paths or nodes used. Efficient algorithms are presented to solve the problems.
3) Simulation results show that algorithms which prefer smaller paths generally perform better at reducing the number of nodes traveled, though they may increase
The 3GPP Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) standard specifies a set of pioneer features such as relay nodes and carrier aggregation. At the same time, the Software Defined Networks (SDN) have become an emerging technology which provides centralized control and programmability to modern networks. In the current communication environment, cloud computing could combine the advantages of both technologies in order to create a novel cloud assisted Software Defined LTEA architecture with relay nodes. Moreover, due to the increased requirements of modern services, the optimal resource allocation is a necessity. In such a context, this paper describes a QoS aware cross carrier scheduler for downlink flows, aiming at the optimization of system resources allocation. The proposed scheduler is evaluated against the PF, MLWDF, EXP/PF, EXP RULE, LOG RULE, FLS and FLSA schedulers in a cloud assisted Software Defined LTE-A topology with relay nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduler improves the real time services performance while at the same time maintains an acceptable performance for best effort flows.
Long-Term Advancement Progressed (LTE-ADV) is the advancement of the long-term evolution,
which created via 3GPP. LTE-ADV aims to offer a transmission bandwidth of (100) MHz by using Carrier
Aggregation (CA) to aggregate LTE-ADV carriers. To increase the data capacity of the system and
resource allocation converts a very good tool. LTE-Advanced multiple Component Carriers (CCs) becomes
a difficult optimization problem. In the paper proposes a new scheduling algorithm and compares with a
different scheduling traditional algorithms that are proportional fair and round robin in the CA, in order to
find the best scheduler that provides high-quality throughput and improves fairness. It also evaluates
mapping model types are Mutual Information Effective SINR Mapping (MIESM) and Exponential Effective
SINR Mapping (EESM). The results show that the throughput in the proposed algorithm with MIESM
outperforms from others mapping and scheduling.
A downlink scheduler supporting real time services in LTE cellular networksUniversity of Piraeus
The wide spread of real-time services in wireless networks demands scheduling mechanisms supporting strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Nevertheless, the specifications of the LTE standard for mobile connectivity defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) does not impose any specific scheduler for the proper allocation of resources to services. Therefore, several LTE schedulers have been proposed in the literature meeting the QoS requirements of modern services. In this paper a QoS aware scheduler for the LTE downlink is proposed namely the FLS-Advanced (FLSA) aiming at prioritizing real-time traffic. The proposed scheduler has been built on three distinct levels assigning the available radio resources to services according to their requirements. Based on simulation results, the FLSA outperforms in terms of packet loss ratio, attainable throughput and fairness the performance of existing schedulers including PF, MLWDF, EXP/PF, FLS, EXP RULE and LOG RULE.
A MANET is an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. When designing mobile ad hoc networks, several interesting and difficult problems arise because of the shared nature of the wireless medium, limited transmission power (range) of wireless devices, node mobility, and battery limitations. This paper aims at providing a new schema to improve Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol. The aim
behind the proposed enhancement is to find the best route in acceptable time limit without having broadcast storm. Moreover, O-DSR enables network not only to overcome congestion but also maximize the lifetime of mobile nodes. Some simulations results show that the Route Request (RREQ) and the Control Packet Overhead decrease by 15% when O-DSR is used, consequently. Also the global energy consumption in O-DSR is lower until to 60 % , which leads to a long lifetime of the network.
The 3GPP Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) standard specifies a set of pioneer features such as relay nodes and carrier aggregation. At the same time, the Software Defined Networks (SDN) have become an emerging technology which provides centralized control and programmability to modern networks. In the current communication environment, cloud computing could combine the advantages of both technologies in order to create a novel cloud assisted Software Defined LTEA architecture with relay nodes. Moreover, due to the increased requirements of modern services, the optimal resource allocation is a necessity. In such a context, this paper describes a QoS aware cross carrier scheduler for downlink flows, aiming at the optimization of system resources allocation. The proposed scheduler is evaluated against the PF, MLWDF, EXP/PF, EXP RULE, LOG RULE, FLS and FLSA schedulers in a cloud assisted Software Defined LTE-A topology with relay nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduler improves the real time services performance while at the same time maintains an acceptable performance for best effort flows.
Long-Term Advancement Progressed (LTE-ADV) is the advancement of the long-term evolution,
which created via 3GPP. LTE-ADV aims to offer a transmission bandwidth of (100) MHz by using Carrier
Aggregation (CA) to aggregate LTE-ADV carriers. To increase the data capacity of the system and
resource allocation converts a very good tool. LTE-Advanced multiple Component Carriers (CCs) becomes
a difficult optimization problem. In the paper proposes a new scheduling algorithm and compares with a
different scheduling traditional algorithms that are proportional fair and round robin in the CA, in order to
find the best scheduler that provides high-quality throughput and improves fairness. It also evaluates
mapping model types are Mutual Information Effective SINR Mapping (MIESM) and Exponential Effective
SINR Mapping (EESM). The results show that the throughput in the proposed algorithm with MIESM
outperforms from others mapping and scheduling.
