This document discusses ophthalmic drug delivery systems and contact lens care. It describes various types of ophthalmic dosage forms including eye drops and suspensions. It outlines pharmaceutical requirements for these formulations such as sterility, isotonicity, buffering and viscosity. It also discusses different types of contact lenses, solutions used for cleaning, soaking and disinfecting soft and hard contact lenses, as well as products used for caring for rigid gas permeable contact lenses.
Ophthalmic products are specialized dosage forms designed for administration to or around the eye. Common types include eye drops, ointments, gels and contact lens solutions. Plastic bottles made of materials like LDPE are widely used for packaging as they are easy to use and reduce spillage compared to older glass bottles. Parenteral products must be exceptionally pure and free from contamination due to direct injection. Common containers include glass vials, syringes and plastic bags or bottles. Rubber stoppers and seals are often used for closures. Proper packaging and container selection is important to prevent issues like permeation, leaching or sorption which could impact drug stability or purity. A variety of tests exist to check package
Pharmaceutical degradation can occur through physical, chemical, or microbiological processes. Physical degradation includes changes in appearance, properties like hardness or consistency, and polymorphic changes. Chemical degradation involves reactions like hydrolysis, oxidation, decarboxylation, isomerization, and polymerization that break down the drug. Microbial degradation is caused by microbial growth contaminating the product. Proper storage conditions and formulation design can help prevent degradation through control of factors like temperature, humidity, light exposure, and microbial contamination.
The document discusses different methods of microencapsulation including air suspension, coacervation, multiorifice centrifugal process, spray drying, and pan coating. It provides details on the working mechanisms and variables that affect each process. Microencapsulation can be used to encapsulate solids, liquids, or gases to properties such as shelf life, taste, and controlled release profiles.
The document discusses various ophthalmic drug delivery systems including eye drops, ointments, gels, and inserts. It describes common types of eye drops like solutions and suspensions. Factors that influence drug absorption in the eye are also covered such as drainage, permeability, and molecular weight. The anatomy of the eye is summarized including structures like the cornea, iris, lens, and retina. Different dosage forms for intraocular administration like irrigating solutions and intravitreal implants are also mentioned.
Non-aqueous solutions are liquid preparations where one or more chemical substances are dissolved in a non-water solvent. Some common non-aqueous solvents used in solutions include alcohol, benzene, ether, carbon disulfide, and acetone. Examples of non-aqueous solutions include elixirs, spirits, collodions, glycerins, liniments, and oleo vitamins. These solutions are used for oral administration, inhalation, or external application to the skin.
This document summarizes ophthalmic preparations including definitions, commonly used dosage forms, drugs used in the eye, anatomy and physiology of the eye, factors affecting drug absorption in the eye, manufacturing considerations, and classification of ocular drug delivery systems such as topical eye drops, ointments, and inserts. Key points covered include the types of solutions, suspensions, and gel-forming solutions used as topical eye drops, as well as inactive ingredients used to adjust tonicity, pH, provide stability, and impart viscosity.
Ophthalmic products are specialized dosage forms designed for administration to or around the eye. Common types include eye drops, ointments, gels and contact lens solutions. Plastic bottles made of materials like LDPE are widely used for packaging as they are easy to use and reduce spillage compared to older glass bottles. Parenteral products must be exceptionally pure and free from contamination due to direct injection. Common containers include glass vials, syringes and plastic bags or bottles. Rubber stoppers and seals are often used for closures. Proper packaging and container selection is important to prevent issues like permeation, leaching or sorption which could impact drug stability or purity. A variety of tests exist to check package
Pharmaceutical degradation can occur through physical, chemical, or microbiological processes. Physical degradation includes changes in appearance, properties like hardness or consistency, and polymorphic changes. Chemical degradation involves reactions like hydrolysis, oxidation, decarboxylation, isomerization, and polymerization that break down the drug. Microbial degradation is caused by microbial growth contaminating the product. Proper storage conditions and formulation design can help prevent degradation through control of factors like temperature, humidity, light exposure, and microbial contamination.
The document discusses different methods of microencapsulation including air suspension, coacervation, multiorifice centrifugal process, spray drying, and pan coating. It provides details on the working mechanisms and variables that affect each process. Microencapsulation can be used to encapsulate solids, liquids, or gases to properties such as shelf life, taste, and controlled release profiles.
The document discusses various ophthalmic drug delivery systems including eye drops, ointments, gels, and inserts. It describes common types of eye drops like solutions and suspensions. Factors that influence drug absorption in the eye are also covered such as drainage, permeability, and molecular weight. The anatomy of the eye is summarized including structures like the cornea, iris, lens, and retina. Different dosage forms for intraocular administration like irrigating solutions and intravitreal implants are also mentioned.
Non-aqueous solutions are liquid preparations where one or more chemical substances are dissolved in a non-water solvent. Some common non-aqueous solvents used in solutions include alcohol, benzene, ether, carbon disulfide, and acetone. Examples of non-aqueous solutions include elixirs, spirits, collodions, glycerins, liniments, and oleo vitamins. These solutions are used for oral administration, inhalation, or external application to the skin.
This document summarizes ophthalmic preparations including definitions, commonly used dosage forms, drugs used in the eye, anatomy and physiology of the eye, factors affecting drug absorption in the eye, manufacturing considerations, and classification of ocular drug delivery systems such as topical eye drops, ointments, and inserts. Key points covered include the types of solutions, suspensions, and gel-forming solutions used as topical eye drops, as well as inactive ingredients used to adjust tonicity, pH, provide stability, and impart viscosity.
This document discusses ophthalmic preparations, which are sterile liquid or semi-solid preparations intended for application to the eye. It defines ophthalmic preparations and lists the main types, which include eye drops, eye lotions, eye ointments, eye suspensions, and contact lens solutions. It then discusses the key requirements for ophthalmic preparations, such as being free of foreign particles, having appropriate viscosity and tonicity, a suitable pH, and maintaining sterility. The document provides details on administering eye drops properly and packaging and caring for contact lenses and their solutions.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to eye anatomy and factors affecting drug absorption in the eye. It then describes various ocular drug delivery formulations including solutions, suspensions, ointments, gels and emulsions. It also discusses sustained release ocular delivery systems such as Ocusert, Lacrisert, and nanoparticles. The document concludes with recent trends in ocular controlled drug delivery systems including bioadhesive systems, collagen shields, and iontophoresis.
