This document discusses various ophthalmic, nasal, and otic dosage forms. Ophthalmic preparations include solutions, suspensions, ointments, and intraocular injections. Key considerations for aqueous ocular formulations include the drug salt, physical properties, pH, chemical stability, absorption, vehicle, viscosity, preservatives, and antioxidants. Ophthalmic ointments use bases like hydrocarbons or water-soluble bases. Nasal formulations are typically aqueous based and consider pH, tonicity, viscosity, and preservatives. Otic formulations may be aqueous or non-aqueous, using vehicles like water, mineral oils, or glycerol.

1. Ophthalmic Preparations
• Solutions
• Suspensions.
• Ointments
• Intraocular injection.
Anatomy of the eye

2. Ophthalmic preparations
should be sterile unlike
otic or nasal
Not necessary to
be isotonic,
Explain?

3. Advantages
• Ensures that the required site.
• Low incidence of side effects.
• Administered easy by the patient.

4. Disadvantages
• Low retention time; absorption of 1% of the original dose.
• Loss of the majority of dose by tears; two drops is 30 µL and the tears
volume is 7 µL- 30 µL.
• Patient inconvenience; pain, irritation and blurring of vision.
• Being sterile requires special facility for manufacturing.

5. Formulation of Aqueous Ocular Dosage Form
 Drug salt.
Physical properties of the dispersed phase of the therapeutic
substance.
pH
Chemical stability
Absorption across the cornea
Vehicle
Viscosity
Preservative
Antioxidant
Surface active agent.

6.  Choice of the drug salt
• Solubility
- Pain and irritation ( stinging)
- Adrenaline bitartarate pH 3-4 moderate stinging
- Adrenaline borate pH 5.5 – 7.5 mild stinging
- Adrenaline hydrochloride pH 2.5 – 4.5 neutralized Reduced stingin
• Salt producing discomfort will result in lacrimation anfd hence the wash
effect.

7.  Physical Properties of dispersed agent
• Particle Size:
- large particles causes irritation
• 95% of the dispersed particles should have average particle
diameter less than 10 µm.

8.  pH
• Ideally should be 7.4 and this the tears pH.
• This to enhance stability, acceptability and absorption.

9.  Chemical Stability
• Effect of pH and temperature on the stability of pilocarpine
Temp pH Half-life
121 6.8 34 min
121 5 24 hrs
25 6.8 66 days
25 5 Several years

10.  Drug Absorption Through the Cornea
• Co-existance of the drug in ionized and non-ionized to achieve
effective absorption due to the different nature of the corneal layers.
Layer Nature Drug form
Epithellium Lipid rich Non-ionized
Stroma Aqueous Ionized
endothellium Lipid rich Non-ionized

11.  Vehicle
•Purified water Not WFI is commonly used. USP

12.  Viscosity
• Viscosity modifier is required to:
1- control the drop unit from the container.
2- to control the residence time of the solution within the precorneal.
• 55 mP/s above which no increase in the contact time.
• Formulation should be less than 30 mP/s
• Increasing the viscosity will enhance the physical stability of the
suspension.

13. • The viscosity modifier should have the following properties:
- Easily filtered through 0.8 micron filter
- Easily sterilized by filtration or heat.
- Compatible with the components.
Examples of viscosity modifiers:
- HPMC 0.45 – 1% w/w
- Poly vinyl alcohol 0.25 – 3% w/w
- Polyacrylic acid.

14.  Preservative because it is multi-dose container
• Benzalkonium chloride 0.01% w/v. to enhance its activity agaist
pseudomonas aurignosa we added EDTA 0.1%.
• Organic mercurial compounds 0.001-0.002% w/v but of limited use.
• Organic alcohols: chlorobutanol ( 0.5% w/v)and phenylethylalcohol
0.25 – 0.5% w/v.
Cationic preservative

15. Antioxidants: to optimize the stability of therapeutic agent
that degrade by oxidation as sod.metabisulphite 0.3%
• Surfactants: Non-ionic sufactants are generally used.

16. Manufacture of Aqueous ophthalmic
Formulations
+ Similar to parenteral preparations.
• Cleanroom conditions followed by sterilization by autoclaving.
• Clean or aseptic conditions followed by aseptic sterilization by filtration
0.22 micron.
• Production under aseptic condition; dispersion of sterile therapeutic
agent into sterile vehicle and excipients and packing under aseptic
conditions suitable for suspension.

17. Ophthalmic Ointments
• Dispersion of therapeutic agent into prepared ointment base
in the same way as general ointments but required to be
sterile.
• Have a disadvantage that it causes greasiness and blurring of
vision but it can be used during night time.

18. Ointment Bases for Ocular Administration
1- Hydrocarbon bases:
mixture of paraffins ( yellow soft paraffin, white soft paraffin)
2- Non-emulsified absorption bases:
liquid and yellow soft paraffins and emulsifying agent.
lanolin derivatives; aqueous solution can be incorporated.
3- water soluble bases/ aqueous gels; polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid
gels

19. Other excipients
• Non-aqueous antioxidants
butylated hydroxyl toluene, butylated hydroxyanisole.

20. Manufacture of Ophthalmic Ointment
• Same as ointments but required to be sterile .
• Manufactured and packed under aseptic conditions.
• Sterile therapeutic agent added to sterile base>
• Filling in container under aseptic conditions.

21. Nasal Formulations
• Aqueous based system
• Rapid absorption
• Avoid first pass metabolism

22. • Control of pH: 5.5 – 6.5
• Tonicity : Inclusion of NaCl
• Choice of vehicle: Purified water, non-aqueous vehicles are not used.
Glycerol can be added as co-solvent and humectant.
• Viscosity modifier: to enhance administration and retention of drops
on the nasal mucosa.
methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyacrylic acid.
• Preservative: chlorobutanol 0.5%, Parabens 0.2% benzalkonium
chloride 0.003 -0.02% w/v.
• Antioxidants: Sod.metabisulphite, Sod.sulphite.
• Manufacture: similar to non-sterile liquid preparations.

23. Otic Formulations
• May be aqueous or non-aqueous.
• Vehicles: depends on the solubility of the active substance.
- Aqueous vehicle as purified water.
- Non-aqueous as mineral oils as paraffin oil, vegetable oils as archis oil.
- Non-aqueous but miscible with water as glycerol.
Preservative, antioxidants and viscosity modifier can
be added.