A downlink scheduler supporting real time services in LTE cellular networksUniversity of Piraeus
The wide spread of real-time services in wireless networks demands scheduling mechanisms supporting strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Nevertheless, the specifications of the LTE standard for mobile connectivity defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) does not impose any specific scheduler for the proper allocation of resources to services. Therefore, several LTE schedulers have been proposed in the literature meeting the QoS requirements of modern services. In this paper a QoS aware scheduler for the LTE downlink is proposed namely the FLS-Advanced (FLSA) aiming at prioritizing real-time traffic. The proposed scheduler has been built on three distinct levels assigning the available radio resources to services according to their requirements. Based on simulation results, the FLSA outperforms in terms of packet loss ratio, attainable throughput and fairness the performance of existing schedulers including PF, MLWDF, EXP/PF, FLS, EXP RULE and LOG RULE.
A MANET is an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. When designing mobile ad hoc networks, several interesting and difficult problems arise because of the shared nature of the wireless medium, limited transmission power (range) of wireless devices, node mobility, and battery limitations. This paper aims at providing a new schema to improve Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol. The aim
behind the proposed enhancement is to find the best route in acceptable time limit without having broadcast storm. Moreover, O-DSR enables network not only to overcome congestion but also maximize the lifetime of mobile nodes. Some simulations results show that the Route Request (RREQ) and the Control Packet Overhead decrease by 15% when O-DSR is used, consequently. Also the global energy consumption in O-DSR is lower until to 60 % , which leads to a long lifetime of the network.
Performance comparison of mobile ad hoc network routing protocolsIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less and decentralized network which need a robust
dynamic routing protocol. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far to find
optimized routes from source to the destination and prominent among them are Dynamic Source Routing
(DSR), Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)
routing protocols. The performance comparison of these protocols should be considered as the primary
step towards the invention of a new routing protocol. This paper presents a performance comparison of
proactive and reactive routing protocols DSDV, AODV and DSR based on QoS metrics (packet delivery
ratio, average end-to-end delay, throughput, jitter), normalized routing overhead and normalized MAC
overhead by using the NS-2 simulator. The performance comparison is conducted by varying mobility
speed, number of nodes and data rate. The comparison results show that AODV performs optimally well
not the best among all the studied protocols.
Determining the Optimum Number of Paths for Realization of Multi-path Routing...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Multi-Protocol Label Switching for Traffic Engineering (MPLS-TE) technology is an intelligent and
advanced tool for handling traffic through the core networks and implementing new services based on
virtual transport. Since MPLS-TE combines channel and network layer mechanisms, network
administrators can optimally integrate and allocate the traffic loads while maintaining the speed of
technologies such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology. In this paper, the problem of the
developed algorithm of multi-path routing which allows us to determine the optimum number of
independent shortest paths is theoretically solved. In details, the article proposes a way for finding the set
of shortest paths using Dijkstra's algorithm, and then determination of the maximum flow for each of the
shortest paths based on the mathematical concepts and finally, introducing the solution of the multi-criteria
optimization problem for a set of shortest paths. According to our approach, optimizing the use of
resources in the core networks is possible with using the MPLS-TE technology.
An Improved Greedy Parameter Stateless Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc NetworkIJAAS Team
Congestion problem and packet delivery related issues in the vehicular ad hoc network environment is a widely researched problem in recent years. Many network designers utilize various algorithms for the design of ad hoc networks and compare their results with the existing approaches. The design of efficient network protocol is a major challenge in vehicular ad hoc network which utilizes the value of GPS and other parameters associated with the vehicles. In this paper GPSR protocol is improved and compared with the existing GPSR protocol and AODV protocol on the basis of various performance parameters like throughput of the network, delay and packet delivery ratio. The results also validate the performance of the proposed approach.
PERFORMANCE OF OLSR MANET ADOPTING CROSS-LAYER APPROACH UNDER CBR AND VBR TRA...IJCNCJournal
The routing protocols play an important role in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) because of the dynamically change of its topology. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), unawareness of Quality of Service (QoS) and power-consumed protocol, is an example of a widely-used routing protocol in MANET.
The Multi-Point Relays (MPR) selection algorithm is very crucial in OLSR. Therefore, firstly, we propose a heuristic method to select the best path based on two parameters; Bit Error Rate (BER) derived from the physical layer and Weighted Connectivity Index (CI) adopted from the network layer. This can be done via the cross-layer design scheme. This is anticipated to enhance the performance of OLSR, provide QoS
guarantee and improve the power consumption. The performances of the proposed scheme are investigated
by simulation of two types of traffics: CBR and VBR (MPEG-4), evaluated by metrics namely Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-End Delay, Control Overhead and Average Total Power Consumption.We compare our results with the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI. It is
obvious that our proposed scheme provides superior performances to the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI, especially, at high traffic load.