Ophthalmic drug delivery systems aim to enhance drug bioavailability in the eye. Topical eye drops are commonly used but have poor bioavailability due to barriers like tear turnover and drainage. Various approaches can improve ocular drug delivery, such as using viscosity enhancing polymers to prolong precorneal residence time, penetration enhancers to increase corneal permeability, and particulate systems like liposomes, niosomes and nanoparticles that can encapsulate drugs. In situ forming gels are also used, which are liquid on instillation and form a gel in the eye to increase retention time. Overall, optimizing ophthalmic formulations can help overcome barriers to improve drug absorption and efficacy.
The document discusses ophthalmic preparations, which are specialized dosage forms designed for administration to or around the eye. It covers ideal characteristics, types of formulations including solutions, suspensions, ointments and inserts. General considerations for safety, formulation, drugs used, evaluation tests and packaging are described. The key types are solutions, suspensions and ointments as the most commonly used ophthalmic dosage forms, with newer forms including gels, inserts and intraocular injections. Safety must ensure sterility, lack of toxicity and appropriate tonicity, pH and viscosity. Evaluation includes sterility testing, clarity assessment and checking for leaks or particles.
This document discusses ophthalmic products, which are sterile preparations intended for application to or around the eye. The most common dosage forms are solutions, suspensions, and ointments. Ideal ophthalmic delivery systems provide good corneal penetration and prolonged contact time while being non-irritating. Other advanced forms include gels, inserts, and intraocular injections/implants. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of various ophthalmic dosage forms and their formulations, providing examples of commonly used products.
Eye drops, lotions, ointments and other ophthalmic preparations must meet several requirements to be safely applied to the eyes. They must be sterile, isotonic to tears, and free of particles to avoid irritation. Various formulations exist, including liquids, gels and solids, which are prepared through clarification, sterilization and packaging in sterile containers. Common ingredients include drugs, preservatives, viscosity agents and buffers to maintain the correct pH, tonicity and stability for ocular administration.
Opthalmic dosage form with descriptionVARSHAAWASAR
This document provides an overview of ophthalmic dosage forms. It defines ophthalmic preparations as sterile products intended for application to the eyelids or placement between the eyelids and eyeball. Various barriers to ocular absorption are discussed, including drainage, corneal permeability, lachrymation, and precorneal and corneal constraints. Common drugs used in the eye and various routes of administration are also outlined. The document then classifies and describes different ophthalmic drug delivery systems including aqueous solutions, suspensions, ointments, gels, emulsions, strips, inserts, contact lenses, and implants. Finally, it discusses drug release kinetics and various mathematical models used to evaluate drug release mechanisms.
Colloidal drug delivery system (Nano formulation)pratik9527088941
This document discusses various colloidal drug delivery systems including liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes. It provides details on the composition, advantages, methods of preparation, and drug incorporation for each system. The key points are that nanocarriers can improve drug solubility and stability, target drug delivery, and reduce toxicity. The document outlines various fabrication techniques for each nanocarrier type such as homogenization, solvent evaporation, and polymerization.
the all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
This document discusses syrups, elixirs, and spirits. It defines syrups as concentrated aqueous preparations for oral use containing sugar, a flavoring agent, and a medicinal agent. Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use that are usually flavored. Spirits are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances. The document provides details on the classification, components, preparation, storage, and uses of these three types of preparations.
This Presentation about the research made by our section about Opthalmic Emulsion
Supervised By / Pharmaceutics Department Faculty of Pharmacy October 6 University
This document summarizes a seminar on colloidal dispersions presented by Sayani Saha. It defines colloidal dispersions as systems with a dispersed particle phase and continuous dispersion medium between 1-1000 nm. Dispersions are classified by size as molecular, colloidal, or coarse dispersions. The properties of colloidal sols are discussed, including how they are lyophilic or lyophobic, how particles are solvated, how they are prepared, and how they are affected by electrolytes. Various shapes of colloidal particles and classifications based on dispersion medium and phase are also summarized. The document concludes with brief discussions of coacervation and peptization processes.
Colorants are ingredients that impart or alter the color of cosmetic products. Dyes dissolve to color the skin, while pigments coat the skin with an insoluble powder film. Colorants are used to make cosmetics attractive and are classified as organic or inorganic. Common inorganic pigments include chromium dioxides and iron oxides. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are widely used white pigments. Antioxidants like vitamins C and E, along with coenzyme Q10, protect skin from free radicals.
This document discusses disperse systems, which are mixtures where one substance is dispersed throughout another. It defines three main types of disperse systems: true solutions (particles <1 nm), colloidal dispersions (particles 1 nm to 500 nm), and heterogeneous dispersions (particles >500 nm). It provides characteristics of each type, such as visibility of particles, ability to pass through filters or membranes, sedimentation rates, and thermal motion of particles. The document also classifies disperse systems based on the state of the dispersed and continuous phases (gas, liquid, solid) and lists some key properties like colligative effects, diffusion rates, optical properties, and methods of separation.
Humectant & surfactants(cosmetology)MdIrfanUddin2
This document discusses humectants and surfactants used in cosmetics. It defines surfactants as substances that lower surface tension and classify them as anionic, cationic, non-ionic and zwitterionic. Anionic surfactants are commonly used in foaming products like shampoos due to their high foaming, cleansing and washing abilities. Humectants are substances that increase skin moisture by retarding its loss. Common humectants used in cosmetics include propylene glycol, hexylene glycol and glycerin. They are included in products like lotions, creams and lip treatments to hydrate skin.
This document discusses nasal drug delivery formulations and applications. It begins with an introduction to nasal drug delivery, noting its advantages over invasive methods. Key factors that influence nasal drug absorption like drug properties, pH, and permeability enhancers are summarized. Common nasal dosage forms such as drops, sprays, gels and powders are described along with examples of marketed nasal products. Methods for evaluating nasal formulations in vitro and in vivo are also outlined. The document provides an overview of concepts relevant to nasal drug delivery systems.
This document discusses ophthalmic drug delivery systems such as contact lenses and ocular inserts. It provides information on the anatomy of the human eye, barriers to ocular absorption, and factors affecting intraocular bioavailability. Various ophthalmic preparations are classified and described, including conventional dosage forms as well as advanced drug delivery systems like nanoparticles, liposomes, and implants. Contact lenses are discussed in detail, outlining the different types and materials used as well as care solutions. Ocular inserts are introduced as controlled drug delivery devices that prolong the contact time between drugs and ocular tissues.
The document discusses parenteral drug delivery. It defines parenteral products and other related terms. Parenteral preparations are those administered outside the digestive tract, usually via injections. They are preferred when rapid drug action is needed, the oral route cannot be used, or the drug would be inactivated in the gastrointestinal tract. The major routes of parenteral administration include subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and others. Proper formulation, sterilization, and packaging are required to ensure the safety of parenteral products.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to eye anatomy and factors affecting drug absorption in the eye. It then describes various ophthalmic formulations like solutions, suspensions, and ointments. It discusses advances in controlled release ocular systems including inserts, contact lenses, and nanoparticles to prolong drug release. Finally, it outlines new approaches in ocular drug delivery research focusing on combining technologies for targeted and sustained drug delivery to the eye.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery and barriers to drug permeation in the eye. It describes the anatomy of the eye and mechanisms of drug absorption through corneal and non-corneal routes. The major barriers to ocular drug delivery are precorneal drainage, blinking, lacrimation, and barriers posed by the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, blood-ocular barriers, and physiological factors. Methods to overcome these barriers include alternative delivery routes like intravitreal injections and novel drug delivery systems providing controlled release and improved permeability. Conventional systems like solutions, suspensions, and ointments have limitations like poor bioavailability and frequent dosing that novel particulate and vesicular systems aim to address.
This document provides information on commonly used emergency drugs, including their initial doses and indications. It also lists common antidotes for various agents. Additionally, it discusses drug name endings and what they may suggest about a drug's class or action. Finally, it provides a table of frequently asked medications including their classifications, desired effects, best times for administration, and other considerations.
Managers control hospital costs through various budgeting processes including fixed, flexible, operating, and strategic budgets. Fixed budgets do not change with volume while flexible budgets change based on actual activity levels. Operating budgets project annual expenses and strategic budgets focus on long-term trends. Organizations deal with changes in the short, intermediate, and long-run through measures like adjusting staffing levels. Hospital costs vary due to differences in services, cost-shifting, patient illness, and production efficiency. Regulatory approaches to controlling costs include certificate of need laws, utilization review, professional standards review organizations, and administered pricing systems like DRGs and PPS.
This document discusses ophthalmic preparations, which are sterile liquid or semi-solid preparations intended for application to the eye. It defines ophthalmic preparations and lists the main types, which include eye drops, eye lotions, eye ointments, eye suspensions, and contact lens solutions. It then discusses the key requirements for ophthalmic preparations, such as being free of foreign particles, having appropriate viscosity and tonicity, a suitable pH, and maintaining sterility. The document provides details on administering eye drops properly and packaging and caring for contact lenses and their solutions.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to eye anatomy and factors affecting drug absorption in the eye. It then describes various ocular drug delivery formulations including solutions, suspensions, ointments, gels and emulsions. It also discusses sustained release ocular delivery systems such as Ocusert, Lacrisert, and nanoparticles. The document concludes with recent trends in ocular controlled drug delivery systems including bioadhesive systems, collagen shields, and iontophoresis.
Ophthalmic drug delivery systems aim to enhance drug bioavailability in the eye. Topical eye drops are commonly used but have poor bioavailability due to barriers like tear turnover and drainage. Various approaches can improve ocular drug delivery, such as using viscosity enhancing polymers to prolong precorneal residence time, penetration enhancers to increase corneal permeability, and particulate systems like liposomes, niosomes and nanoparticles that can encapsulate drugs. In situ forming gels are also used, which are liquid on instillation and form a gel in the eye to increase retention time. Overall, optimizing ophthalmic formulations can help overcome barriers to improve drug absorption and efficacy.
The document discusses ophthalmic preparations, which are specialized dosage forms designed for administration to or around the eye. It covers ideal characteristics, types of formulations including solutions, suspensions, ointments and inserts. General considerations for safety, formulation, drugs used, evaluation tests and packaging are described. The key types are solutions, suspensions and ointments as the most commonly used ophthalmic dosage forms, with newer forms including gels, inserts and intraocular injections. Safety must ensure sterility, lack of toxicity and appropriate tonicity, pH and viscosity. Evaluation includes sterility testing, clarity assessment and checking for leaks or particles.
This document discusses ophthalmic products, which are sterile preparations intended for application to or around the eye. The most common dosage forms are solutions, suspensions, and ointments. Ideal ophthalmic delivery systems provide good corneal penetration and prolonged contact time while being non-irritating. Other advanced forms include gels, inserts, and intraocular injections/implants. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of various ophthalmic dosage forms and their formulations, providing examples of commonly used products.
Eye drops, lotions, ointments and other ophthalmic preparations must meet several requirements to be safely applied to the eyes. They must be sterile, isotonic to tears, and free of particles to avoid irritation. Various formulations exist, including liquids, gels and solids, which are prepared through clarification, sterilization and packaging in sterile containers. Common ingredients include drugs, preservatives, viscosity agents and buffers to maintain the correct pH, tonicity and stability for ocular administration.
Opthalmic dosage form with descriptionVARSHAAWASAR
This document provides an overview of ophthalmic dosage forms. It defines ophthalmic preparations as sterile products intended for application to the eyelids or placement between the eyelids and eyeball. Various barriers to ocular absorption are discussed, including drainage, corneal permeability, lachrymation, and precorneal and corneal constraints. Common drugs used in the eye and various routes of administration are also outlined. The document then classifies and describes different ophthalmic drug delivery systems including aqueous solutions, suspensions, ointments, gels, emulsions, strips, inserts, contact lenses, and implants. Finally, it discusses drug release kinetics and various mathematical models used to evaluate drug release mechanisms.