Solving bandwidth guaranteed routing problem using routing dataIJCNCJournal
This paper introduces a traffic engineering routing algorithm that aims to accept as many routing demands
as possible on the condition that a certain amount of bandwidth resource is reserved for each accepted
demand. The novel idea is to select routes based on not only network states but also information derived
from routing data such as probabilities of the ingress egress pairs and usage frequencies of the links.
Experiments with respect to acceptance ratio and computation time have been conducted against various
test sets. Results indicate that the proposed algorithm has better performance than the existing popular algorithms including Minimum Interference Routing Algorithm (MIRA) and Random Race based Algorithm for Traffic Engineering (RRATE)
.
Thus the article offers the model represented by algebraic equations and inequalities for routing and
policing traffic in infocommunication network. The novelty of the model is as follows: multiflow nature of
modern ICN is taken into account (1), i.е. a set of flows circling between different pairs of network routers are
considered simultaneously; coherent formalization of processes of traffic routing and policing within the model
that has lower dimensionality in comparison to known earlier is provided; the choice of optimality criterion, use
of which allows to implement multipath routing with consequent inclusion of paths as well as to organize
limitation of flow intensity on all the used routs simultaneously depending on their characteristics and flow
priority. According to the results of the analysis conducted we offer recommendations for choosing relation in
numerical values of routing metrics and service denial regarding the provision of the given values for the main
QoS characteristics, e.g. average packet delay. The model can be used as a basis for perspective protocol
decisions aimed at coherence of solutions for the tasks of traffic routing and policing. Further development of
the given model is possible under full account of stochastic characteristics of packet flows circling in the
network.
DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES ENSURING QOS ON INTERNETijcseit
Differentiated Services is the most advanced method for traffic management which provides QoS. QoS is
essential for today’s internet. QoS represents set of techniques necessary to manage throughput, packet
loss and delay. Traffic Conditioners or Policers are the most important components of differentiated
services. In this research, different Traffic Conditioners or Policers are compared on the basis of QoS
parameters (Performance metrics) which are throughput, packet loss and delay to provide QoS on internet.
Traffic classification and traffic conditioning are important functions of differentiated services also known
as admission control which are governed by service level agreement (SLA). Traffic classification and traffic
conditioning is done by traffic conditioners at edge routers. Goal of this research is to choose the best
Traffic Conditioner to apply from source to destination pair because only one traffic conditioner can be
applied from source to destination so that QoS can be guaranteed.
An Approach using Local Information to Build QoS Routing Algorithminventionjournals
The requirement for quality of service (QoS) is more and more sophisticated, such as the required bandwidth, the value of delay time or packet loss. To assure the network performance, localized QoS routing algorithms have recently been proposed as a promising alternative to the currently deployed global QoS routing schemes. Different from the traditional QoS routing algorithms which use global state information, the localized routing algorithms use local information collected from source node to make routing decisions. These localized routing algorithms can be solutions to users’ demand in the near future. In this paper, we propose a new localized QoS routing algorithm which can help to assure quality of service, and show our simulations which are better in results against other routing algorithms.
Robust Resource Allocation in Relay Node Networks for Optimization ProcessIJCERT
Overlay steering has risen as a promising way to deal with enhances unwavering quality and effectiveness of the Internet. For one-jump overlay source steering, when a given essential way experiences the connection disappointment or execution debasement, the source can reroute the movement to the destination by means of a deliberately set transfer hub. Be that as it may, the over-substantial activity going through the same transfer hub may bring about incessant bundle misfortune and postponement jitter, which can corrupt the throughput and usage of the system. To defeat this issue, we propose a Load-Balanced One-jump Overlay Multipath Routing calculation (LB-OOMR), in which the activity is first part at the source edge hubs and afterward transmitted along numerous one-bounce overlay ways. So as to decide an ideal split proportion for the activity, we plan the issue as a direct programming (LP) definition, whose objective is to minimize the more regrettable case system blockage proportion. Since it is hard to take care of this LP issue in commonsense time, a heuristic calculation is acquainted with select the transfer hubs for building the disjoint one-jump overlay ways, which enormously lessens the computational multifaceted nature of the LP calculation. Reproductions in light of a genuine ISP system and an engineered Internet topology demonstrate that our proposed calculation can diminish the system clog proportion significantly, and accomplish top notch overlay directing administration.
PALBMRP: Power Aware Load Balancing Multipath Routing Protocol for MANETEswar Publications
A set of mobile hosts or nodes that form a dynamic topology which is ad hoc in nature is called MANET. There are several challenges while designing a routing protocol for MANET due to the limited energy, less processing capability, fewer resources and dynamic environmental changes. Most of the existing energy efficient protocols focuses on choosing a route or path through the nodes with maximum residual energy and distribute a network traffic blindly among generated paths. Network congestion caused due to traffic and node packet carrying capability based on its remaining energy are not considered which leads to increasing number of dead nodes and result in more energy depletion. Hence we have proposed a Power Aware Load Balancing Multipath Routing Protocol (PALBMRP) which selects an optimal energy efficient route based on multiple parameters i.e. residual energy, delay, congestion and hop count and perform load balancing by considering nodes minimal residual energy to transmit packets according to its capacity. The simulation shows the proposed protocol reduced overall energy consumption up to 9%, increased packet delivery ratio up to 12%, and reduced end to end delay up to 3%, compared to AOMDV and LBMMRE-AOMDV [1].