Colloidal drug delivery system (Nano formulation)pratik9527088941
This document discusses various colloidal drug delivery systems including liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes. It provides details on the composition, advantages, methods of preparation, and drug incorporation for each system. The key points are that nanocarriers can improve drug solubility and stability, target drug delivery, and reduce toxicity. The document outlines various fabrication techniques for each nanocarrier type such as homogenization, solvent evaporation, and polymerization.
the all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
This document discusses syrups, elixirs, and spirits. It defines syrups as concentrated aqueous preparations for oral use containing sugar, a flavoring agent, and a medicinal agent. Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use that are usually flavored. Spirits are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances. The document provides details on the classification, components, preparation, storage, and uses of these three types of preparations.
This Presentation about the research made by our section about Opthalmic Emulsion
Supervised By / Pharmaceutics Department Faculty of Pharmacy October 6 University
This document summarizes a seminar on colloidal dispersions presented by Sayani Saha. It defines colloidal dispersions as systems with a dispersed particle phase and continuous dispersion medium between 1-1000 nm. Dispersions are classified by size as molecular, colloidal, or coarse dispersions. The properties of colloidal sols are discussed, including how they are lyophilic or lyophobic, how particles are solvated, how they are prepared, and how they are affected by electrolytes. Various shapes of colloidal particles and classifications based on dispersion medium and phase are also summarized. The document concludes with brief discussions of coacervation and peptization processes.
Colorants are ingredients that impart or alter the color of cosmetic products. Dyes dissolve to color the skin, while pigments coat the skin with an insoluble powder film. Colorants are used to make cosmetics attractive and are classified as organic or inorganic. Common inorganic pigments include chromium dioxides and iron oxides. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are widely used white pigments. Antioxidants like vitamins C and E, along with coenzyme Q10, protect skin from free radicals.
This document discusses disperse systems, which are mixtures where one substance is dispersed throughout another. It defines three main types of disperse systems: true solutions (particles <1 nm), colloidal dispersions (particles 1 nm to 500 nm), and heterogeneous dispersions (particles >500 nm). It provides characteristics of each type, such as visibility of particles, ability to pass through filters or membranes, sedimentation rates, and thermal motion of particles. The document also classifies disperse systems based on the state of the dispersed and continuous phases (gas, liquid, solid) and lists some key properties like colligative effects, diffusion rates, optical properties, and methods of separation.
Humectant & surfactants(cosmetology)MdIrfanUddin2
This document discusses humectants and surfactants used in cosmetics. It defines surfactants as substances that lower surface tension and classify them as anionic, cationic, non-ionic and zwitterionic. Anionic surfactants are commonly used in foaming products like shampoos due to their high foaming, cleansing and washing abilities. Humectants are substances that increase skin moisture by retarding its loss. Common humectants used in cosmetics include propylene glycol, hexylene glycol and glycerin. They are included in products like lotions, creams and lip treatments to hydrate skin.
This document discusses nasal drug delivery formulations and applications. It begins with an introduction to nasal drug delivery, noting its advantages over invasive methods. Key factors that influence nasal drug absorption like drug properties, pH, and permeability enhancers are summarized. Common nasal dosage forms such as drops, sprays, gels and powders are described along with examples of marketed nasal products. Methods for evaluating nasal formulations in vitro and in vivo are also outlined. The document provides an overview of concepts relevant to nasal drug delivery systems.
This document discusses ophthalmic drug delivery systems such as contact lenses and ocular inserts. It provides information on the anatomy of the human eye, barriers to ocular absorption, and factors affecting intraocular bioavailability. Various ophthalmic preparations are classified and described, including conventional dosage forms as well as advanced drug delivery systems like nanoparticles, liposomes, and implants. Contact lenses are discussed in detail, outlining the different types and materials used as well as care solutions. Ocular inserts are introduced as controlled drug delivery devices that prolong the contact time between drugs and ocular tissues.
The document discusses parenteral drug delivery. It defines parenteral products and other related terms. Parenteral preparations are those administered outside the digestive tract, usually via injections. They are preferred when rapid drug action is needed, the oral route cannot be used, or the drug would be inactivated in the gastrointestinal tract. The major routes of parenteral administration include subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and others. Proper formulation, sterilization, and packaging are required to ensure the safety of parenteral products.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to eye anatomy and factors affecting drug absorption in the eye. It then describes various ophthalmic formulations like solutions, suspensions, and ointments. It discusses advances in controlled release ocular systems including inserts, contact lenses, and nanoparticles to prolong drug release. Finally, it outlines new approaches in ocular drug delivery research focusing on combining technologies for targeted and sustained drug delivery to the eye.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery and barriers to drug permeation in the eye. It describes the anatomy of the eye and mechanisms of drug absorption through corneal and non-corneal routes. The major barriers to ocular drug delivery are precorneal drainage, blinking, lacrimation, and barriers posed by the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, blood-ocular barriers, and physiological factors. Methods to overcome these barriers include alternative delivery routes like intravitreal injections and novel drug delivery systems providing controlled release and improved permeability. Conventional systems like solutions, suspensions, and ointments have limitations like poor bioavailability and frequent dosing that novel particulate and vesicular systems aim to address.
This document provides information on commonly used emergency drugs, including their initial doses and indications. It also lists common antidotes for various agents. Additionally, it discusses drug name endings and what they may suggest about a drug's class or action. Finally, it provides a table of frequently asked medications including their classifications, desired effects, best times for administration, and other considerations.
Managers control hospital costs through various budgeting processes including fixed, flexible, operating, and strategic budgets. Fixed budgets do not change with volume while flexible budgets change based on actual activity levels. Operating budgets project annual expenses and strategic budgets focus on long-term trends. Organizations deal with changes in the short, intermediate, and long-run through measures like adjusting staffing levels. Hospital costs vary due to differences in services, cost-shifting, patient illness, and production efficiency. Regulatory approaches to controlling costs include certificate of need laws, utilization review, professional standards review organizations, and administered pricing systems like DRGs and PPS.