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF IMPROVED DSR WITH DSR, AODV AND DSDV R...ijp2p
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are categorized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and numbers of nodes are connecting each other through wireless network. It includes several routing protocols specifically designed for ad-hoc routing. The most widely used ad hoc routing protocols are Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). In this paper, we present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of DSR protocol by using small delay applied on last route ACK path when an original route fails in Mobile Ad Hoc networks. Past researchers the MANET have focused on simulation study by varying network parameters, such as network size, number of nodes. The simulation results shows that the M-DSR protocol
having some excellent performance Metrics then other protocols. We have taken different performance parameters over the comparison of Modified -DSR with other three protocols in mobility as well as Nonmobility scenario up to 300 nodes in MANETs using NS2 simulator. To achieve this goal DSR is modified by using modified algorithm technique in order to load balancing, to avoid congestion and lower packet
delivery.
Our area of interest for the paper is the improvement of performance of DSR routing protocol by
changing in algorithm and this Improved DSR protocol should compare with remaining protocols
taken in this research paper.
2. In this paper we made changesin traditional DSR protocol and generation of new improved DSR the
different performance parameters and compare with AODV/DSR/DSDV protocols in mobility and
non- mobility scenarios nodes up to 300.
3. We can plot the graphs throughput, End to end Delay, Packet delivery Ratio, Dropping Ratio, and
average energy consumption on Mobility and Non-Mobility scenario by using Network Simulator
version 2.34 for Modified DSR protocols. M-DSR, DSDV perform well when Mobility is low.
Performance evaluation of MANET routing protocols based on QoS and energy p...IJECEIAES
Routing selection and supporting Quality of Service (QoS) are fundamental problems in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Many different protocols have been proposed in the literature and some performance simulations are made to address this challenging task. This paper discusses the performance evaluation and comparison of two typical routing protocols; Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Destination-Sequenced DistanceVector (DSDV) based on measuring the power consumption in network with varing of the QoS parameters. In this paper, we have studied and analyzed the impact of variations in QoS parameter combined with the choice of routing protocol, on network performance. The network performance is measured in terms of average throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), average jitter and energy consumption. The simulations are carried out in NS-3. The simulation results show that DSDV and AODV routing protocols are less energy efficient. The main aim of this paper is to highlight the directions for the future design of routing protocol which would be better than the existing ones in terms of energy utilization and delivery ratio.
Performance evaluation of dynamic source routing protocol with variation in t...IJECEIAES
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a set of mobile wireless nodes (devices) which is not rely on a fixed infrastructure. In MANETs, each device is responsible for routing its data according to a specific routing protocol. The three most common MANET routing protocols are: dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR), and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). This paper proposes an efficient evaluation of DSR protocol by testing the MANETs routing protocol with variation in transmission power at different speeds. The performance analysis has been given using optimized network engineering tools (OPNET) modeler simulations and evaluated using metrics of average end to end delay and throughput. The results show that the throughput increases as the transmission power increases up to a certain value after which the throughput decreases, also the network work optimally at a certain transmission power which varied at different speed.
Performance comparison of mobile ad hoc network routing protocolsIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less and decentralized network which need a robust
dynamic routing protocol. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far to find
optimized routes from source to the destination and prominent among them are Dynamic Source Routing
(DSR), Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)
routing protocols. The performance comparison of these protocols should be considered as the primary
step towards the invention of a new routing protocol. This paper presents a performance comparison of
proactive and reactive routing protocols DSDV, AODV and DSR based on QoS metrics (packet delivery
ratio, average end-to-end delay, throughput, jitter), normalized routing overhead and normalized MAC
overhead by using the NS-2 simulator. The performance comparison is conducted by varying mobility
speed, number of nodes and data rate. The comparison results show that AODV performs optimally well
not the best among all the studied protocols.
Determining the Optimum Number of Paths for Realization of Multi-path Routing...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Multi-Protocol Label Switching for Traffic Engineering (MPLS-TE) technology is an intelligent and
advanced tool for handling traffic through the core networks and implementing new services based on
virtual transport. Since MPLS-TE combines channel and network layer mechanisms, network
administrators can optimally integrate and allocate the traffic loads while maintaining the speed of
technologies such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology. In this paper, the problem of the
developed algorithm of multi-path routing which allows us to determine the optimum number of
independent shortest paths is theoretically solved. In details, the article proposes a way for finding the set
of shortest paths using Dijkstra's algorithm, and then determination of the maximum flow for each of the
shortest paths based on the mathematical concepts and finally, introducing the solution of the multi-criteria
optimization problem for a set of shortest paths. According to our approach, optimizing the use of
resources in the core networks is possible with using the MPLS-TE technology.