General Chemistry and Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Module 1 Pharmacist ...Senyora Ouf'ra
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of the pharmacist licensure exam, which covers various topics in pharmaceutical chemistry. It will be the first module administered on the first day of the exam from 8-10 AM. The module will include questions from general chemistry, inorganic and organic medicinal chemistry, analytical chemistry, and other related chemical topics. The document emphasizes that Module 1 will be the most difficult and important module to study for. It then provides examples of key topics covered, such as atomic structure, types of chemical bonds, gas laws, and thermodynamics.
Ointment, cream, gel , pastes, plasters, glycerogelatinCristina Joy Reyes
Ointments, creams, gels, pastes, plasters, and glycerogelatins are different topical semisolid dosage forms. Ointments are semisolids for application to the skin or mucous membranes and can be medicated or unmedicated. Creams are emulsions that can be water-in-oil or oil-in-water. Gels are dispersions of molecules in an aqueous liquid made jelly-like with a gelling agent. Pastes are stiffer than ointments and contain more solids. Plasters are adhesive solid or semisolid masses spread on a backing. Glycerogelatins contain gelatin, glycerin, water,
The Philippine Pharmacists Licensure Exam is composed of six modules covering different categories: Pharmaceutical Chemistry (20%), Pharmacognosy (17.5%), Practice of Pharmacy (17.5%), Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics (15%), Pharmaceutics (17.5%), and Quality Assurance and Quality Control (15%). Each module focuses on specific topics within its category and questions are gathered from key sources and textbooks.
The document discusses biopharmaceutics and factors influencing drug absorption. Biopharmaceutics studies how the chemical and physical properties of drugs and dosage forms affect drug absorption rates and levels based on the route of administration. Drug absorption is influenced by physiological factors like membrane transport mechanisms, gastrointestinal physiology, gastric emptying time, and the effect of food. Absorption also depends on chemical-physical properties of the drug and formulation factors. The goal of biopharmaceutics is to understand how these factors impact drug bioavailability, protection/stability, release rates, and pharmacologic effects.
1. Biopharmaceutics is concerned with the relationship between a drug's physicochemical properties, its dosage form, and the resulting therapeutic response after administration.
2. Factors like a drug's properties, dosage form characteristics, administration route and site of absorption influence the time course of the drug in plasma and its bioavailability.
3. Drug absorption can be influenced by physiological factors like membrane permeability, as well as physicochemical drug properties and dosage form design features.
Introduction to ophthalmic products useful as a basic & theoretical tool for pharmacy, medical & nursing students for their graduate and post graduate studies
This document discusses ophthalmic preparations and contact lenses. It provides details on the types of ophthalmic products including solutions, suspensions, ointments, powders for reconstitution and ocular inserts. It describes the formulation and production of ophthalmic solutions and factors affecting stability such as buffering, tonicity, viscosity and preservatives. It also discusses the different types of contact lenses including hard, soft and rigid gas permeable lenses and their advantages and disadvantages.
Introduction to ophthalmic drug delivary system .pptxHarshadaa bafna
Ophthalmic preparations are sterile dosage forms designed for administration to or around the eye. Common forms include solutions, suspensions, ointments, and newer forms like gels and inserts. They must meet safety standards like sterility and isotonicity. Challenges with eye drops include short contact time and low bioavailability. Newer delivery systems aim to improve contact time and drug absorption. The anatomy of the eye and composition of tears are important considerations for ophthalmic drug delivery design.
INTRODUCTION :
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Eye is the most easily accessible site for topical administration of a medication.
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
The bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is very poor due to efficient protective mechanisms of the eye.
Blinking, reflex lachrymation, and drainage rapidly remove drugs, from the surface of the eye.
To overcome these, two approaches can be followed.
The first involves using alternate delivery routes to conventional ones allowing for more direct access to intended target sites.
Second approach involves development of novel drug delivery systems providing better permeability, treatability and controlled release at target site.
Combination of both these approaches are being utilized and optimized in order to achieve optimal therapy with minimal adverse effects.
Anatomy of eye and adrena, absorption of drug in the eye, classification of ophthalmic
products, safety consideration of ophthalmic products, formulation, vehicles and additives,
manufacturing consideration, environment, manufacturing techniques, quality control of
ophthalmic products, packaging of ophthalmic products.
This document discusses various ophthalmic drug delivery systems including eye drops, ointments, gels, and inserts. It describes key considerations for ophthalmic formulations such as sterility, toxicity testing, and use of preservatives. Different types of ophthalmic preparations are covered like solutions, suspensions, and their inactive ingredients for pH adjustment, viscosity control, and preservation. Extended drug delivery methods like ocular inserts and iontophoresis are also summarized.
This document discusses ophthalmic products and drug delivery to the eye. It provides information on general requirements for ocular formulations including safety, toxicity, and preservation. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye and barriers to drug absorption such as tear drainage and corneal permeability. The document outlines various approaches for ocular drug delivery including in-situ gels, liposomes, nanoparticles, inserts and implants to prolong drug residence in the eye.
This document discusses various ophthalmic drug delivery routes and formulations. It describes common ophthalmic dosage forms like solutions, suspensions, and ointments. It also discusses newer forms like gel-forming solutions, ocular inserts, and contact lenses coated with drugs. Ocular inserts are solid or semisolid forms that can remain in the eye for longer periods with fewer disadvantages than traditional forms. Examples provided are Ocusert and Lacrisert inserts. Gel-forming solutions undergo sol-gel transitions when exposed to factors like pH or temperature to slow drug drainage and increase bioavailability. Timoptic-XE uses gellan gum to form a gel upon contact with tears. Contact lenses can absorb and slowly release drugs like tim
The document provides an overview of ophthalmic products and drug delivery systems for the eye. It discusses general requirements for ocular formulations including safety, toxicity, preservation and barriers to drug absorption in the eye. It also describes various conventional and novel ocular drug delivery approaches such as in-situ gels, liposomes, nanoparticles, inserts and implantable systems. The anatomy and physiology of the eye is reviewed along with factors affecting drug availability after ocular administration.