An Improved Greedy Parameter Stateless Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc NetworkIJAAS Team
Congestion problem and packet delivery related issues in the vehicular ad hoc network environment is a widely researched problem in recent years. Many network designers utilize various algorithms for the design of ad hoc networks and compare their results with the existing approaches. The design of efficient network protocol is a major challenge in vehicular ad hoc network which utilizes the value of GPS and other parameters associated with the vehicles. In this paper GPSR protocol is improved and compared with the existing GPSR protocol and AODV protocol on the basis of various performance parameters like throughput of the network, delay and packet delivery ratio. The results also validate the performance of the proposed approach.
PERFORMANCE OF OLSR MANET ADOPTING CROSS-LAYER APPROACH UNDER CBR AND VBR TRA...IJCNCJournal
The routing protocols play an important role in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) because of the dynamically change of its topology. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), unawareness of Quality of Service (QoS) and power-consumed protocol, is an example of a widely-used routing protocol in MANET.
The Multi-Point Relays (MPR) selection algorithm is very crucial in OLSR. Therefore, firstly, we propose a heuristic method to select the best path based on two parameters; Bit Error Rate (BER) derived from the physical layer and Weighted Connectivity Index (CI) adopted from the network layer. This can be done via the cross-layer design scheme. This is anticipated to enhance the performance of OLSR, provide QoS
guarantee and improve the power consumption. The performances of the proposed scheme are investigated
by simulation of two types of traffics: CBR and VBR (MPEG-4), evaluated by metrics namely Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-End Delay, Control Overhead and Average Total Power Consumption.We compare our results with the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI. It is
obvious that our proposed scheme provides superior performances to the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI, especially, at high traffic load.
Solving bandwidth guaranteed routing problem using routing dataIJCNCJournal
This paper introduces a traffic engineering routing algorithm that aims to accept as many routing demands
as possible on the condition that a certain amount of bandwidth resource is reserved for each accepted
demand. The novel idea is to select routes based on not only network states but also information derived
from routing data such as probabilities of the ingress egress pairs and usage frequencies of the links.
Experiments with respect to acceptance ratio and computation time have been conducted against various
test sets. Results indicate that the proposed algorithm has better performance than the existing popular algorithms including Minimum Interference Routing Algorithm (MIRA) and Random Race based Algorithm for Traffic Engineering (RRATE)
.
Thus the article offers the model represented by algebraic equations and inequalities for routing and
policing traffic in infocommunication network. The novelty of the model is as follows: multiflow nature of
modern ICN is taken into account (1), i.е. a set of flows circling between different pairs of network routers are
considered simultaneously; coherent formalization of processes of traffic routing and policing within the model
that has lower dimensionality in comparison to known earlier is provided; the choice of optimality criterion, use
of which allows to implement multipath routing with consequent inclusion of paths as well as to organize
limitation of flow intensity on all the used routs simultaneously depending on their characteristics and flow
priority. According to the results of the analysis conducted we offer recommendations for choosing relation in
numerical values of routing metrics and service denial regarding the provision of the given values for the main
QoS characteristics, e.g. average packet delay. The model can be used as a basis for perspective protocol
decisions aimed at coherence of solutions for the tasks of traffic routing and policing. Further development of
the given model is possible under full account of stochastic characteristics of packet flows circling in the
network.
DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES ENSURING QOS ON INTERNETijcseit
Differentiated Services is the most advanced method for traffic management which provides QoS. QoS is
essential for today’s internet. QoS represents set of techniques necessary to manage throughput, packet
loss and delay. Traffic Conditioners or Policers are the most important components of differentiated
services. In this research, different Traffic Conditioners or Policers are compared on the basis of QoS
parameters (Performance metrics) which are throughput, packet loss and delay to provide QoS on internet.
Traffic classification and traffic conditioning are important functions of differentiated services also known
as admission control which are governed by service level agreement (SLA). Traffic classification and traffic
conditioning is done by traffic conditioners at edge routers. Goal of this research is to choose the best
Traffic Conditioner to apply from source to destination pair because only one traffic conditioner can be
applied from source to destination so that QoS can be guaranteed.
An Approach using Local Information to Build QoS Routing Algorithminventionjournals
The requirement for quality of service (QoS) is more and more sophisticated, such as the required bandwidth, the value of delay time or packet loss. To assure the network performance, localized QoS routing algorithms have recently been proposed as a promising alternative to the currently deployed global QoS routing schemes. Different from the traditional QoS routing algorithms which use global state information, the localized routing algorithms use local information collected from source node to make routing decisions. These localized routing algorithms can be solutions to users’ demand in the near future. In this paper, we propose a new localized QoS routing algorithm which can help to assure quality of service, and show our simulations which are better in results against other routing algorithms.