Ocular inserts are sterile solid or semisolid preparations designed to prolong the residence time of drugs in the eye through controlled release over extended periods of time. There are two main types - non-erodible inserts like Ocusert which use a drug-filled reservoir surrounded by a rate-controlling membrane, and erodible inserts that gradually dissolve in the eye releasing drug. Examples include Lacriserts, SODI, and Minidisc inserts. Ocular inserts can provide several advantages over eye drops like increased contact time, reduced dosing requirements, and better drug efficacy and patient compliance.
This document defines ophthalmic products as sterile products meant for instillation into the eye, such as eye drops, lotions, ointments, suspensions, and contact lens solutions. It notes key characteristics of these products include sterility, viscosity, tonicity, pH, and surface activity. Several types of ophthalmic products are described, including solutions, suspensions, and ointments. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are briefly discussed. The document also covers contact lens products such as cleaners, rinsing solutions, and wetting solutions.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems (OCDDS) that aim to prolong drug release in the eye. It introduces various approaches for controlled release, including polymeric solutions, phase transition systems, mucoadhesive dosage forms, collagen shields, and ocular inserts. Specific examples are provided, such as Ocusert which releases pilocarpine at controlled rates over 4-7 days to treat glaucoma. The document outlines the ideal characteristics of OCDDS and mechanisms of controlled drug release via diffusion, osmosis and bioerosion. It also reviews factors influencing ocular drug penetration and absorption.
This document discusses the importance of optometrists prescribing the right contact lens solution for each patient. It notes that there have been recalls of some contact lens solutions due to microbial infections. It explains that patients may choose a solution based only on price without guidance from their optometrist. The document outlines the two main types of contact lens care systems - multipurpose solutions and hydrogen peroxide-based systems. It provides details on some popular contact lens solutions and recommends optometrists write prescriptions for solutions to underscore their importance.
This document discusses strategies for subconjunctival drug delivery to the eye. It begins by covering the anatomy and barriers of the eye, and then discusses various drug delivery systems including implants, dendrimers, iontophoresis, microemulsions, microneedles, and contact lenses. It also covers formulation considerations and strategies to improve drug delivery such as using viscosity enhancers, penetration enhancers, prodrugs, and mucoadhesives. Specific delivery systems like Ocusert, inserts, liposomes, niosomes, and pharmacosomes are also summarized.
This document discusses ophthalmic preparations including definitions, advantages, disadvantages, common drugs used, applications, normal eye capacity, retention time, factors to enhance contact time, systemic absorption, drug delivery systems, sterility, preservation, buffering, isotonicity, viscosity, and thickening agents. It provides information on various ophthalmic dosage forms including solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, and gels. It also covers categories of ophthalmic drugs and considerations for formulation of eye drops.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It defines ophthalmic preparations as sterile liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulations for application to the eye. The key types are solutions, suspensions, gels, ointments, and inserts. Absorption occurs across the cornea or sclera/conjunctiva. Manufacturing involves active ingredients, vehicles, buffers, and other excipients. Quality control tests for sterility, particles, and assays are described. Packaging and labeling requirements are outlined along with storage and examples of drug classes used to treat eye diseases.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium that is usually caused by bacteria or fungi forming clusters called vegetations. Antibiotics are the primary treatment. It can be classified as native valve, prosthetic valve, or intravenous drug abuse-related endocarditis. Native valve endocarditis commonly affects pre-existing valve damage and is caused by various organisms. Prosthetic valve endocarditis can be early or late-onset depending on time since valve placement and causing organisms differ. Symptoms vary between subacute presentations with fever and embolic phenomena, and acute presentations with rapid valve destruction and increased risk of embolism. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography identifying
The top ten causes of death in the world according to the WHO are: 1) ischemic heart disease, 2) stroke, 3) lower respiratory infections, 4) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 5) diarrhoeal disease, 6) HIV/AIDS, 7) trachea bronchus and lung cancer, 8) diabetes mellitus, 9) road injury, and 10) prematurity. The main causes of these diseases include smoking, high blood pressure, air pollution, viruses, bacteria, genetics, and lifestyle factors like obesity. Their effects range from visual impairment and paralysis to respiratory illnesses and death.
Corruption harms social and economic development by making the poor poorer and the rich richer. It occurs when government officials and police acquire money through illegal means and abuse their power for personal gain. Corrupt individuals are blinded by money and use deception to gain political power without hardship. All citizens must unite against corruption to ensure basic services are provided fairly and stop the Philippines from suffering under widespread corruption.
Ultrasonic cleaners use high frequency sound waves to generate millions of small bubbles in a cleaning solution that collapse, disrupting chemical bonds and removing debris from dental instrument surfaces through a process called cavitation. This cavitation facilitates more efficient cleaning than hand scrubbing as it allows the cleaning solution to rush into hard to reach areas.
The document discusses analysing one's smile through both an emotional and objective analysis. The emotional smile evaluation involves answering questions about how one feels about their smile and what they would like to change. The objective smile analysis involves objectively examining characteristics of one's teeth, gums, and smile like whiteness, spacing, symmetry, and gum health. Key components of an attractive smile are discussed like teeth, lips, gum health, symmetry, and factors like smile line, width, and tooth axis.
Prescription and over-the-counter weight loss pills work in different ways such as suppressing appetite, increasing metabolism, or limiting nutrient absorption to promote weight loss. However, diet pills can have side effects like increased heart rate, diarrhea, or potential health risks. More natural conventional methods of weight loss through diet and exercise are generally safer options for sustainable weight control.
Augustine of Hippo also known as Saint Augustine, Saint Austin, or Blessed Augustine, was an early Christian theologian and philosopher whose writings influenced the development of Western Christianity and Western philosophy.
Ferns reproduce through a process called alternation of generations. In this process, ferns alternate between haploid and diploid phases. The haploid phase is the gametophyte stage where sperm and eggs are produced. The diploid phase is the sporophyte stage where spores are produced. Spores develop into gametophytes which produce sperm and eggs. Fertilization occurs when sperm fertilize eggs to form zygotes. The zygotes then develop into new sporophyte plants. Most ferns are homosporous, producing one type of spore that can develop into either male or female gametophytes.