Robust Resource Allocation in Relay Node Networks for Optimization ProcessIJCERT
Overlay steering has risen as a promising way to deal with enhances unwavering quality and effectiveness of the Internet. For one-jump overlay source steering, when a given essential way experiences the connection disappointment or execution debasement, the source can reroute the movement to the destination by means of a deliberately set transfer hub. Be that as it may, the over-substantial activity going through the same transfer hub may bring about incessant bundle misfortune and postponement jitter, which can corrupt the throughput and usage of the system. To defeat this issue, we propose a Load-Balanced One-jump Overlay Multipath Routing calculation (LB-OOMR), in which the activity is first part at the source edge hubs and afterward transmitted along numerous one-bounce overlay ways. So as to decide an ideal split proportion for the activity, we plan the issue as a direct programming (LP) definition, whose objective is to minimize the more regrettable case system blockage proportion. Since it is hard to take care of this LP issue in commonsense time, a heuristic calculation is acquainted with select the transfer hubs for building the disjoint one-jump overlay ways, which enormously lessens the computational multifaceted nature of the LP calculation. Reproductions in light of a genuine ISP system and an engineered Internet topology demonstrate that our proposed calculation can diminish the system clog proportion significantly, and accomplish top notch overlay directing administration.
PALBMRP: Power Aware Load Balancing Multipath Routing Protocol for MANETEswar Publications
A set of mobile hosts or nodes that form a dynamic topology which is ad hoc in nature is called MANET. There are several challenges while designing a routing protocol for MANET due to the limited energy, less processing capability, fewer resources and dynamic environmental changes. Most of the existing energy efficient protocols focuses on choosing a route or path through the nodes with maximum residual energy and distribute a network traffic blindly among generated paths. Network congestion caused due to traffic and node packet carrying capability based on its remaining energy are not considered which leads to increasing number of dead nodes and result in more energy depletion. Hence we have proposed a Power Aware Load Balancing Multipath Routing Protocol (PALBMRP) which selects an optimal energy efficient route based on multiple parameters i.e. residual energy, delay, congestion and hop count and perform load balancing by considering nodes minimal residual energy to transmit packets according to its capacity. The simulation shows the proposed protocol reduced overall energy consumption up to 9%, increased packet delivery ratio up to 12%, and reduced end to end delay up to 3%, compared to AOMDV and LBMMRE-AOMDV [1].
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF IMPROVED DSR WITH DSR, AODV AND DSDV R...ijp2p
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are categorized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and numbers of nodes are connecting each other through wireless network. It includes several routing protocols specifically designed for ad-hoc routing. The most widely used ad hoc routing protocols are Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). In this paper, we present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of DSR protocol by using small delay applied on last route ACK path when an original route fails in Mobile Ad Hoc networks. Past researchers the MANET have focused on simulation study by varying network parameters, such as network size, number of nodes. The simulation results shows that the M-DSR protocol
having some excellent performance Metrics then other protocols. We have taken different performance parameters over the comparison of Modified -DSR with other three protocols in mobility as well as Nonmobility scenario up to 300 nodes in MANETs using NS2 simulator. To achieve this goal DSR is modified by using modified algorithm technique in order to load balancing, to avoid congestion and lower packet
delivery.
Our area of interest for the paper is the improvement of performance of DSR routing protocol by
changing in algorithm and this Improved DSR protocol should compare with remaining protocols
taken in this research paper.
2. In this paper we made changesin traditional DSR protocol and generation of new improved DSR the
different performance parameters and compare with AODV/DSR/DSDV protocols in mobility and
non- mobility scenarios nodes up to 300.
3. We can plot the graphs throughput, End to end Delay, Packet delivery Ratio, Dropping Ratio, and
average energy consumption on Mobility and Non-Mobility scenario by using Network Simulator
version 2.34 for Modified DSR protocols. M-DSR, DSDV perform well when Mobility is low.
Performance evaluation of MANET routing protocols based on QoS and energy p...IJECEIAES
Routing selection and supporting Quality of Service (QoS) are fundamental problems in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Many different protocols have been proposed in the literature and some performance simulations are made to address this challenging task. This paper discusses the performance evaluation and comparison of two typical routing protocols; Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Destination-Sequenced DistanceVector (DSDV) based on measuring the power consumption in network with varing of the QoS parameters. In this paper, we have studied and analyzed the impact of variations in QoS parameter combined with the choice of routing protocol, on network performance. The network performance is measured in terms of average throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), average jitter and energy consumption. The simulations are carried out in NS-3. The simulation results show that DSDV and AODV routing protocols are less energy efficient. The main aim of this paper is to highlight the directions for the future design of routing protocol which would be better than the existing ones in terms of energy utilization and delivery ratio.
Performance evaluation of dynamic source routing protocol with variation in t...IJECEIAES
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a set of mobile wireless nodes (devices) which is not rely on a fixed infrastructure. In MANETs, each device is responsible for routing its data according to a specific routing protocol. The three most common MANET routing protocols are: dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR), and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). This paper proposes an efficient evaluation of DSR protocol by testing the MANETs routing protocol with variation in transmission power at different speeds. The performance analysis has been given using optimized network engineering tools (OPNET) modeler simulations and evaluated using metrics of average end to end delay and throughput. The results show that the throughput increases as the transmission power increases up to a certain value after which the throughput decreases, also the network work optimally at a certain transmission power which varied at different speed.
Enhancement of qos in multihop wireless networks by delivering cbr using lb a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancement of qos in multihop wireless networks by delivering cbr using lb a...eSAT Journals
Abstract One of the most complicated issues is to measuring the delay performance of end to end nodes in Multi-hop Wireless Networks. The two nodes are communicating via hopping over the multiple wireless links. The fact that is each node has to concentrate not only its own generated traffic, but also relayed one. Observing unfairness particularly for transmissions among nodes that are more than one hop Most of the existing works deals with the joint congestion control and scheduling algorithm, which does not focusing the delay performance. In turn, considering the throughput metric alone although for congestion control flows, throughput is the repeated difficult performance metric Packet delay is also important because practical congestion control protocols need to establish the timeouts for the retransmissions based on the packet delay, such parameters could significantly impact the speed of recovery when loss of packets occurred. The related issues on the delay-performance First, for long flows, the end to end delay may grow in terms of square with based on the number of hops. Second, it is difficult to control the end-to-end delay of each flows. TDMA schedules the transmissions in a fair way, in terms of throughput per connection, considering the communication requirements of the active flows of the network. It does not work properly in the multi-hop scenario, because it is generated only for single hop networks, We propose The Leaky Bucket Algorithm, in addition to joint congestion control and scheduling algorithm in multi-hop wireless networks. The proposed algorithm not only achieves the provable throughput and also considering the upper bounds of the delay of each flow. It reduces the transmission time by delivering packets at a constant bit rate even it receives the packet at a busty way. Keywords- Multi-hop wireless networks, congestion control, Performance, Delay, Flow, Throughput.
Newton-raphson method to solve systems of non-linear equations in VANET perfo...journalBEEI
Nowadays, Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) has got more attention from the researchers. The researchers have studied numerous topics of VANET, such as the routing protocols of VANET and the MAC protocols of VANET. The aim of their works is to improve the network performance of VANET, either in terms of energy consumption or packet delivery ratio (PDR) and delay. For this research paper, the main goal is to find the coefficient of a, b and c of three non-linear equations by using a Newton- Raphson method. Those three non-linear equations are derived from a different value of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol's parameters. After that, those three coefficient is then will be used in optimization of the VANET in terms of energy, PDR, and delay.
Optimized Traffic Flow over Multipath in Optical Networkspaperpublications3
Abstract: In optical networks, the delivery of a traffic flow with a certain bandwidth demand over a single network path is either not possible or not cost-effective. In these cases, it is very often possible to improve the network's bandwidth utilization by splitting the traffic flow over multiple efficient paths. While using multiple paths for the same traffic flow increases the efficiency of the network, it consumes expensive forwarding resources from the network nodes such as wavelengths/light paths of optical networks. The problem of reducing forwarding cost can be defined in two cases such as Routing with Minimum Overhead and Decomposition with Minimum Overhead. For Routing with Minimum Overhead only the traffic demand must be given and for Decomposition with Minimum Overhead both the traffic demand and network flow will be given. For both the problems forwarding cost can be minimized by measuring the number of paths and the number of nodes traversed by these paths.
Multiple Downlink Fair Packet Scheduling Scheme in Wi-MaxEditor IJCATR
IEEE 802.16 is standardization for a broadband wireless access in network metropolitan area network (MAN). IEEE 802.16
standard (Wi-Max) defines the concrete quality of service (QoS) requirement, a scheduling scheme and efficient packet scheduling
scheme which is necessary to achieve the QoS requirement. In this paper, a novel waiting queue based on downlink bandwidth
allocation architecture from a number of rtps schedule has been proposed to improve the performance of nrtPS services without any
impaction to other services. This paper proposes an efficient QoS scheduling scheme that satisfies both throughput and delay guarantee
to various real and non-real applications corresponding to different scheduling schemes for k=1,2,3,4. Simulation results show that
proposed scheduling scheme can provide a tight QoS guarantee in terms of delay for all types of traffic as defined in WiMax standards.
This process results in maintaining the fairness of allocation and helps to eliminate starvation of lower priority class services. The
authors propose a new efficient and generalized scheduling schemes for IEEE 802.16 broadband wireless access system reflecting the
delay requirements.
Performance evaluation of bandwidth optimization algorithm (boa) in atm networkEditor Jacotech
domains: none of them are suitable, alone, for the wide range of traffic services expected in ATM-based networks. Therefore, some integration of these basic schemes should be considered. In this paper, we propose a new traffic control algorithm, called the Bandwidth optimization Algorithm (BOA). BOA is a multi-level control algorithm that attempts to optimally manage network resources and perform traffic control among a wide range of traffic services in ATM-based networks. The basic objective of BOA is to meet the quality of service requirements for different traffic sources, while making the best possible use of network bandwidth. In addition. BOA attempts to minimize network congestion in a preventive way.