Fractional distillation is a process that separates mixtures into their individual parts or fractions by heating them to the boiling point of each component and condensing the vapors, allowing different chemical compounds to be isolated based on their differing volatility and boiling points. It involves heating a substance to the point where its components vaporize and then cooling the vapors to condense them back into liquid form, with the heavier fractions requiring higher temperatures to vaporize collecting lower in the distillation apparatus.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
2. Ophthalmic Drug DeliveryOphthalmic Drug Delivery
Pharmaceutical preparations are
applied topically to the eye to treat
surface or intraocular conditions.
4. EYE DROP
• Eye drop is common
• Volume of tear fluid in cul-
de-sac is about 7 to 8 μL7 to 8 μL
• An eye that does notnot
blinkblink can accommodate a
maximum of about 30 μL30 μL
of fluid
• Microliter-dosingMicroliter-dosing
medication droppersmedication droppers are
not generally available
• When eye blinked,blinked,
can retain only about
10 μ10 μLL
• One dropOne drop is 5050μμLL
• The optimal volumeoptimal volume
to administer, based
on eye capacity, is 55
to 10 μLto 10 μL
• Average dropperAverage dropper
delivers about 25 to25 to
50 μL/drop.50 μL/drop.
5. Pharmacologic Categories of
Ophthalmic Drugs
1. Anesthetics:1. Anesthetics: provide pain relief
preoperatively, stoperatively , for ophthalmic
trauma, and during ophthalmic examination.
2. Antibiotic and antimicrobial agents:2. Antibiotic and antimicrobial agents:
Used systemically and locally to combat
ophthalmic infection.
3. Antifungal agents:3. Antifungal agents: Among the agents
used topically against fungal endophthalmitis
and fungal keratitis.
6. 4. Anti-inflammatory agents:4. Anti-inflammatory agents: Used to treat
inflammation of the eye, as allergic
conjunctivitis.
-Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
-Non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
5. Antiviral agents:5. Antiviral agents: Used against viral
infections, as that caused by herpes simplex
virus.
6. Astringents:6. Astringents: Used in the treatment of
conjunctivitis.
7. 7. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents:7. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents: used
topically in the treatment of intraocular
pressure and chronic open-angle glaucoma.
8. Miotics and other glaucoma agents:8. Miotics and other glaucoma agents:
Miotics are used in the treatment of
glaucoma, accommodative esotropia, and
convergent strabismus and for local
treatment of myasthenia gravis.
9. Mydriatics and cycloplegics:9. Mydriatics and cycloplegics:
Mydriatics - allow examination of the
fundus by dilating the pupil. Cycloplegics -Cycloplegics -
Mydriatics having a long duration of action.
8. 10. Protectants and artificial tears:10. Protectants and artificial tears:
Solutions employed as artificial tears or as
contact lens fluids to lubricate the eye
contain agents.
11. Vasoconstrictors and ocular11. Vasoconstrictors and ocular
decongestants: Vasoconstrictors applied
topically to the mucous membranes of the
eye cause transient constriction of the
conjunctival blood vessels.
10. • It is preferable to sterilize ophthalmics in
their final containers by autoclaving at
121°C (250°F) for 15 minutes
• Bacterial filters work with a high degree
of efficiency, they are not as reliable as
the autoclave.
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery SystemOphthalmic Drug Delivery System
11. Ophthalmic Drug Delivery SystemOphthalmic Drug Delivery System
• The isotonicity limits of an ophthalmic
solution in terms of sodium chloride or its
osmotic equivalent may range from 0.6%
to 2% without marked discomfort to the
eye.
• Ophthalmic solution's solutes, including
the active and inactive ingredients,
contribute to the osmotic pressure of a
solution.
12. Ophthalmic Drug Delivery SystemOphthalmic Drug Delivery System
• For maximum comfort, an ophthalmic
solution should have the same pH as the
tears.
• The pH of normal tears is considered to
be about 7.4
13. • ViscosityViscosity is a property of liquids related to the
resistance to flow. The reciprocal of viscosity is
fluidityfluidity..
• In the preparation of ophthalmic solutions, a
suitable grade of methylcellulose or other
thickening agent is frequently added to increase
the viscosity and thereby aid in maintaining the
drug in contact with the tissues to enhance
therapeutic effectiveness. HydroxypropylHydroxypropyl
methylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohomethylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol are also
used as thickeners in ophthalmic solutions.
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery SystemOphthalmic Drug Delivery System
14. Ophthalmic Drug Delivery SystemOphthalmic Drug Delivery System
• Ocular bioavailability is an important factor
in the effectiveness of an applied
medication.
• Physiologic factors that can affect a drug's
ocular bioavailability include protein
binding, drug metabolism, and lacrimal
drainage.
15. Ophthalmic Drug Delivery SystemOphthalmic Drug Delivery System
• Ophthalmic solutions must be sparkling
clear and free of all particulate matter for
• Drug particles in an ophthalmic
suspension must be finely subdivided,
usually micronized.
• Must be easily and uniformly redistributed
by gentle shaking of the container prior to
use.
16. Packaging OphthalmicPackaging Ophthalmic
Solutions and SuspensionsSolutions and Suspensions
• Packaged in small glass bottles with
separate glass or plastic droppers
• Packaged in soft plastic containers with a
fixed built-in dropper.
• Ophthalmic solutions used as eyewashes
are generally packaged with an eye cup,
which should be cleaned and dried
thoroughly before and after each use.
17. Proper Administration ofProper Administration of
Ophthalmic Solutions andOphthalmic Solutions and
SuspensionsSuspensions
• Should be advised to wash the hands
thoroughly.
• Should inspect the dropper to make sure it
has no chips or cracks.
• Ophthalmic solutions should be inspected
for color and clarity.
• Should be shaken thoroughly prior to
administration to distribute the suspensoid
evenly.
18. • The cap of an eye drop container should
be removed immediately and returned
immediately after use.
IMPORTANT: The dropper or administration
tip should be held as near as possible to
the lid without actually touching the eye.
DO NOT allow the dropper or
administration tip to touch any surface.
IMPORTANT: Be very careful when
applying this ointment. DO NOT allow the
tip of the ointment tube to touch the eyelid,
the eyeball, your finger, or any surface.