Performing Network Simulators of TCP with E2E Network Model over UMTS NetworksAM Publications,India
Wireless links losses result in poor TCP throughput since losses are perceived as congestion by TCP with the evolution of 3G technologies like Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), the usage of TCP has become more popular for a reliable end-to-end (e2e) data delivery. However, TCP was initially designed for wired networks and therefore it suffers performance degradation due to the radio signal getting affected by fading, shadowing and interference. There are many strategies proposed by the research community on how to improve the performance of TCP over wireless links such as introducing link-layer retransmission, explicitly notifying the sender of network conditions or using new variants of TCP. As UMTS network coverage and availability are currently experiencing rapid growth, optimization of various internal components of its wireless network is very important. One of the optimization is the introduction of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). This architecture not only allows higher data rates but also more reliable data transfer by the introduction of Hybrid ARQ (HARQ). With this enhancement to the UMTS network, it becomes vital to see the performance of TCP in such a network. Therefore in this thesis, we try to evaluate two aspects of UMTS networks: first, the impact of HSDPA parameters like scheduling algorithm and RLC/MAC-hs buffer size on overall performance of TCP and second, to study the behaviour of two categories of TCP rate and flow control: loss based and delay based. Our simulation shows that delay based TCP tends to perform better than loss based TCP in our selected scenarios. The simulations are performed using the network simulator NS-2 with an e2e network model for enhanced UMTS (EURANE).
Traffic-aware adaptive server load balancing for softwaredefined networks IJECEIAES
Servers in data center networks handle heterogeneous bulk loads. Load balancing, therefore, plays an important role in optimizing network bandwidth and minimizing response time. A complete knowledge of the current network status is needed to provide a stable load in the network. The process of network status catalog in a traditional network needs additional processing which increases complexity, whereas, in software defined networking, the control plane monitors the overall working of the network continuously. Hence it is decided to propose an efficient load balancing algorithm that adapts SDN. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm TAASLB-traffic-aware adaptive server load balancing to balance the flows to the servers in a data center network. It works based on two parameters, residual bandwidth, and server capacity. It detects the elephant flows and forwards them towards the optimal server where it can be processed quickly. It has been tested with the Mininet simulator and gave considerably better results compared to the existing server load balancing algorithms in the floodlight controller. After experimentation and analysis, it is understood that the method provides comparatively better results than the existing load balancing algorithms.
JCWAEED: JOINT CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT AND WEIGHTED AVERAGE EXPECTED END-TO-END DE...csandit
In recent years, multi-channel multi-radio Wireless Mesh network has become one of the most important technologies in the evolution of next-generation networks. Its multi-hop, selforganization,self-healing and simple deployment is an effective way to solve the bottleneck problem of last mile. In this paper, we propose a new routing metric called WAEED, deployed in JCWAEED protocol, a joint channel assignment and weighted average expected end-to-end delay routing protocol which considers both interference suppression with factor IF and end-toend delay. Additionally, we give the exact calculation formula of transmission delay and queuing delay. Simulations results demonstrate that JCWAEED outperforms other joint design routing protocols in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay and packet loss rate.
Joint Routing and Congestion Control in Multipath Channel based on Signal to ...IJECEIAES
Routing protocol and congestion control in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) have important roles in wireless mobile network performance. In wireless communication, the stability of the path and successful data transmission will be influenced by the channel condition. This channel condition constraints come from path loss and the multipath channel fading. With these constraints, the algorithm in the routing protocol and congestion control is confronted with the uncertainty of connection quality and probability of successful packet transmission, respectively. It is important to investigate the reliability and robustness of routing protocol and congestion control algorithms in dealing with such situation. In this paper, we develop a detailed approach and analytical throughput performance with a cross layer scheme (CLS) between routing and congestion control mechanism based on signal to noise ratio (SNR) in Rician and Rayleigh as multipath fading channel. We proposed joint routing and congestion control TCP with a cross layer scheme model based on SNR (RTCP-SNR). We compare the performance of RTCP-SNR with conventional routing-TCP and routing-TCP that used CLS with routing aware (RTCP-RA) model. The analyses and the simulation results showed that RTCP-SNR in a multipath channel outperforms conventional routing-TCP and RTCP-RA.
Mitigating Link Failures & Implementing Security Mechanism in Multipath Flows...Eswar Publications
The transmission of a traffic flows with a certain bandwidth demand over a single network path is either not possible or not cost-effective. In these cases, it is veritably periodic usable to improve focus the network's bandwidth appliance by breaking the traffic flow upon multiple qualified paths. Using multiple paths for the equivalent traffic flow increases the certainty of the network, it absorbs deluxe forwarding resources from the
network nodes and also it overcomes link failure provide security. In this paper, we illustrate several problems related to splitting a traffic flow over multiple paths while minimizing the absorption of forwarding resources mitigates failures and implementing security.
Similar to Optimizing Data Plane Resources for Multipath Flows (20)
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.