19. Contact Lenses and Care andContact Lenses and Care and
Use SolutionsUse Solutions
20. Types of Contact Lenses
1. Hard contact lenses1. Hard contact lenses - provide durability
and clear, crisp vision.
2. Soft contact lenses -2. Soft contact lenses - are more popular
than hard lenses because of their greater
comfort. soft lenses do not provide the same
high level of visual acuity as hard lenses.
Two general types of soft contact lens
1. Daily wear -1. Daily wear - must be removed at bedtime
2. Extended wear -2. Extended wear - designed to be worn for
more than 24 hours, with some approved for
up to 30 days of continuous wear.
21. - DisposableDisposable soft lensessoft lenses do not
require cleaning and disinfection for the
recommended period of use.
3.3. Rigid gas permeable (RGP)contactRigid gas permeable (RGP)contact
lenses -lenses - They are oxygen permeable but
hydrophobic.
22. Color Additives to Contact
Lenses
Color additives that come into direct
contact with the body for a significant period
must be demonstrated to be safe for
consumer use.
23. Care of Contact Lenses
Contact lenses receive appropriate care
to retain their shape and optical
characteristics and for safe use.
Types of solutions are used to achieve the
care needs of contact lenses:
•Cleaning solutionsCleaning solutions
•Soaking solutionsSoaking solutions
• Wetting solutionsWetting solutions
• Mixed-purpose solutionsMixed-purpose solutions
25. Products for Soft Contact LensesProducts for Soft Contact Lenses
Soft lenses tend to accumulate
proteinaceous material that forms a film on
the lens, decreasing clarity and serving as a
potential medium for microbial growth.
Two main categories of cleaners:
-Surfactants - which emulsify accumulated
oils, lipids, and inorganic compounds
-Enzymatic cleaners - which break down and
remove protein deposits.
26. Products for Soft Contact LensesProducts for Soft Contact Lenses
Storage and rinsing the lenses, salinesaline
solutionssolutions are used, because saline maintains
their curvature, diameter, and optical
characteristics.
27. Products for Soft Contact LensesProducts for Soft Contact Lenses
Two methods of Disinfection:
Thermal (heat)Thermal (heat) – the lenses are
placed in a specially designed heating unit
with saline solution.
Chemical (no heat)Chemical (no heat) - hydrogen
peroxide systems for chemical disinfection
has become more popular
28. To prevent eye irritation from residual
peroxide disinfection, it is necessary that the
lenses be exposed to one
Types of neutralizing agents:
1. Catalytic typeCatalytic type (an enzyme catalase or a
platinum disk),
2. RReactive typeeactive type (such as sodium pyruvate
or sodium thiosulfate),
3. DiDilution–elutionlution–elution typetype employing dilution
techniques
30. Products for Hard ContactProducts for Hard Contact
LensesLenses
A surfactant cleanersurfactant cleaner is used by
applying the solution or gel to both surfaces
of the lens and then rubbing the lens in the
palm of the hand with the index finger for
about 20 seconds.
31. Products for Hard ContactProducts for Hard Contact
LensesLenses
Soaking solutions contain a sufficient
concentration of disinfecting agent, usually
0.01% benzalkonium chloride and 0.01%
edetate sodium, to kill surface bacteria.
32. Products for Soft Contact LensesProducts for Soft Contact Lenses
Wetting solutions contain surfactants
to facilitate hydration of the hydrophobic
lens surface.
33. Products for Soft Contact LensesProducts for Soft Contact Lenses
Combination solutions mix effects,
such as cleaning and soaking, wetting and
soaking, or cleaning, soaking, and wetting.
35. • One of two cleaning methods, either
hand washing or mechanical washing,
may be used.
Hand washingHand washing - the lens may be
cleaned by holding the concave side up
in the palm of the hand.
Mechanical washingMechanical washing -is advantageous
because the possibility of the lens
turning inside out or warping during
cleaning is minimized.
Products for RGP Contact LensesProducts for RGP Contact Lenses
38. Nasal Decongestant Solutions
Nasal decongestant solutions are
employed in the treatment of rhinitis of the
common cold, for vasomotor and allergic
rhinitis including hay fever, and for sinusitis.
Nasal decongestants are in the form of
inhalants.
40. Proper Administration and Use of
Nasal Drops
• Before using the drops, the patient should
be advised to blow the nose gently and
wash the hands thoroughly with soap and
water.
• Patient should lie down on a flat surface,
such as a bed, hanging the head over the
edge and tilting the head back as far as
comfortable.
• The dropper should be replaced in the
bottle and tightened.
41. Proper Administration and Use of
Nasal Sprays
• The patient should gently blow the nose to
clear the nostrils and wash the hands
thoroughly with soap and water.
• The patient should insert the nose piece into
the nostril, pointing it slightly backward, and
close the other nostril with one finger.
• Patients should not share their medicated
spray with another person to prevent the
possibility of cross contamination between
individuals.
42. OTIC PREPARATIONOTIC PREPARATION
Otic preparations are sometimes
referred to as ear or aural preparations.
Solutions are most frequently used in the
ear, with suspensions and ointments also
finding some application
Ear preparations are usually placed in
the ear canal by drops in small amounts for
removal of excessive cerumen (earwax) or
for treatment of ear infections, inflammation,
or pain.
43. Cerumen-Removing Solutions
Cerumen is a combination of the
secretions of the sweat and sebaceous
glands of the external auditory canal.
Commercial product uses carbamide
peroxide in glycerin and propylene glycol
(Debrox drops, GSK)
44. Anti-Infective, Anti-Inflammatory,
and Analgesic Ear Preparations
• Drugs used topically in the ear for their
anti-infective activity include such agents
as ciprofloxacin, colistin sulfate, neomycin,
ofloxacin, polymyxin B sulfate, and
nystatin, the latter agent used to combat
fungal infections.
• These agents are formulated into
eardrops (solutions or suspensions) in a
vehicle of anhydrous glycerin or propylene
glycol.
45. Proper Administration and Use of
Otic Drops
• Earwax removal drops should be instilled
and then removed with an ear syringe.
• If the product is a suspension, shaken
prior to withdrawal into the dropper.
• When instilled into the ear, to allow the
drops to run in deeper, the earlobe should
be held up and back.